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Vancouver South (federal electoral district)

Coordinates:49°13′N123°04′W / 49.22°N 123.07°W /49.22; -123.07
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Defunct federal electoral district in British Columbia, Canada
This article is about the federal electoral district. For the defunct provincial electoral district of the same name, seeVancouver South (provincial electoral district). For the federal electoral district of a similar area, see, seeVancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby. For similarly named topics, seeSouth Vancouver (disambiguation).

Vancouver South
British Columbiaelectoral district
Boundaries in relation to other Vancouver ridings
Defunct federal electoral district
LegislatureHouse of Commons
District created2003
District abolished2023
First contested2004
Last contested2021
District webpageprofile,map
Demographics
Population (2021)[1]109,339
Electors (2015)68,733
Area (km²)[1]20.69
Census divisionMetro Vancouver
Census subdivisionVancouver

Vancouver South (French:Vancouver-Sud) was a federalelectoral district inBritish Columbia, Canada, that was represented in theHouse of Commons of Canada from 1917 to 1997, and again from 2004 to 2025. It covers the southern portion of the city ofVancouver, British Columbia. The district was replaced byVancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby for the2025 Canadian federal election.

Demographics

[edit]

The riding is one of the most diverse in Canada, with less than one-fifth of the population being of European descent.[2][3] As of 2021, fourpan-ethnic groups form greater than 10 percent of the riding; 38.1% East Asian, 18.7% European, 17.8% South Asian and 16% Southeast Asian.

Vancouver South is the centre of thecity's South Asian community; the colourfulPunjabi Market (Little India) and the close-knit community of religious Sikhs dominate the area.[4] The service sector, retail trade and manufacturing are the major sources of employment in Vancouver South. Nearly 30% of residents over the age of 25 years have obtained a university certificate or degree. The average family income is over $71,000. Unemployment is around 6.3%.[5]

Panethnic groups in Vancouver South (2001−2021)
Panethnic
group
2021[6]2016[7]2011[8]2006[9]2001[10]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
East Asian[a]41,19038.14%41,11540.6%40,96041.37%54,54545.87%49,73544.66%
European[b]20,17518.68%19,18018.94%19,18019.37%28,24023.75%31,43528.23%
South Asian19,26017.84%17,65517.43%18,07018.25%17,99015.13%15,82514.21%
Southeast Asian[c]17,27516%15,36015.17%13,81513.95%11,2959.5%9,3058.36%
Latin American2,5202.33%1,9501.93%2,0252.05%1,8551.56%1,3701.23%
Indigenous1,5201.41%1,3551.34%1,4351.45%1,0700.9%8700.78%
African1,3501.25%1,0701.06%9800.99%1,0600.89%8900.8%
Middle Eastern[d]1,0751%8400.83%7150.72%1,1800.99%8150.73%
Other[e]3,6153.35%2,7452.71%1,8351.85%1,6551.39%1,0950.98%
Total responses107,98598.76%101,26598.39%99,010100%118,90598.84%111,35598.49%
Total population109,339100%102,927100%100,966100%120,295100%113,065100%
Notes: Totals greater than 100% due to multiple origin responses.
Population drop between 2006 census and 2011 census due to2012 Canadian federal electoral redistribution.
  1. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Chinese", "Korean", and "Japanese" under visible minority section on census.
  2. ^Statistic includes all persons that did not make up part of a visible minority or an indigenous identity.
  3. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Filipino" and "Southeast Asian" under visible minority section on census.
  4. ^Statistic includes total responses of "West Asian" and "Arab" under visible minority section on census.
  5. ^Statistic includes total responses of "Visible minority, n.i.e." and "Multiple visible minorities" under visible minority section on census.

History

[edit]

This electoral district was formed in 1914 fromVancouver Cityriding.

In 1996, it was abolished and used to createVancouver South—Burnaby with portions ofNew Westminster—Burnaby.

Vancouver South was re-created in 2003 when theBurnaby sections were moved into the new ridingsBurnaby—Douglas andBurnaby—New Westminster.

The2012 federal electoral boundaries redistribution concluded that the electoral boundaries of Vancouver South should be adjusted, and a modified electoral district of the same name will be contested in future elections.[11] The redefined Vancouver South lost a portion of its territory west ofCambie Street to the new district ofVancouver Granville and gained a small area in the northeast that were then included inVancouver Kingsway. These new boundaries were legally defined in the 2013 representation order, which came into effect upon the call of the2015 Canadian federal election in October 2015.[12] After the2022 Canadian federal electoral redistribution, the district was replaced byVancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby,Vancouver Granville andVancouver Kingsway.[13]

Historical boundaries

[edit]
  • 1914 representation order
    1914 representation order
  • 1933 representation order
    1933 representation order
  • 1947 representation order
    1947 representation order
  • 1952 representation order
    1952 representation order
  • 1966 representation order
    1966 representation order
  • 1976 representation order
    1976 representation order
  • 1987 representation order
    1987 representation order
  • 2003 representation order
    2003 representation order
  • 2013 representation order
    2013 representation order

Members of Parliament

[edit]

This riding has elected the followingmembers of Parliament:

ParliamentYearsMemberParty
Vancouver South
Riding created fromVancouver City
13th 1917–1921    Richard Clive CooperGovernment (Unionist)
14th 1921–1925    Leon Johnson LadnerConservative
15th 1925–1926
16th 1926–1930
17th 1930–1935    Angus MacInnisIndependent Labour
18th 1935–1940    Howard Charles GreenConservative
19th 1940–1945    National Government
20th 1945–1949    Progressive Conservative
21st 1949–1953    Arthur LaingLiberal
22nd 1953–1957Elmore Philpott
23rd 1957–1958    Ernest James BroomeProgressive Conservative
24th 1958–1962
25th 1962–1963    Arthur LaingLiberal
26th 1963–1965
27th 1965–1968
28th 1968–1972
29th 1972–1974    John Allen FraserProgressive Conservative
30th 1974–1979
31st 1979–1980
32nd 1980–1984
33rd 1984–1988
34th 1988–1993
35th 1993–1997    Herb DhaliwalLiberal
Riding dissolved intoVancouver South—Burnaby
Riding re-created fromVancouver South—Burnaby
38th 2004–2006    Ujjal DosanjhLiberal
39th 2006–2008
40th 2008–2011
41st 2011–2015    Wai YoungConservative
42nd 2015–2019    Harjit SajjanLiberal
43rd 2019–2021
44th 2021–2025
Riding dissolved intoVancouver Fraserview—South Burnaby,
Vancouver GranvilleandVancouver Kingsway

Election results

[edit]

Vancouver South, 2004–present

[edit]

Its current representing MP isHarjit Sajjan, who is Minister of International Development in the current federal Cabinet. He has been its MP since the 2015 federal election, when he beat theConservative then-incumbent by more than 6,000 votes.

Vote shareYear00.10.20.30.40.52004200720102013201620192022LiberalConservativeNDPGreenPeople'sElection results in Vancouver South (since 2004)
Graph of election results in Vancouver South (since 2004, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)


2021 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%Expenditures
LiberalHarjit Sajjan19,91049.4+8.2$82,846.68
New DemocraticSean McQuillan9,92224.6+6.0$3,175.98
ConservativeSukhbir Singh Gill9,06022.5-10.7$90,407.62
People'sAnthony Cook1,1042.7+1.5$1,151.17
Marxist–LeninistAnne Jamieson2870.7$0.00
Total valid votes/expense limit40,283100.0$108,408.40
Total rejected ballots493
Turnout40,77654.5
Eligible voters74,785
LiberalholdSwing+7.1
Source:Elections Canada[14][15]
2019 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%Expenditures
LiberalHarjit Sajjan17,80841.2-7.61$96,879.65
ConservativeWai Young14,38833.3-0.58$82,900.36
New DemocraticSean McQuillan8,01518.6+4.63none listed
GreenJudy Zaichkowsky2,4515.7+3.12none listed
People'sAlain Deng5321.2$11,771.39
Total valid votes/expense limit43,194100.0
Total rejected ballots431
Turnout43,62558.9
Eligible voters74,114
LiberalholdSwing-3.52
Source:Elections Canada[16][17]
2015 Canadian federal election:Vancouver South
PartyCandidateVotes%±%Expenditures
LiberalHarjit Sajjan21,77348.81+15.05$161,402.16
ConservativeWai Young15,11533.88-8.54$118,748.27
New DemocraticAmandeep Nijjar6,23013.97-7.10$63,954.79
GreenElain Ng1,1492.58+0.37$5,232.68
Marxist–LeninistCharles Boylan1780.40-0.09
Progressive CanadianRaj Gupta1660.37
Total valid votes/Expense limit44,611100.00 $203,440.39
Total rejected ballots2590.58
Turnout44,87064.04
Eligible voters70,062
Liberalgain fromConservativeSwing+11.80
Source:Elections Canada[18][19]
2011 federal election redistributed results[20]
PartyVote%
 Conservative15,57142.43
 Liberal12,38933.76
 New Democratic7,73221.07
 Green8082.20
 Others2020.55
2011 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeWai Young19,50443.31+4.87
LiberalUjjal Dosanjh15,60434.65-3.84
New DemocraticMeena Wong8,55218.99+1.37
GreenJean Hakizimana1,1512.55-2.38
Marxist–LeninistCharles Boylan2220.49-0.01
Total valid votes45,033100.0  
Total rejected ballots2810.62+0.09
Turnout45,31455.77+3.77
Eligible voters81,245
Conservativegain fromLiberalSwing+4.36
2008 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%Expenditures
LiberalUjjal Dosanjh16,11038.49-9.56$74,163
ConservativeWai Young16,09038.44+11.30$80,086
New DemocraticAnn Chambers7,37617.62-3.45$22,765
GreenCsaba Gulyas2,0654.93+1.65$413
Marxist–LeninistCharles Boylan2110.50+0.04
Total valid votes/Expense limit41,852100.0   $85,093
Total rejected ballots2230.53+0.12
Turnout42,07552.00-4.00
LiberalholdSwing-10.43
2006 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%Expenditures
LiberalUjjal Dosanjh20,99148.05+3.54$62,784
ConservativeTarlok Sablok11,85627.14+1.64$68,523
New DemocraticBev Meslo9,20521.07-3.48$30,481
GreenDoug Perry1,4353.28-0.30$1,280
Marxist–LeninistCharles Boylan2020.46+0.17
Total valid votes43,689100.0  
Total rejected ballots1810.41-0.29
Turnout43,87056.00
LiberalholdSwing+0.95
2004 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%Expenditures
LiberalUjjal Dosanjh18,19644.51$67,157
ConservativeVictor Soo Chan10,42625.50$70,471
New DemocraticBev Meslo10,03824.55$33,575
GreenDoug Perry1,4653.58$1,451
Christian HeritageFrank Wagner3390.82
Marxist–LeninistCharles Boylan1190.29$150
CommunistStephen Von Sychowski1050.25$389
IndependentH. Sandhu980.23$5,846
Canadian ActionJoe Sixpack Horrocks900.22
Total valid votes40,876100.0  
Total rejected ballots2840.69
Turnout41,16056
This riding was re-created from parts ofVancouver South—Burnaby, which elected a Liberal in the previous election.

Vancouver South, 1917–1997

[edit]
Vote shareYear00.10.20.30.40.50.60.7190019201940196019802000LiberalPC/Hist. Con.CCF/NDPSocial CreditReform/AllianceReconstruction (1935)CommunistLabour/Ind. Labourelection results in Vancouver South (1917–1993)
Graph of election results in Vancouver South (1917–1993, minor parties that never got 2% of the vote or didn't run consistently are omitted)
1993 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalHerb Dhaliwal17,21535.62+6.83
ReformGordon Shreeve12,29125.43+23.34
Progressive ConservativeK. K. Wan11,35723.50-18.73
New DemocraticJohn Maté3,6257.50-16.26
NationalCameron Ward2,1134.37
LibertarianJohn Clarke5541.15-0.74
GreenValerie Jerome4180.86+0.21
Natural LawPrince Pabbies2850.59
IndependentJas Mangat2780.58
IndependentDan Logan690.14
IndependentRobert Walter Ross600.12
Marxist–LeninistAllan H. Bezanson470.10
IndependentIssam Mansour200.04
Total valid votes48,332100.0  
Liberalgain fromProgressive ConservativeSwing-8.26
1988 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser21,22242.23-12.64
LiberalWoody MacLaren14,46828.79+8.31
New DemocraticMartin Toren11,93923.76+0.25
ReformDon Evans1,0522.09
LibertarianJohn Clarke9461.88
GreenDouglas Dunn3270.65-0.49
RhinocerosBrian Godzilla Salmi1730.34
IndependentBarbara Waldern740.15
CommunistReginald Walters540.11
Total valid votes50,255100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing-10.48
1984 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser25,46954.87+1.59
New DemocraticBrian Ernest Emery10,90923.50+2.24
LiberalHarkirpal S. Sara9,50720.48-4.03
GreenDon Smardon5291.14
Total valid votes46,414100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing-0.32
1980 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser22,28853.28-0.51
LiberalPatrick F. Graham10,25424.51-0.56
New DemocraticJudy McManus8,89621.27+0.36
RhinocerosLinda Fleming3270.78
Marxist–LeninistAmarjit S. Dhillon630.15-0.07
Total valid votes41,828100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing+0.02
1979 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser22,65353.80+0.92
LiberalTony Toth10,55825.07-6.50
New DemocraticJudy McManus8,80620.91+5.83
Marxist–LeninistAmarjit Dhillon910.22+0.04
Total valid votes42,108100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing+3.71
1974 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser23,24752.88+12.84
LiberalPeter Oberlander13,88131.57-1.22
New DemocraticRoger Howard6,62915.08-10.04
CommunistJames W. Beyon1290.29
Marxist–LeninistAnne Boylan790.18
Total valid votes43,965100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing+7.03
1972 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser17,76240.03+16.29
LiberalGordon Gibson14,54932.79-16.47
New DemocraticRoger Howard11,14525.12+2.47
Social CreditTony Jefferson7651.72-2.23
IndependentSean Griffin1020.23
IndependentRick Hundal440.10
Total valid votes44,367100.0  
Progressive Conservativegain fromLiberalSwing+16.38
1968 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalArthur Laing19,75749.26+5.73
Progressive ConservativeJohn Allen Fraser9,52123.74+7.70
New DemocraticJoe Warnock9,08622.65-2.14
Social CreditDaniel A. Devlin1,5853.95-10.57
CommunistRobin Smith1570.39-0.71
Total valid votes40,106100.0  
LiberalholdSwing-0.98
1965 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalArthur Laing18,66943.54-1.53
New DemocraticNorman Levi10,63324.80+2.08
Progressive ConservativeMary Southin6,87716.04-6.04
Social CreditNorman Howard6,22814.52+5.20
CommunistWilliam Evans Stewart4741.11+0.29
Total valid votes42,881100.0  
LiberalholdSwing-1.80
1963 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalArthur Laing19,14045.07+8.63
New DemocraticCliff Greer9,64922.72+0.02
Progressive ConservativeJ. Ferguson Browne9,37422.07-7.73
Social CreditEarl Backman3,9609.32-0.50
CommunistThomas A. McEwen3450.81-0.41
Total valid votes42,468100.0  
LiberalholdSwing+4.30
1962 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalArthur Laing14,66036.44+18.74
Progressive ConservativeErnest James Broome11,99029.81-30.65
New DemocraticCliff Greer9,13222.70+7.20
Social CreditErling L. Backman3,9539.83+4.64
CommunistWilliam E. Stewart4921.22+0.08
Total valid votes40,227100.0  
Liberalgain fromProgressive ConservativeSwing+24.70
New Democrate vote is compared to the Co-operative Commonwealth vote and Communist vote is compared to Labor–Progressive vote from 1958 election.
1958 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeErnest James Broome22,29260.46+15.60
LiberalElmore Philpott6,52817.70-3.44
Co-operative CommonwealthCliff Greer5,71715.50+1.96
Social CreditHilliard Beyerstein1,9145.19-12.98
Labor–ProgressiveThomas A. McEwen4221.14-1.14
Total valid votes36,873100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing+9.52
1957 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeErnest James Broome16,05844.86+27.41
LiberalElmore Philpott7,56821.14-15.46
Social CreditHilliard Beyerstein6,50518.17-5.16
Co-operative CommonwealthCliff Greer4,84913.55-6.09
Labor–ProgressiveThomas A. McEwen8172.28-0.70
Total valid votes35,797100.0  
Progressive Conservativegain fromLiberalSwing+21.44
1953 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalElmore Philpott10,45936.60-3.11
Social CreditIra N. Monson6,66823.34
Co-operative CommonwealthCliff Augustine Greer5,61019.63-11.93
Progressive ConservativeLorraine Johnston4,98617.45-11.28
Labor–ProgressiveGordon Wesley Elder8522.98
Total valid votes28,575100.0  
LiberalholdSwing-13.22
1949 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
LiberalArthur Laing13,08239.71+14.66
Co-operative CommonwealthGrace MacInnis10,39731.56+13.90
Progressive ConservativeJonathan Webster Cornett9,46228.72-25.06
Total valid votes32,941100.0  
Liberalgain fromProgressive ConservativeSwing+0.38
1945 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Progressive ConservativeHoward Charles Green25,87853.78+5.15
LiberalRichard Rowe Holland12,05625.06-10.36
Co-operative CommonwealthEdward Alexander Lucas8,49717.66+1.70
DemocraticGeorge Rayburn Smith9201.91
Social CreditWalter Redvers Dent7661.59
Total valid votes48,117100.0  
Progressive ConservativeholdSwing+7.76
Progressive Conservative vote is compared to the National Government vote in 1940 election.
1940 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
National GovernmentHoward Charles Green18,47048.63+17.94
LiberalSidney Alexander Smith13,45135.41+5.63
Co-operative CommonwealthArthur James Turner6,06215.96-11.95
Total valid votes37,983100.0  
National GovernmentholdSwing+6.16
National Government vote is compared to Conservative vote in 1935 election.
1935 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeHoward Charles Green9,49130.69-16.54
LiberalAlexander Malcolm Manson9,21229.78
Co-operative CommonwealthRobert Skinner8,63227.91
ReconstructionArchie Bertram Carey2,8969.36
IndependentPaul McDowell Kerr6992.26
Total valid votes30,930100.0  
Conservativegain fromIndependent LabourSwing-23.16
1930 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
Independent LabourAngus MacInnis15,73250.03+34.58
ConservativeLeon Johnson Ladner14,85047.23-8.78
CommunistWilliam Bennett8612.74
Total valid votes31,443100.0  
Independent Labourgain fromConservativeSwing+21.68
1926 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeLeon Johnson Ladner9,76256.01+8.75
LiberalPaul McDowell Kerr4,97328.53-8.88
LabourAlfred Hurry2,69315.45+0.13
Total valid votes17,428100.0  
ConservativeholdSwing+8.82
1925 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeLeon Johnson Ladner8,58747.27+9.52
LiberalRobert George MacPherson6,79737.41+5.63
LabourAlfred Hurry2,78315.32-6.49
Total valid votes18,167100.0  
ConservativeholdSwing+1.94
1921 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%±%
ConservativeLeon Johnson Ladner4,89337.75-27.39
LiberalVictor Wentworth Odlum4,12031.79+8.51
LabourThomas Richardson2,82721.81+10.69
IndependentJohn Kavanagh8106.25
ProgressiveJohn Isaac Richmond3122.41
Total valid votes12,962100.0  
ConservativeholdSwing-17.95
Conservative vote is compared to Unionist vote in 1917 election.
1917 Canadian federal election
PartyCandidateVotes%
Government (Unionist)Richard Clive Cooper6,89065.14
Opposition (Laurier Liberals)Charles MacDonald2,46223.27
LabourJames Hackett McVety1,17611.12
UnknownEdward Gold500.47
Total valid votes10,578100.0  
This riding was created from parts ofVancouver City, which elected a Conservative in the previous election.

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ab"Population and dwelling counts: Canada and federal electoral districts (2013 Representation Order)".Statistics Canada. Government of Canada. February 9, 2022. RetrievedFebruary 9, 2022.
  2. ^The growing diversity within federal ridings. Policy Options. Retrieved on 2018-19-10.
  3. ^"Economy trumps all in culturally diverse Vancouver South". The Globe And Mail. March 30, 2011.
  4. ^Conservative Wai Young beats Dosanjh in rematch. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 2014-04-12.
  5. ^Vancouver South, CBC.ca, 2008.
  6. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 26, 2022)."Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population Vancouver South British Columbia [Federal electoral district] (2013 Representation Order)".www12.statcan.gc.ca. RetrievedNovember 17, 2022.
  7. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (October 27, 2021)."Census Profile, 2016 Census Vancouver South [Federal electoral district], British Columbia and British Columbia [Province]".www12.statcan.gc.ca. RetrievedNovember 17, 2022.
  8. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (November 27, 2015)."NHS Profile, Vancouver South, British Columbia, 2011".www12.statcan.gc.ca. RetrievedFebruary 17, 2023.
  9. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (August 20, 2019)."Federal Electoral District Profile of Vancouver South, British Columbia (2003 Representation Order), 2006 Census".www12.statcan.gc.ca. RetrievedNovember 17, 2022.
  10. ^Government of Canada, Statistics Canada (July 2, 2019)."2Federal Electoral District Profile of Vancouver South - Vancouver-Sud, British Columbia (2003 Representation Order), 2001 Census".www12.statcan.gc.ca. RetrievedNovember 6, 2022.
  11. ^Final Report – British Columbia, archived fromthe original on March 20, 2018, retrievedSeptember 2, 2013
  12. ^Timeline for the Redistribution of Federal Electoral Districts, archived fromthe original on April 18, 2017, retrievedSeptember 2, 2013
  13. ^FEDERAL ELECTORAL DISTRICTS REPRESENTATION ORDER OF 2023(PDF) (Map).Elections Canada. RetrievedAugust 7, 2024.
  14. ^"Confirmed candidates — Vancouver South".Elections Canada. September 1, 2021. RetrievedSeptember 6, 2021.
  15. ^"Official Voting Results".Elections Canada. RetrievedDecember 28, 2024.
  16. ^"List of confirmed candidates".Elections Canada. RetrievedOctober 4, 2019.
  17. ^"Election Night Results". Elections Canada. RetrievedNovember 15, 2019.
  18. ^Elections Canada – Confirmed candidates for Vancouver South, 30 September 2015
  19. ^Elections Canada – Preliminary Election Expenses Limits for Candidates
  20. ^Pundits' Guide to Canadian Elections

External links

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49°13′N123°04′W / 49.22°N 123.07°W /49.22; -123.07

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