It is the eighth-largest city in the region by its population and has 64,726 registered inhabitants in 2018 (132,556 inhabitants in the urban area (unité urbaine).[5] The city is divided into fourcantons.
The commune, founded in 121 BC, after the invasion ofGallia Narbonensis by theRomans, it moved quickly to become the largest crossroad behindLyon.[7] With its growing importance, Valence gained the status of Roman colony. Over the centuries, the town grew and grew. Today, many vestiges of theMiddle Ages,Renaissance, but also from the 17th century, 18th century and 19th century are visible in the city centre. The city is historically attached to theDauphiné, of which it forms the second largest city afterGrenoble and is today part of the network ofFrench Towns and Lands of Art and History. Formerly the duchy of Valentinois, it was ruled by theDuke of Valentinois, a title which is still claimed by theSovereign Prince of Monaco, though he has no actual administrative control over the area.
Monuments in Valence include theMaison des Têtes [fr], built between 1528 and 1532 by Antoine de Dorne, theSaint-Apollinaire Cathedral, built between 1063 and 1099 under the leadership of Bishop Gontard and also themonumental fountain [fr] designed by the architect Eugène Poitoux. The city has manyhistorical monuments [fr], most of which are inVieux Valence [fr]. Inscribed on the list of floral towns and villages of France, Valence is one of the seventeen municipalities of the Rhône-Alpes region to be labeled "four flowers" by theConcours des villes et villages fleuris, i.e. the maximum level.
Thedemonym corresponding to Valence isValentinois, but "Valentinois" also designates a geographical area, and one of the oldprovinces of France, with its capital Valence having been part of the province ofDauphiné.
The wordvalence comes from Latinvalentia, meaning "strength or capacity". Known in Roman times asValentia Julia, the city had been the capital of theSegovellauni, and the seat of a celebrated school prior to the Roman conquest. It became a colony underAugustus, and was an important town ofViennensis Prima underValentinian I. It was the seat of abishopric perhaps as early as the 4th century.[8]
In the 5th century, control of Valentia passed from the Romans to theAlans and otherbarbarians: in 413, theGoths underAtaulf besieged and captured the brother of the usurperJovinus,Sebastianus, at Valentia on behalf of the emperorHonorius. In 440,Alans led bySambida were given deserted lands in Valentia by the Romans.[9] Three years later,Aetius settled theBurgundians in the region, under KingGondioc which became part of theKingdom of the Burgundians. His son,Chilperic II, ruled Valence from 473 to 493 when he was slain by his brotherGundobad. Chilperic's daughterClotilde marriedClovis, theKing of the Franks, in 493. Clovis's sonChildebert I attacked the Burgundians in 534, adding their territory to theFrankish Kingdom. The city then fell successively under the power of theFranks, the Arabs of Spain, the sovereigns ofArles, the emperors of Germany, thecounts of Valentinois, thecounts of Toulouse, as well as its own bishops, who struggled to retain the control of the city they had won in the fifth century. These bishops were often in conflict with the citizens and the counts ofValentinois and to strengthen their hands against the latter the pope in 1275 united their bishopric with that ofDie.[8]
The citizens put themselves under the protection of thedauphin, and in 1456 had their rights and privileges confirmed byLouis XI and put on an equal footing with those of the rest ofDauphiné, the bishops consenting to recognize the suzerainty of the dauphin. In the 16th century Valence became the centre of Protestantism for the province in 1563. The town was fortified byKing Francis I. It became the seat of a celebrated university in the middle of the 15th century; but the revocation of theEdict of Nantes in 1685 struck a fatal blow at its industry, commerce and population.[8]
The conquest ofGaul byJulius Caesar made the Rhône corridor a major north-south communication axis, linking with the new Roman possessions around theMediterranean Sea. Many settlements were founded, includingValentia, a Latin name meaning "valiant, strong", in the territory of theSegovellauni.
The city ofMassalia, long on good terms with Rome, asked it for help against theSalyes who had ravaged its territory. The intervention of the Romans, from 125 BC, assured its safety but the war continued against theAllobroges, among whom the Salyes people had found refuge. In August 121 BC, the army ofQuintus Fabius Maximus crushed them at theBattle of the Isère River (confluence of theRhône andIsère) according toStrabo (Geographica, IV, 1, 11).[citation needed]
Orosius noted thatGaius Marius, who was sent by Rome to stop theCimbri and theTeutons, had established his camp not far from the confluence of the Rhône and the Isère.[10] The excavations on the upper part of the plateau of Lautagne (2.5 kilometres (1.6 mi) south of the centre of Valence) revealed the presence of devices of a defensive nature dating from the 1st century BC: Thus the foundation of the city could have come from a Roman military camp.[citation needed]
Even under the Roman domination, the Allobroges tribe established themselves north of Isère, and repeatedly rebelled against the Roman occupation. TheBattle of Solonion [fr] was the last to take place, identifiable with the modern commune ofSoyons (Solo byLivy,Epitome 103) in 62 BC.[citation needed]
The city ofValentia was established on a terrace on the left bank of theRhône river, 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) south of theconfluence of theIsère and 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from theDrôme.
This geographical situation is understood by the crossing of several routes of transport and communications:
Valentia had a privileged place in north-south trade through the Rhône and at theVia Agrippa.
Valentia was part of east-west routes since the different paths, which traversed the plain from the Isère Valley and the Drôme (Voie des Alpes [fr]), converged on the city. TheRhône was crossed at Valence on a ferry, byford or over a bridge.
The city of Valence, as manyGallo-Roman cities, received an orthonormal plan. The orientation of the urban streets network successively followed cadastres "A" inclined N, 12°30'E and "B", inclined N, 23°E, in the Valence plain.[11]
We know thedecumanus of the city thanks to the discovery of a pavement and a sewer a few metres north of the city hall. Thecardo of the urban network was theVia Agrippa that crossed the city in a straight line from the southern gate of the city to the old gate and Tower of Aion, north of the city, which later became "Tourdeon" (now destroyed).[citation needed]
To the south of the presumed forum site, between theRue du Théâtre andRue Vernoux the ruins of thethermae were discovered. This thermal water supply, and more generally that of the city ofValentia, was thanks to the numerous springs in the vicinity. The site of Valence still presents a dense network of streams and canals born of the overflow of water which escapes in sources at the foot of the terraces, forming, in the east, a curved line from the source of the Treuil up to the Fountain of Malcontents, and near the Rhône and the lower town, a quasi-parallel line to the river from the Saint-Pierre source until the descent of theBoulevard Gambetta. Thus, the Chony quarter (in the current commune ofBourg-lès-Valence), were found remains of pipes that belonged to the aqueduct that brought water from the source of the Treuil to Valence.
Evocation of the southern gateway to the city ofValentia under the early Roman Empire.
All around the current cathedral were discovered fragments of architecture probably belonging to a large temple.
The city had entertainment facilities:
Acircus whose memory would be preserved in the name of the Cire quarter ("Siry" in the Middle Ages).[citation needed]
A Côte Sainte-Ursule theatre: Three surveys have revealed the orchestra, traces of large markets and large wall elements.[citation needed] It was located at the northern edge of the city.[12]
Anodeon whose curvature would be materialized by theRue du Croissant.[12] In fact, the foundations of an odeon were found during the construction of the new museum, in thePlace des Ormeaux [fr] and its outline is materialised on the ground at the entrance to the museum.
The city was surrounded byramparts from the earlyRoman Empire. This was constructed between 15 BC and 15 AD. In 1869, excavations to the south of the old town revealed the existence of a monumental gate defended by two protruding towers. The façade, or at least the pillars which were observed during the excavation, was covered with a large piece of sandstone and adorned with a frieze of military trophies: shields, leggings and breastplates.
Houses settled around the city, outside the city walls.
To the east of the city ofValentia, not far from theVoie des Alpes [fr] (in the direction ofDie andGap), in the currentRue Faventines.
To the west, in the Nonniers quarter, in the commune ofGuilherand-Granges (right bank of the Rhône, facing Valence): A bridge or a ferry connecting the banks of the river.
The ancient port was perhaps on the territory of the current commune of Bourg-les-Valence.
Numerous tombs were crowded at the exit of the city, along the tracks: Several burial grounds were discovered in the east and south of the ancient city.
During the first centuries of the Christian era, Valence became an important road junction on maps and routes, and the lateRoman Empire, this city retained its privileged position.
However, as early as the 4th century,Valentia faced many raids but the city within the ramparts retained its monumental adornments competing according toAmmianus Marcellinus (Histoires, XV, 11, 14), withArles andVienne.
At the dawn of the 5th century, the city lived in shelter of the ramparts erected under the late Roman Empire (still a visible construction in the 19th century). TheVisigoths seized Valence in 413 AD; theBurgundians were masters of the Rhône basin at the end of the 5th century; the Valence people fell to theFrankish Kingdom in 533 AD. These successiveinvasions removed almost all traces of Romanisation.
During this troubled period, the city converted its ancient walls into stronger fortifications: Roman gates were bricked up, thus doing away with the two main axes of the city and lasting restructuring of the urban network. The rural inhabitants settled on small hills of the plain, giving rise to a large number of villages:Montoison,Montmeyran,Montélier,Montvendre,Montéléger, etc.
Around 800, a new Cathedral of Saint-Estève (of St. Stephen) was built instead of thebaptistery, with achoir that was oriented to the west. It was constructed symmetrically to the Evangelist Church. It housed numerous relics: Those of saints Apollinaire, Cyprien, Corneille, Félix, Fortunat, Achillée and a fragment of theTrue Cross. The episcopal district also included housing for the canons, grouped around a court cemetery, and a round church, Notre-Dame-la-Ronde.[13] At the beginning of the 9th century, perhaps before, the Roman wall was raised with walls constructed frompebbles.[14] In 890, the widow of KingBoso of Provence had their son,Louis III, crowned King of Provence in Valence.[15]
In 1029, theArchbishop of Vienne investedGuigues III the Old of the County of Viennois.[15] It belonged to the family of the Counts of Albon, which held the region for decades, frequently occupying the county and theDiocese of Valence.[16] The region still suffered the raids of theSaracens at the end of the 9th and the 10th century.[17]
The Rhône was sometimes presented as the border between the Kingdom of France and theHoly Roman Empire which made Valence part, until the 15th century, but it was especially a link between the countries bordering it. The Diocese of Valence, as the rival principality, the County of Valentinois and Diois, extended on both sides. It was also an important commercial axis, especially for salt, which would benefit the city which guards traces of the name of Rue "Saunière", formerly the name of one of the four gates of Valence, the one which gave access to the south.[18] The city also benefitted from its position at a point of change in the regime of winds in the Rhône Valley: In the Middle Ages, vessels ascended the river only by being hauled to the col, by sweat (by men). North of Valence, the rise could be done under sail (but not always). At the end of the 15th century, it was even the capital of hauling along thetowpath, because beside this advantage due to the wind, it was a one-day stop from Lyon, and a crossroads into the mountains. Finally, the rise of the Rhône was particularly difficult at Valence, which caused forced stops. Several Valentinois were specialised in the brokerage of haulers.[19] The haulers pulled either a big boat or boat trains, with teams from a few dozen to several hundred men. Each man drew a mass of about a ton.[20] This mode of hauling regressed at the end of the 15th century, to be replaced by hauling by horses, except for local hauling.[21]
The city, safe from the flooding of the river and protected by its ramparts, was a step on the road for pilgrimages toCompostela. Religious life flourished, theSaint-Apollinaire Cathedral was built as well as the Abbey of the canons ofSaint-Ruf [fr]. Two major characters vied for power over the city: The Bishop and theCount of Valentinois.
Economic growth translated into the development of towns, especially on the side of the Rhône: The Rivière (Riperia) said today, less poetically, as "Basse-Ville". The new city, north of the former Pomperi gate and Bourg-Saint-Pierre, formed around the Abbey of Saint-Pierre, which spawned the current commune ofBourg-lès-Valence. Elsewhere, on the middle terrace, habitat outside-the-walls was associated with religious foundations: The commandery of the Hospitallers, the Tourdeon gate, the Abbey of Saint-Félix, the Saint-Sulpice gate, the Faventines Templar Commandery, the Benedictine Priory of Saint-Victor in the south near the formerVia Agrippa and, perhaps, further to the south, aleprosarium whose memory is retained through the channel of la Maladière.
After the disappearance of the County ofValentinois [fr], incorporated into theProvince of Dauphiné [fr], the dauphinLouis II de Poitiers-Valentinois [fr] may have imposed homage to the Bishop and Abbot of Saint-Ruf (free abbot, with immunity from Royal taxes and so forth): Valence was therefore incorporated into the province of Dauphiné. On the death of Louis II, who was the last count, the Valentinois was sold in 1419 by his heirs, his daughter Louise de Poitiers (widow ofHumbert VII de Thoire [fr] and Villars) and close relatives to Charles, dauphin and King of France (Charles VII). The County of Valentinois was attached to theCrown of France [fr] in 1424.
The city was connected to the railway in 1854.Valence-Ville Station is shown here with the statue ofBancel [fr], in the 1920s.
The second half of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century were a golden age for the medieval city, materialised by theMaison des Têtes [fr] and thePendentif de Valence [fr]. Founded on 26 July 1452 by the dauphin Louis, futureLouis XI, the University of Valence grew quickly. Renowned professors from various countries, asJacques Cujas forged its reputation by teaching the law, theology, medicine and arts. After his coronation, Louis XI confirmed its preference by mailing the letters patent for the university on 12 October 1461.[22] In March 1480, the King still supported his preferred university.[23]
The dauphin Louis made numerous stays in Valence where, as a sign of allegiance, he donated a gate to the city, the Saunière gate and a few houses nearby. It made for a "delphinal palace", later occupied by the religious order of theRecollects. As Louis XI, he allowed a market in the town of Valence, in 1476, during his stay in the city[24] and confirmed tax privileges for the city of Valence.
This era ended abruptly in 1562 during the occupation of the city by the troops of the ProtestantBaron des Adrets: All the religious buildings of Valence were partially or completely destroyed.
The Segiun gateway (1900), built from 1827 replaced the old stone bridge, and then by the current Frédéric Mistral Bridge.
François Rabelais studied at Valence in 1532, before settling in Lyon, a great cultural centre where the library trade blossomed.
A strategic location in the Rhône Valley, Valence had been militarised since its origin and had 7,100 inhabitants in the 1700s, who bore responsibility for housing soldiers. To reduce this burden a municipal deliberation was offered in 1714: a barracks was constructed in the currentRue Bouffier,[25] a temporary camp which quickly became inadequate to accommodate the 12,000 men and 20,000 horses stationed there. The city invested 190,000livres for the installation of a new barracks in the Rollin quarter, north of the Roman road.
It was in Valence that the saga ofLouis Mandrin ended in May 1755, the smuggler who challenged theFerme Générale and redistributed the proceeds of his theft from it. After spending several days in the city prison, Mandrin wassentenced to death: It was conducted on thePlace des Clercs [fr] where the scaffold was erected, his death ensued on thebreaking wheel. His body was exposed after his death, during three days, and many people flocked to pay him a last tribute, as his popularity increased. The death of Mandrin on the wheel of Valence marked the end of his actions, but also the beginning of a legend, as the man had marked the minds of his contemporaries.
Napoleon Bonaparte was assigned in the city from 1785 to 1786 in the La Fèreartillery regiment. He made many future visits.[25] He would indeed return repeatedly to Valence. It included crossing the city on 12 October 1799, during the return of the expedition to Egypt, and offered to his former landlady who came to welcome him at the posthouse, a cashmere of India (offered to the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament), a compass and a powder spoon (available at the Museum of Valence in 1862). He also met the future CardinalSpina, who would negotiate on behalf ofPope Pius VII in the Concordat of 1801, on the same day.
A steam train of Ardèche, in thePlace de la République (in 1910)
After the convening of theEstates-General, agitation and anxiety grew until thestorming of the Bastille, news of which reached the region around 20 July, causing hope but also increasing concerns of areactionary plot of aristocrats.[27] TheGreat Fear arose in the region of a rumor, and spread by degrees, at a blistering pace according to local networks, putting all the villages in motion for their defence.[28] Once the peak of fear passed, a latent anxiety remained, the village communities realised that in an emergency, they were in fact isolated and practically reduced to their own devices.[29]National guards were formed quickly, including in Valence, but communities found it insufficient, and they constituted local federations of mutual assistance, bypassing the old provincial divisions. In the region, it wasLargentière which called for a Fête de la Fédération on 23 August,Romans-sur-Isère in September,La Voulte gathered 12,000 National Guardsmen to theChamps de l'Étoile on 29 November.[30] Valence invited the surrounding communities on 31 January and brought together 16,000 guards of 293 communes.[31] The region had other celebrations of federation in the winter and spring, culminating in theFête de la Fédération of 14 July 1790, celebrated in Paris and simultaneously in 250 cities in France, including Valence.[32]
The university disappeared in 1792 to be reborn at the end of the 20th century. It is now in the 21st Century part of theCommunity Grenoble Alpes University.
This community played another role during the final years of the French Revolution. On 29 August 1799, six weeks after his arrival at this community, the then longest ever reigning Roman Catholic Church's 250thPope Pius VI died here in exile from his Vatican, then within the 754–1798 Papal States, but now within the 1st Republic of France's created 1798–1799 Roman Republic. After some political intrigue covering more than two years, it will not be until 24 December 1801, that the then late pope's body will finally leave Valence and return to the Vatican.
After theArmenian genocide of 1915, many Armenians took refuge in France in the 1920s. The community remembers how Valence employers travelled to Marseille to recruit 150 of the first arrivals in 1922.[36] By 1926 827 Armenians had settled in Valence, and 1,670 by 1931[37] – fromBursa,Malatya andHarput.[36] If the Armenians were popular among their employers, they encountered the distrust of the Valence people.[36][38] It was a group with a very high proportion of young adults, children and the elderly who suffered most from the genocide and from the journey into exile.[39] They worked mainly as labourers, or founded small businesses (25% of employed persons).[40] Very quickly, an "Armenian quarter" developed betweenBoulevard Vauban,Rue Farnerie,Rue Madier-Montjau, and theBoulevard d'Alsace, 40% populated by Armenians. The entire old town, with dilapidated buildings, abandoned and inexpensive, became involved in this process.[41]
In 1956 the group had 2,500 people, or 6% of the population of Valence, and represented the fourth-largest Armenian community in France (after those of Paris, Lyon and Marseille).[42] The community's very strong identity (with newspapers, cinemas, dance halls, Armenian Sports Union) was dispersed, with the "Armenian village" on theRue de Fontlozier.[43] It showed signs of rapid integration: In 1946, half of the 2,000 Armenians of Valencia opted for French citizenship.[44]
In 1947, 200 Armenians of Valence took advantage of the offer to return to the Soviet countries, which proved to be a failure.[citation needed] The strong community welcomed new refugees, escaping from political turmoil inSyria during the 1950-60s, andLebanon during theCivil war in 1970-80s. As of 1997[update] 7,500 people in Valence belonged to this community,[36] which makes the Armenian community of Valence one of the largest in France: the Armenian National Union is also based in Valence.[45]
This strong presence has passed into theodonymy: a street and a square of the old Armenian quarter make reference to it: theRue d'Arménie and thePlaceMissak Manouchian. The cultural life of the community is very active, with 28 associations, including the Evangelical Church, the Armenian courts, and the House of Armenian culture.[36]
After the invasion of Poland by Germany, on 1 September 1939, France and the United Kingdom declared war on Germany on 3 September 1939. Germany invaded France, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands on 10 May 1940.
DuringWorld War II, Valence suffered severalallied aerial bombardments, intended to destroy the bridge over the Rhône. On 15 August 1944, bombs destroyed several quarters and buildings in the city, including the hospital, killing 280 people. From the era of the prefecture, there remained only the gate, which has been carefully preserved since. Four days later, on 19 August 1944, a German train loaded withnitroglycerin exploded, largely destroying the quarter of La Palla and causing 335 casualties among civilians, the military and the resistance fighters. On 2 August 1944, south of Valence, bombings of the railway depot and yard ofPortes-lès-Valence destroyed 51 locomotives, with 12 victims and 58 wounded among the railway workers and the population.[46]
The northern part of Valence, almost completely razed to the ground, was rebuilt and today one finds many administrative buildings in this area such as theHotel of prefecture of the Drôme [fr], the generaltreasury,social security, the post office and the police headquarters.
Drôme was one of the departments where theResistance was the most active.[47] In 1943, the Resistance was organised and grew, and many Drôme people were called and committed themselves to the cause. With the introduction of theSTO, young men were required to go to work in Germany. Many of them refused this situation and went into hiding in the countryside or joined theMaquis. Resistance developed throughout the entire department in small units. The Drôme terrain was conducive to the installation of camps. The population supported increasing resistance.
By its geographical location, Valence is one of the points of compulsory passage between Paris and theMediterranean Sea. Its position at the centre of the meridian axis of theRhone Valley places the city at the mouth of the Valley of theIsère (path to theAlps), in the west of the historical province ofDauphiné, within the natural and historic region of theValentinois, and the boundary of the department ofArdèche (from which it is separated by theRhône). The city is surrounded by several mountain ranges, including theMassif Central and the Ardèche hills to the west, and theVercors Massif in theFrench Prealps to the east. Valence is 561 kilometres (349 mi) to the southeast of Paris, equidistant (100 kilometres (62 mi)) south ofLyon and southwest ofGrenoble, 120 kilometres (75 mi) north ofAvignon, 220 kilometres (140 mi) north ofMarseille, 204 kilometres (127 mi) north ofMontpellier, 110 kilometres (68 mi) south-west ofSaint-Étienne, 113 kilometres (70 mi) to the east ofLe Puy-en-Velay, 50 kilometres (31 mi) north ofMontélimar, 40 kilometres (25 mi) to the east ofPrivas and 65 kilometres (40 mi) to the west ofDie. Located a few kilometres south of the45th parallel, the city is often referred to as the "gateway toSouthern France.""À Valence le Midi commence" [At Valence the Midi commences], say people from the north.
An aerial view of Valence
The agglomeration is based on four alluvial terraces ranging on the left bank of the Rhone:
The lowest, which is closest to the river, where the districts of fishermen and sailors were.
The intermediate terrace, safe from the floods of the river, which grew into the historic city, first within its walls, then expanded outside.
The third terrace, highly urbanised in the second half of the 20th century.
The highest, called the plateau of Lautagne which has developed as a centre of technological activities since the end of the 20th century on the edge of grain and vegetable farms.
Administratively, the commune is located in the south of theAuvergne-Rhône-Alpes region, in the northern half of theDrôme department (of which it is the prefecture), and in the south-west of theArrondissement of Valence (of which it is the capital). Moreover, Valence is thechef-lieu of four cantons,Valence-1,Valence-2,Valence-3 andValence-4, the city is therefore divided into four at the cantonal level. The commune is part of theCommunauté d'agglomération Valence Romans Agglo, which includes 56 communes since its inception on 1 January 2017, and Valence is the most populous city. Valence was previously part of two intercommunalities:SISAV [fr] (Intercommunal Union of Services of the Valentinoise Agglomeration, better known under the name of "Valence Major") which includes seven Drôme and Ardèche communes (Bourg-lès-Valence, Cornas, Guilherand-Granges, Portes-lès-Valence, Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence, Saint-Péray and Valence) from 1990 to 2009, and of the agglomeration community ofValence Agglo – Sud Rhône-Alpes [fr] which consisted of eleven communes from 2009 to 2014.
The area of the commune is 3,669 hectares (9,070 acres), representing 36.69 square kilometres (14.17 sq mi); the altitude varies between 106–191 metres (348–627 ft).[48]
The granitic base, cut by the Rhône in the Saint-Vallier/Tain-l'Hermitage pass, is covered by 4,000 metres (13,000 ft) of sediments in the Valence trough. In theMiocene, amolasse formed of detrital rocks due to the erosion of theAlps and theMassif Central, was deposited in a shallow sea. Its thickness can reach 400–500 metres (1,300–1,600 ft). During thePliocene, the sea was reduced into a lake, resulting in lacustrine deposits andloess formation. During theQuaternary, between glacial periods,moraines were swept away by the meltwater in the interglacial stages and were carved by the rivers. Thus, nested terraces were formed. These nested terraces of Isère and Rhône eventually filled the gap of Valence.
The Drôme des Collines, which integrates Valence, formed at the end of the Miocene. Under the effect of the Alpine thrust, the area was covered by a lake and fluvio-lacustrine molasse formed with a few ripples in the plain of Valence. The confluence of the Isère and Rhône andfluvial erosion caused by their waters, in the Quaternary, formed four superimposed terraces which are located in Valence.
Valence is watered by theRhône river, the commune is on the left bank. One of its tributaries also crosses the city: TheÉpervière [fr], a 2.6 kilometres (1.6 mi)-long river,[49] formed by the joining of most of the city's channels, among others.
The city gave its name to a well-defined geographical region: TheValentinois. Over more than three-quarters of its territory, this region corresponds to the plain of Valence, shaped by successive beds of theRhône which are abandoned fertile sedimentary deposits. Indeed, this plain, perfectly bounded by theRhône Valleys to the west, theIsère in the north, and theDrome to the south, gives the appearance of a cheerful orchard withpeach,apricot andcherry trees, alternating with cereal and vegetable crops. Large farms, conquered one by one by the inhabitants of Valence, punctuate this agricultural area, barely broken by rivers and canals for irrigation, with groves and woods on its margins.
To the east, the Monts du Matin extend as a long barrier of pleasant hills, dominated by the limestone prow of the Vercors. To the south, beyond the Drôme Valley, the plain ends at the foot of the massif carrying the vast forest ofMarsanne, topped by wind turbines.
To the north, beyond the Isère Valley, the Romanais continues, geologically, Valence plain. The lowerMiocene molasse in the north of the plain was covered by outwashalluvium of the Isère, whose terraces today still mark the shape of the Valentinois.
The view from the ruins of theChâteau de Crussol, in front after the first sharp turns in the road on leaving theCol des Limouches [fr], the plain of Valence appears as it is, a large flat surface, bordered by two reliefs which are unobscured. It is also a very large area because of the same formation of physical organisation, one of successive terraces. Only the habitat and crops bring variation, due to the different nature of these terraces.
Today the plain of Valence is organised around the Valence infrastructure whose urban sprawl gradually extends across its whole area. A number of communes however retain their village identity and their rural character, protecting them from changing into dormitory towns. These are ancient agricultural villages, especially those that precede the first villages on the side ofVercors. Their names evoke an initial high placement to readily give a defensive view of the plain of Valence:Montélier,Montvendre,Montéléger,Montoison,Montmeyran andBeaumont-lès-Valence.
However, the territories corresponding to the plain of Valence and the Valentinois do not include west of the agglomeration, which is located in the neighbouring department of Ardèche.
Temperature and rainfall curves of Valence in 1990
Valence enjoys ahumid subtropical climate, whose main characteristic is an almost constant wind which blows and dries the Rhône corridor.[citation needed] Dubbed the "mistral" when it comes from the north, it brings good weather and coolness in the summer, but an impression of freezing cold in winter. When it comes from the south, it usually announces the arrival of stormy disturbances. It is then calledle vent du midi ou le vent des fous [the midi wind or the uncaring wind] because, for some people, it makes the atmosphere painful to bear, especially in the summer.[citation needed]
The climate is semi-continental withMediterranean influences. The Gotheron weather station ofSaint-Marcel-lès-Valence, located 6 kilometres (3.7 mi) from the centre of Valence, recorded an average temperature of 12.3 °C and 886 millimetres (34.9 in) of precipitation over the period from 1966 to 2004. The annual sunshine in Valence is 2,500 hours/year (average 1970–1994). However, there are large variations from one year to another, depending on the dominant influence (in turn Mediterranean and semi-continental). During the period from 1994 to 2004, the following years were remarkable: Lack of sunshine in 1996 (1,712 hours), low precipitation (572 millimetres (22.5 in)) and high temperatures in 1997, significant rainfall in 1999 (1,049 millimetres (41.3 in)) and in 2002 (1,257 millimetres (49.5 in)). There was significant sunshine (approx. 2,500 hours) from 1999 to 2002, accompanied by higher than average temperatures. Frost in April 2003 which affected peach production, followed by a summer heatwave in 2003, with exceptional sunshine for the year (2,781 hours), and a rainfall deficit in 2004 (722 millimetres (28.4 in)).[50]
Valence is located in the Rhône Valley where the wind regime is regular, both from the south (mistral) and north. Adding in the course of the Rhône which is linear from Lyon to Valence, this circumstance has allowed navigable sailing on the Rhône from Valence.[51]
Climate data for Valence (1997–2020 normals, extremes 1997–present)
The vegetation in the plain of Valence is mid-European with a supra-Mediterranean floor (pedunculate oak, oak found in the coldest places, and thickets ofhornbeam) mingled with thermophilic species such asdowny oak, or evenevergreen oaks on exposed slopes with draining soils. Found also in the south of the Drôme Valley where the Mediterranean influence finally prevails (20 kilometres (12 mi) to the South) are spontaneous populations ofthyme,lavender,Euphorbia characias, Spanish broom (Genista hispanica), cane of Provence (Arundo donax), as well asAleppo pines on the western face of the massif ofCrussol. Due to the exposure and the nature of the soil, the Ardèche hills offer landscapes ofgarrigue and Mediterranean Oak (Quercus Ilex) fromTournon which is located 22 kilometres (14 mi) north of Valence (hills ofCornas,Château de Crussol andSoyons). The hills (mostly limestone) have a double vegetation: Mediterranean on the southern side and Sub-continental on the northern side.
Formerly, the cultivation of olive trees was previously on the well-exposed heights of Tain-l'Hermitage (19 kilometres (12 mi) to the north), but they were replaced by the culture of the vine at first, and then by that of apricot, peach and other fruits which are still very present in the region, even though more than 7,000 hectares (17,000 acres) of fruits (mainly apricots, cherries, peaches and kiwis) disappeared from the Drôme landscapes due to an outbreak ofsharka and abacterial infection forcing wilt since 2003.
The central railway station of Valence is theGare de Valence-Ville, located just south of the town centre. The station offers connections to Lyon, Grenoble, Avignon, Gap and several regional destinations. In 2001 theGare de Valence TGV opened along with theLGV Méditerranée, ahigh-speed rail line extending south from Valence toMarseille. The station is only 1 kilometre (1 mi) south of the end of theLGV Rhône-Alpes, giving Valence much shorter journey times to northern destinations as well, with a journey to Paris taking 2h11. The TGV station is located 10 km northeast of the town.
The city occupies a key position, at the centre of theRhône Valley [fr]. Located on a crossroads of road networks, it is known to be a point of passage (cf. the Valence Autoroute Area) of the holidaymakers who head to the Côte d'Azur. TheA7 autoroute (commonly known as theautoroute du soleil [motorway of the sun]) connects it toLyon (100 kilometres (62 mi) to the north),Avignon (120 kilometres (75 mi) to the south), then toMarseille (220 kilometres (140 mi) south). TheA49 autoroute connects it toGrenoble (95 kilometres (59 mi) to the northeast). TheA41 autoroute connects it toSavoy (Chambéry andAnnecy; 158 kilometres (98 mi) and 206 kilometres (128 mi) respectively) andGeneva (Switzerland) 245 kilometres (152 mi) to the northeast (via the A49).
The A7 at the northern entrance to Valence, looking southbound.
In Valence, theA7 autoroute runs along theRhône and thus crosses the city by cutting the river. An underground project of the autoroute up to the city is being studied.[54]
The city of Valence was cut off from its river during the construction of the A7 motorway in the 1960s. The idea is born to bury the fast axis semi-covered trenches over a distance of about 1.5 kilometres (0.93 mi). This project to bury the motorway should make the banks of the Rhône available to Valence. However, the project would not be completed prior to at least 2025. The studies, which will be soon carried out, should enable a decision on the exact length of motorway involved, the technical choices and the financial cost. According to a preliminary study, the construction costs should culminate in an amount of €500 million, of which the cost will be shared between the State, the companyVinci Autoroutes [fr], the department of Drôme and the city of Valence.
Forming a half-loop, the Valence ring road covers a little more than 22 kilometres (14 mi) and connects the commune ofBourg-lès-Valence to the north (up to the toll of Valence Nord) in the city quarter ofFontlozier [fr] to the south (to the toll of Valence Sud exit), thus bypassing the major part of the city whilst ensuring the city is served to the east. It also allows easy access to theValence TGV station in the north, by theRN 532 [fr]. The ring road of Valence features motorway except in two singular points. The portion of theA7 autoroute in the centre is the legacy of the 1960s when the city turned back to its river. It is even doubled by urban roads, the D2007N.
Plans to form a complete loop, connecting the current ring road to a western bypass of Valence, on the right bank of theRhône, are under consideration. The east ring road is of more recent design and it ensures the continuity of the RN 7, which offers a free alternative to the A7. This section also provides the extension of theA49 autoroute right to Valence. A road-doubling project of the A7 and A49 autoroutes was considered to relieve the ring road of its transit traffic but was abandoned, even though this axis was granted to the society of theAutoroutes du Sud de la France [fr] (ASF) and acquisitions had been completed.
The west bypass is gradually emerging and it relates directly to the department ofArdèche. It is materialised by a second bridge (Lônes Bridge) on the Rhône (D 96 and D 534) coming to relieve the Mistral Bridge located in the city centre. This bypass is to develop because it is located in the core trunk with the D86, the main axis of the right bank of the Rhône. The bypass of the communes ofGuilherand-Granges,Saint-Péray andCornas is programmed, which ensures its realisation by 2025. It will then require the construction of a third bridge over the Rhône in the north of the metropolitan area (in Bourg-lès-Valence) to complete the ring road that will then form a complete loop: This project is at the stage of preliminary studies and it seems that a passage on the present dam of theCNR is retained in order to minimise the cost.
During antiquity, the existence of a bridge providing, as inVienne, the link between the two shores, is likely. Indeed, as early as 1388, the toponym "Pont Péri" [Péri Bridge] is carried by a sector of the quarter of Basse-Ville lying in the extension of the east-west axis of the ancient city. In addition, A. Blanc would have discovered, still in this same extension, piles of oak, closer perhaps to a pier. He also mentioned the "tour de Constance" [Constance Tower], on the Valence shore, a construction already known in the Middle Ages and which bore all the floods of the Rhône. In any case, the existence of a link between the two banks is in no doubt and a crossing point could even have existed at the site of Valence from the prehistoric time. Whether or not that existed, this ancient bridge was not replaced until the nineteenth century.
The different successive bridges of Valence, in chronological order, are:
TheSeguin Bridge built from 1827 (two years after that ofTain-Tournon, which was the first bridge of this type installed in France) and delivered to traffic in 1830.
The stone bridge, dating from 1905, destroyed 19 June 1940 by French engineers to slow the advance of the German troops. In August 1940, Rhone is again passable by boat and then a ferry to traille. A temporaryPigeaud [fr] bridge was then installed by the engineers. This bridge was again damaged on 18 August 1944 during a bombing by the Allied forces.
A temporary suspended walkway installed in 1949 and which was in use until 1967.
TheFrédéric Mistral Bridge, completed in 1967, is still in service. It joins the commune ofGuilherand-Granges (Ardèche) to the city centre of Valence (Drôme).
Finally, theLônes [fr] Bridge was inaugurated on 18 December 2004, located at the south of the city, is the "second bridge" of Valence, long expected to alleviate the problems of movement between the two banks of the Rhone. It connects the communes of Guilherand-Granges andSoyons (Ardèche) in the southern districts of Valence.
During long periods where no bridge was available, areaction ferry could cross the Rhone River. On the right bank, in Guilherand-Granges, an old pile used by this ferry is still erect.
The region has a bus network calledCitéa which covers the Valence agglomeration (located across the departments ofDrôme andArdèche) and theromano-peageoise town (about 20 kilometres (12 mi) north of Valence). The network is managed byValence Romans Déplacements and controlled by theCommunauté d'agglomération Valence Romans Agglo and its operation is entrusted to VTV (Véolia Transport Valence) from 2012 (the former CTAV network to July 2006). Given the large extent of the Citéa network, the latter is divided into two sectors, Valence andRomans-sur-Isère.
The territory covered by the network is 1,037 square kilometres (400 sq mi). It consists of 64 communes located in and around the towns of Valence and Romans-sur-Isère and is inhabited by nearly 220,000 people. Fourth urban network of the Rhône-Alpes region, it has 20 regular lines, over 200 stops and a fleet of 220 bus.
TheOura! card [fr] is a transport document which consists of a smartcard which allows not only to travel on any Citéa network (charging its transport tickets), but also to combine travel with other modes of transport in the region such as theTER Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes (Transport express régional), networks of transit of Saint-Étienne (STAS), Grenoble (TAG [fr]) or Lyon (TCL), or even rent-a-bike in free service.
Valence has two SNCF railway stations. Commissioned in 1865, the role of theValence-Ville railway station has refocused on regional transport since the 2001 commissioning of thegare de Valence TGV, or simply Valence-TGV. It is the point of departure of the trains in the direction ofGrenoble,Chambéry,Annecy andGeneva. Valence-Ville railway station was also the origin of the relationship which servesLivron [fr],Crest,Die [fr],Veynes-Dévoluy [fr],Gap,Embrun [fr] andBriançon. The passenger building of Valence-Ville railway station has been in service in April 1866. It was designed byLouis-Jules Bouchot,[55] architect ofNapoleon III. The facade of the main body, in stone, is inspired by thePetit Trianon ofVersailles. The main façade on theRue du Pavilion Central has been registered as anhistoric monument since 11 October 1982.[56]
Valence TGV railway station, on the Lyon-MarseillesLGV Méditerranée line, is located 11 kilometres (6.8 mi) north-east of the city centre, in the commune ofAlixan. Prior to its opening in 2001, the high speedTGV trains stopped in Valence-Ville railway station. Trains reached Paris in 2 hours 36 minutes. At the opening of the TGV station, a service of fifty TGVs per day was planned with eight of these TGVs continuing to serve Valence-Ville.[57] Valence TGV station rail connections regularly connect to 35 cities, includingParis,Marseille,Lyon,Toulouse,Lille,Nice,Montpellier,Nantes,Le Havre,Reims,Avignon,Besançon,Strasbourg,Dijon, Barcelona andBrussels. In 2003, 60 daily TGVs served the station, with 1.8 million passengers.[58] In 2008, the station was served by 58 daily TGVs, carrying 2.2 million passengers.[59]
ThePort de l'Épervière [fr] contains 478 berths: It is the first river port of France. Built in 1973, at the initiative of theChamber of commerce and industry of Drôme [fr] (CCI of Drôme), around a pool of 44,000 square metres (470,000 sq ft), it is included in a leisure park of 17 hectares (42 acres). The quality of the services offered allowed it to obtain theblue flag of Europe, in 2005.[60]
Created in 1978 and operated by theCCI of Drôme [fr],[61] theriver port of trade [fr] in the Drôme (more often called Port of Valence) is located for its part, on the territory of the commune ofPortes-lès-Valence, just to the south of the city of Valence. It spread over 41 hectares (100 acres) and has in addition to the port itself, an industrial zone with 9 hectares (22 acres) of area of warehouses, including customs, a grain terminal, a 'wood' centre, and the storage sheds (7,600 square metres (82,000 sq ft) all products).[61] Its strategic location on the Rhône (in the heart of theRhône-Alpes region, close toIsère, Savoy andSwitzerland) allows it to serve the countries of theMediterranean Basin and the Middle East.[61] As of July 2013, theCompagnie Nationale du Rhône (CNR) began a campaign of work, with a cost of €14 million, to develop the port to make it a place of exchange at the European level.[62]
Valence-Chabeuil Airport, located in the commune ofChabeuil, is co-managed by theGeneral Council of the Drôme [fr] and the Chamber of commerce and industry of Drôme.[63] It is open to commercial national traffic, to private aircraft, usingIFR andVFR but welcomes more regular routes since the decision of the Valence-Paris service,[when?] which has run since 1969.
The airport has three runways: one of 2,100 metres (6,900 ft) in concrete, and two smaller, 1,300 metres (4,300 ft) and 440 metres (1,440 ft). The 530 square metres (5,700 sq ft) terminal has two gateways for access to aircraft. The aircraft parking area is 16,000 square metres (170,000 sq ft). Passengers have at their disposal a 150-space car park and a hotel area. A flying club, as well as a helicopter company[which?] are installed at the airport.[64]
Grenoble-Isère Airport is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north-east of Valence along the A49 and offers flights to several European cities including London, Bristol, Dublin, Rotterdam and Warsaw.Lyon-Saint-Exupéry Airport is 114 kilometres (71 mi) north of Valence via the A7 motorway and offers international flights. The airport is considered to be the second airport in the province after Nice-Côte d'Azur Airport and connects Lyon with most capitals and major European cities. More than 100 cities are connected one or more times a week, some up to five times per day, such as London. In 2013, the Lyon-Saint-Exupéry airport processed more than 8.5 million passengers.
ALibélo bicycle station, in the city centre of Valence
Since 28 March 2010, the city has a system of self-servicerent-a-bike and long-term hire calledLibélo. It includes 160 bikes on theSmoove key concept spread over 18 then 20 stations and 200 rental bikes for long duration in Valence,Guilherand-Granges andBourg-lès-Valence.
Unlike most other bike sharing systems, its management is not delegated to a business, or related to an advertising market but provided by the transport company of Valence (subsidiary ofTransdev) in partnership with the Citéa transit network.
The old centre is based on the Roman foundation on agrid plan, occupation of the banks of the Rhone is sparse, probably because of instability.[65] The orientation of the streets of the Roman city, orientation still quite widespread in the streets of the old town, is identical to those of the ancientcadastres of the surrounding countryside. The grid plan follows a dual orientation, varying neighbourhoods, the dual orientation which corresponds to two modules of this plan: One of about 360 Roman feet (107 metres (351 ft)), the other 420 feet, which sometimes breaks down into 120 feet spacing. This second module describes the angle of theRue de l'Équerre;Place des Ormeaux [fr] exactly a squareactus (i.e. a square with a side of 120 Roman feet); theSaint-Apollinaire Cathedral occupies two squareactus.[11] The presence of the Romanamphitheatre near the Porte Neuve (New Gate) is detectable only in the design of the streets of the cadastre from 1807.[12]
The first alluvial terrace, at 120–125 metres (394–410 ft) altitude, was fully occupied by the western part of the communal territory in the 1960s. The city of Valence then expanded eastward, on theRiss terrace, at an altitude of approximately 150 metres (490 ft). To the south, the Lautagne plateau, at an altitude of 180 metres (590 ft), determines a narrow groove between this advance from the terrace of la Léore and the Rhône, which has limited the development of the city in that direction. At the end of the 20th century, the city was again cut off from the Rhône by the construction of theA7 autoroute.[66] Port areas are alone in the south towardsPortes-lès-Valence.[67] The Valence agglomeration stretches on the right bank of the Rhône, but is limited by the edge of the Vivarais plateau. However, it includes the communes ofGuilherand-Granges,Saint-Péray,Cornas andSoyons.[68]
To facilitate the expansion of the town to the east, a large expressway was built (it is used by the RN7),[69] where theValence-Chabeuil Airport has been in operation since 1969.[70]
View of the southern districts of Valence from the plateau of Lautagne
The city of Valence is made of twentyquarters (with an average of 3,500 people per quarter[citation needed]). They are all different from the other: The northern quarters are rather popular and residential (Polygone, Fontbarlettes, le Plan and la Chamberlière) and even rural (Thodure), while the southern quarters are generally inhabited by the middle class and pensioners (Fontlozier [fr], Hugo-Provence, Laprat, les Baumes, Mannet, Valence Sud and Lautagne), although there is a popular district (Valensolles), the central quarters are commercial and animated (Centre-ville, Gare, Victor Hugo) and also for tourists during the summer (Vieux Valence [fr], Basse ville, l'Épervière) and the east quarters are areas with residential character (Baquet, Grand Charran, Petit Charran, Châteauvert, Danton and Briffaut), however the Martins quarter is rather rural.
Some districts are represented by a"Quarter Committee" [fr], which makes for a very lively micro-local fabric. A Quarter Committee is an association of people who play a role with regard to public institutions, and who allow an exchange of information between people and municipal services. In this way, residents can participate in the direction of development projects of their quarters according to their aspirations.
To avoid a trip to the city hall, the city of Valence has created five city hall branches in outlying quarters. The mayoral branches of Fontbarlettes, le Plan, Centre-Ville, Valence Sud and the Chamberlière are placed at the disposal of the inhabitants and are in charge of certain administrative services delegated by the Central Council.
In 2009, the total number of dwellings in the municipality was 34,661, while it was 32,376 in 1999.[71]
Among this housing, 88.4% were primary residences, 1.0% of secondary residences and 10.6% vacant housing. These dwellings were 24.1% detached houses and 74.7% of apartments.[72]
The proportion of primary residences, as properties of their occupants, was 43.1%, up slightly from 1999 (41.1%). The share of social housing (empty rentedHLM) was 16.5% against 18.8%, their number having dropped: 5,059 against 5,439.[73]
Concerning social housing, there are several organisations which are the Public Housing Office of Valence (OPH) and Housing Development of Drôme (DAH) who construct, maintain and manage social housing throughout the city and in the Valence agglomeration,[74] most are located in so-called working-class quarters. As for the grants of the OPH, they come from the city of Valence, the Drôme department, the region and the State.[75] Those of DAH come mainly from the department.
The major projects of the municipality do not yet concern the city centre, even if they have the merit of addressing the three terraces which line the city: the first terrace concerns Valence-le-Haut (quarters of le Plan and Fontbarlettes), the second concerns the centre and the south, and the third the banks of theRhône.
One of the city's major projects is the reclamation of the banks, disfigured by the passage of the A7 motorway over 1.4 kilometres (0.87 mi).[54] When he was Mayor of Valence, Member of ParliamentPatrick Labaune had defended a bypass with an eastern route. Thus advocating the "removal the A7", when elected, specifically a burial of the motorway in semi-covered trenches. The project would have been validated by the company of theAutoroutes du Sud de la France [fr] (ASF), but the mayor refuses for now to give a price, which would be some €500 million according to experts.[54][76]
Other projects will be launched to create a 24 kilometres (15 mi)green route, on the banks, through the municipalities of Valence andBourg-lès-Valence. In addition to a renovation of the tourist facilities on the site of thel'Épervière [fr], the city wants to transform the Îlesquartier into anecodistrict, with positive energy housing.[54][77] This project could lead to the removal of family gardens there. However, there is a building plot and the gardens will be resettled on fertile lands of the plateau of Lautagne.
Like the Îfles quarter, a new quarter is planned in the south of the city on the brownfield site of the Hugo-Provence area, in place of the former Cime building (destroyed in 2013), with the construction of 200 housing units (half social, half private), shops and a hotel.[76] The first part should be delivered before 2015.[54]
One of the major issues of the municipality is the opening up of the Hauts-de-Valence, which is subject to a program ofurban renewal of €117 million, jointly funded by the city and theNational Agency for urban renewal [fr] (ANRU). It includes the demolition of 417 houses in the working-class districts of the Plan and Fontbarlettes and their reconstruction by the end of 2014 throughout the city.[54] The project also includes an opening up and connection of these areas to the rest of the city. Shared public spaces will be created on Roosevelt and Kennedy boulevards.
At an estimated €100 million cost,[54] the last big project supported by the city concerns the creation of a city of sports and culture on the former military wasteland of Latour-Maubourg. It will host the new Jean-Pommier pool, a municipal exhibition hall, a media hub with the headquarters of the radio stationFrance Bleu Drôme Ardèche [fr] and theLe Dauphiné libéré newspaper, and finally a centre of higher education. The renovated buildings will house a students' halls, Maestris private school, nursing school and theregional school of fine arts of Valence [fr], which has created a public establishment of cultural co-operation with that of Grenoble. In addition to the space of the wasteland, the city will have the land released by the relocation of the prison, in 2015. It has also launched a study to establish a newpalais des congrès in the area.[54]
The city of Valence is aterritorial collectivity administered by amunicipal council which is the deliberative assembly of thecommune and which aims to regulate by its deliberations the business of the municipality. The municipal council elects themayor. As for any commune whose population is between 60,000 and 79,999 inhabitants, this council has 49 members (mayor, 14 deputies and 34 municipal councillors) elected by direct universal suffrage for a renewable term of six years.
The current mayor of Valence isNicolas Daragon, a member of theUMP elected in 2014. The current council was elected in April 2014.
Capital of the department of Drôme, the city of Valence is divided into four cantons, of which it ischef-lieu.
The cantonal division of Valence has evolved since the creation of the departments in 1790. Established in 1801, the canton of Valence was divided into two in 1964, and then three in 1973 and finally into four in 1984. The cantonal redistricting of 2015 led to the creation of four new cantons each containing a fraction of the commune of Valence and whole communes.
Valence is the largest city ofValence Romans Agglo, anagglomeration community with 51 communes of the region. It is responsible for several areas of skills, including local public transport, economic development, sanitation and environment, sports complexes and public libraries management.[79]
Itsinhabitants are calledValentinois in French.[80] In 2018, the municipality had 64,726 inhabitants. Itsagglomeration had 132,556 inhabitants (10 communes, of which 3 inArdèche) and itsmetropolitan area had 254,254 inhabitants (71 communes across Drôme and Ardèche).[5]
From 1962 to 1999: Population without double counting; for the years following: municipal population. Source: Ldh/EHESS/Cassini until 1999[81] thenINSEE[82]
Valence has two Catholic parishes, which depend on theDiocese of Valence,Deanery of Valence: Notre-Dame-des-Peuples of Valence[83] and Saint Émilien of Valence.[84]
The Jewish community has a synagogue in Valence.[85]
The Armenian community, comprising over 10% of the population, has its own church, Saint Sahag (Isaac) and in November 2017 launched the construction of an Armenian-language daily-school.
Valence has two hospitals, a public and a private.[93] Many health professionals are installed on the commune, including 58 physicians,[94] 67 nurses, 80physiotherapists.[95] Since 2009, Valence is a member of theWHO city health network,[96] through its commitments for the promotion of good nutrition practices, Valence is also very active in the National Programme of Health and Nutrition (PNNS).[96]
TheCentre Hospitalier de Valence [Central Hospital of Valence] (CHV) employed 2,570 people in 2013. It includes all clinical specialties (medicine, Oncology, surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology, paediatrics, psychiatry, care and rehabilitation, long stay, etc.). It has a maternity hospital where approximately 2,326 babies (including 20.9% deliveries by caesarean section and 60.6% deliveries under epidural) are born each year. The Central Hospital of Valence has a capacity of 740 beds. In 2011, nearly 67,000 people were presented as emergencies; the operating block has practised more than 10,000 interventions, nearly 29 interventions per day. In the maternity ward of the hospital, over 2,000 children were born.[97] The Woman-Mother-Child Centre welcomes paediatrics, neonatology and obstetrics, infant surgery, gynaecology and the hospitalisation units for woman and child. The Medical and Tumour Pathologies Centre welcomes gastro-enterology, haematology, oncology, haemovigilance, pulmonology – infectious diseases, dermatology, alcohol addiction, and palliative care. The Geriatrics and Rehabilitation Centre brings together the geriatric mobile team, the USLD, theEHPAD, the geriatric SSR, and rehabilitation. The Surgery and Anesthesia Centre block welcomes orthopaedics, ENT, the ophthalmology, gynecological surgery, urology, neurosurgery, anesthesia, and an operating room. The Medicine and Specialties Centre includes cardiology, neurology, department of medicine, multipurpose medicine and dietetics. After the opening of the radiology building, a surgical building of 263 beds and places opened its doors in June 2011.[citation needed]
TheHôpital Privé Drôme Ardèche [Drôme Ardèche Private Hospital] (HPDA) is a complex created in 2005 from the joining of theClinique Pasteur [Pasteur clinic] (located on the neighboring commune ofGuilherand-Granges) and theClinique Générale de Valence [Valence General clinic] (located in the quarter of Chaffit in Valence).[98] It has 361 beds and places spread across the two sites. Its Emergency Department, located on the site of Pasteur, is open 7 days a week and 24 hours a day.[98] In 2013, the Drôme Ardèche Private Hospital staff consists of 150 doctors and liberal surgeons, 180 nurses, 140 caregivers, 20 midwives, 16 childcare auxiliaries, 110 other hospital workers and porters, 45 other paramedic personnel, and 80 administrative and technical personnel.[98]
Thefirefighters of the Drôme department (SDIS [fr] 26) includes 2,735 staff (316 professional firefighters and 2,419 volunteers); its headquarters (which also houses the board of directors) is located at 235Route de Montélier in Valence. Under the direction of Commander Laurent Blanchard, the firefighters of the Drôme took part in 28,551 interventions in 2013. The main rescue centre (known as "CSP", commonly referred to as thesapeurs-pompiers de Valence [firefighters of Valence]) is under the responsibility of Captain Fabien Thepaut. It is the most importantcentre of intervention of the department and is located at 57Rue de Chantecouriol, Hugo-Provence Quarter in Valence. There are also seven assistance intervention centres (CIS) in the Valence agglomeration (CIS of Beaumont-lès-Valence, Chabeuil, Étoile-sur-Rhône, Montélier, Portes-lès-Valence, Saint-Marcel-lès-Valence and Saint-Péray).
TheSAMU [fr] 26 is an emergency medical assistance service which has the mission to receive and treat emergency calls on the territory of Drôme. Its mission is to provide pre-hospital assistance to victims of accidents or sudden illnesses in critical condition.
Golf: TheGolf Club de Valence covers approximately 50 hectares (120 acres) of woods and greenery in the commune ofCharpey (east of the city); the place bears the name ofGolf de Valence – St Didier, and offers a course of 18 holes with a length of 5,595 metres (6,119 yd), par 71. Situated in Bourg-lès-Valence, theGolf des Chanalets offers an 18-hole course, with a length of 5,893 metres (6,445 yd), par 71, and opens onto large 360° panoramas of the plain of Valence with the Rhône, Ardèche and Vercors summits.
Judo: TheCSF Judo Valence club was established in 1950. It now has 164 licensees including 17 black belts. Three graduate teachers of state and two volunteer teachers supervise the youngest to most senior courses.
Roller in-line hockey:Valence Roller Hockey has a team playing in the Championship of France N2 and counts an international junior among its players.
Squash: TheSquash Club de Valence has a team which plays in the championnat de France national 1 with flag-carrier Grégoire Marche, European champion junior and no. 79 world.
TheGeorges Pompidou Stadium is the main stadium of Valence with a capacity of 14,380 places. It is also the stadium where the athletics competitions take place.
Triathlon:Valence Triathlon has a men's team and a women's team which is in the French second division.
Ken Shin Kan is a Japanese sword school which aims to promote and teach the techniques of Japanese sword are:naginata,iaido,chanbara [fr], andkendo. The club has no less than 80 licensees of all disciplines.
Valence ACE volleyball Club offers training in youth and adult recreation and competition volleyball. The club has more than 130 licensees.
The focal point of major north-south European routes and door to theSillon Alpin [fr] for the east-west corridor in the direction of Italy andSwitzerland, the territory of the Valence agglomeration has developed around innovative companies, offering a higher education, centres of excellence and an economic supply of land.[99] The development of the economy of Valence is favoured by the proximity of cities such asLyon andGeneva[citation needed] and, through transport routes, major European capitals.
The economic development of Valence can also count on a wealthy producer territory of food processing, hi-tech with the presence of large groups of electronics or aerospace, many innovative SMEs and a university centre of importance of film and knowledge with the presence of major animation studios internationally recognised for the quality of their productions.[99]
The Valence agglomeration by its geographical and strategic position at the crossroads of the main European flows, enjoys exceptional and multimodal infrastructure: The railway marshalling yard, theport of trade of Valence [fr]: River services and vessels along the Rhone by the canal from the Rhône to the Mediterranean and by access to the Freycinet northward, access to the A7 motorway and a branch towards the Isère and Italy (A49) a railway siding giving access to Europe-Mediterranean traffic and Italy.[100]
The industries of the city include metallurgical products, textiles, leather goods, jewelry and munitions, and it also serves as a processing and trade centre for the surrounding agricultural region.
Some of the big hi-tech companies settled here are leaders in their domains likeThales (FormerThomson-CSF, electronic systems for avionics and defence),Crouzet/Schneider (Automatic systems),SAGEM (formerAlcatel space (Aerospatial systems)),Ascom Monetel (Automatic tax payment systems), etc.
TheMaison Pic is a world-renowned three Michelin star restaurant and hotel, established in 1889.
The commercial area of the Couleures has approximately eighty public brands in the fields of equipment, the home, sport, and the individual.
The two sectors of Briffaut (east and west), in east Valence, count 320 companies (200 on the sector of Briffaut East including an automotive hub combining various concessions and associated services; and 120 businesses of Briffaut West).
The technoparks include one hundred companies.
The plateau of Lautagne, located at the south of the city, brings together 40 technology companies with high added value. An extension of 30 hectares (74 acres) was scheduled the second half of 2008.
The Auréats zone is the oldest industrial site in Valence, it covers 120 hectares (300 acres) and 180 companies (on the Valence side).
The Cime activity centre, housed in the former premises of Tézier, gathers 86 service enterprises. The site is currently undergoing conversion work.
At the end of 2015, 8,183 establishments were installed on the commune of Valence: 71% in the tertiary trade, and 16% of establishments in public administration (school, health, etc.). Industry represents only 4% of establishments in the commune. 92% of its establishments employ less than 10 employees.[101]
Many monuments of Valence are protected as historical monuments.[103] Many of these monuments are in the quarter ofVieux Valence [fr].
The best known of Valence's monuments to its notable inhabitants include those toÉmile Augier the dramatist by the duchess ofUzès (1897), and toGeneral Championnet.[8]
Vieux Valence [Old Valence] is a quarter in the old city of Valence, based primarily around thePlace des Clercs [fr] and also including the lower town district. It is expected the 19th century so that the city's ramparts, replaced by boulevards in 1860. Valencia then grows in range around its ancient centre. In this area that formerly comprised the historic centre of the city of Valencia, there are:
Saint-Apollinaire Cathedral is aRomanesque cathedral, which was built in the 11th century. It was the Bishop Gontard (1063–1099) who drove construction of this edifice which is now the oldest in the city. Several blocks of stone from the Saint-Apollinaire Cathedral were reused from the Gallo-Roman buildings of the city ofValentia. TheCathedral of St. Apollinaris, which has an architecturally notableapse, and was consecrated in 1095 by popeUrban II. It suffered extensive damage in theFrench Wars of Religion, but it was restored in the first decade of the 17th century. The porch and the stone tower above it were rebuilt in 1861. The church contains the monument ofPius VI, who died at Valence in 1799. The library and the museum containing Roman antiquities, sculptures, and a picture gallery are housed in the old ecclesiastical seminary.[8]
TheMaison des Têtes [fr], built between 1528 and 1532 by Antoine de Dorne, Consul in Valence, royal Professor at the University, theRenaissance façade with several heads carved representing the winds, fortune, time and even theology. This House, marking the transition from theGothic to the Renaissance style, owes its name to the many heads that adorn its facade. The corridor is decorated with busts ofRoman emperors. The building has been classified as a historical monument since 1944.[104]
TheMuseum of Fine Arts of Valence [fr] is the only museum of its kind inDrôme, its collections bring together paintings, drawings, sculptures, decorative arts from the 16th century to the 20th century. Created in 1850 and installed in the former bishopric since 1911, it houses a hundred drawings byHubert Robert with lots ofsanguine. The work to expand the museum (which began in 2009) was completed in December 2013. The new layout of the museum consists of 35 rooms, spread over five floors: On the ground floor are archaeological collections which are continued on the fifth and fourth floors, then going back in time, down to the lower levels. The layout permits easy circulation by stairs and elevators, and privileged with natural lighting, opening many views over the city and the Rhône, while highlighting the architecture of the former bishopric.
ThePendentif de Valence [fr], a building ofRenaissance inspiration, which is probably the funerary monument of Nicolas Mistral, Canon of the Saint-Apollinaire Cathedral, seems to have been built in 1548, from a stone engraved with an inscription to that effect. This monument was transformed, after theRevolution, into a drinking establishment. It was bought by the city of Valence around 1830 and is part of the first monuments registered nationalhistorical monuments inventory after a visit byProsper Mérimée in Drôme.
TheMaison du Drapier [fr], a 13th-century house, keeps a medieval aspect despite the restorations of the 19th century. It probably, belonged originally to a rich clothier. The ground floor was devoted to artisanal production and trade, while the floors sheltered the housing of the craftsman.
TheMaison de la Pra, a 15th-century mansion, property of Claude Frère, a rich merchant who was first president of theParlement du Dauphiné [fr]. The lantern of the staircase stands on the ancient walls between the Tower of the Cathedral and the belfry of Saint John, in the heart of the old town.
TheMaison Dupré-Latour [fr], dating from the 16th century, has a remarkable staircase tower. TheMaison Dupré-Latour is a former mansion that was built by the Genas family, traders enriched by the salt trade. In 1760, the building was bought by François Dupré-Latour whose name would remain attached to the building and whose descendants continue to live there. In 1993, the building was transferred to the city and has been classified as an historical monument since 1927.[105]
The moorish house known asMauresque à Ferlin, after the name of its owner, was built in 1858 and of oriental inspiration.
TheChurch of Saint-Jean-Baptiste [fr] (11th century and 12th century) and its 19th-century Romanesque Revival gatehouse. This church of the old town is perched at the highest point of the city, signs of its age. It would be one of the first places of Christian worship then emerging in Valence.
The temple of the Abbey of Saint-Ruf, former chapel of a Roman priory. TheOrder of the Canons Regular of Saint Ruf was born in Avignon, where a small community of clerics became one of the spearheads of the reform of the clergy in the Rhone valley and beyond. The importance acquired by the canons of Saint-Ruf generated tensions with the cathedral chapter, which led to the transfer of the head of order (i.e. the mother abbey) in Valence.
Theéglise Notre-Dame [Church of Our Lady], located onRue Berthelot. Built in the mid-nineteenth century, offices there are now led by thePriestly Fraternity of St. Peter according to the extraordinary form of theRoman rite.
The Italian theatre dates back to 1837. The site is that of the former Saint Mary of the Visitation convent. Initially, the desire was to erect a city hall. After long drawn-out construction decisions, the city took advantage of a windfall from a private initiative for the construction of a theatre. The Italian room was built between 1886 and 1887 by the architect Ange Madona. The domed ceiling is treated intrompe-l'œil; it recalls the Temple of Arts and depicts four genres (drama, comedy, opera and vaudeville). Completely renovated in the 1990s, the theatre of the city is one of the jewels of the 19th century architecture in Valence. It has 390 seats, a rehearsal room, and a dance studio.
TheAbbaye Notre-Dame de Soyons [fr] is a former abbey of Benedictine women which was founded in 1632 by the transfer of the Abbey of St. John the Evangelist, from the village ofSoyons (Ardèche) as a result of the Wars of Religion. It was registered as an historical monument from 1926.[106]
The city hall, located on thePlace de la Liberté in the heart of the city centre, was inaugurated in 1894. Its architecture is special, because it has abelfry, a secular steeple symbolising the independence of the city against the Catholic Church, a classical facade and a roof of tiles of different colors. It hosts the activities of the town hall, with the offices of the mayor, city council and administrative services.
TheArmenian heritage centre [fr] is a place of history and memory that addresses the original news around major themes: Migration, the memory of conflicts and the history of peoples and cultures. Indeed, Valence has one of the largest Armenian communities in France. The Armenian heritage centre is installed in the former Faculty of Law at the heart of the pedestrian centre of Valence, close to the historic Valence quarter of Armenian origin (concentrated around theRue Bouffier,Rue Armenia andRue Belle Image).
Theancienne préfecture, near thePlace Saint-Jean, where remains only the monumental entrance gate. The rest was destroyed in a bombing raid duringWorld War II on 15 August 1944. It has been at this place since the end of the 18th century. Previously, at the abbatial palace of Saint-Ruf.
ThePlace des Clercs [fr] is lined by colorful facades. It is from the 5th century, when the episcopal district was created, that the Place des Clercs began to gain importance. Shops settled, markets took place and did justice. In theMiddle Ages there were two churches: The cathedral from the 11th century and Notre-Dame de la Ronde which was older (a remaining column is currently in the public toilets). The Wars of Religion significantly deteriorated these buildings.
The "côtes", picturesque mounts of the upper town. There are traces of the walls at the top of the Côte Sainte-Ursule and at the bottom of Côte Sylvante; they served to protect the city from invasions, epidemics or flooding caused by the Rhône. They were widely used in medieval times by the people (boatmen, carters, mule, etc.) who used these stairs to go to the small streets and squares of the upper town. The Côte Sainte-Ursule meanwhile was less used; it separated the properties of two monasteries. It is set at the location of the Roman theatre and probably served as an exit. One may also include the Côtes Saint-Martin, Saint-Estève, des Chapeliers and la Voûte.
The "Boulevards de Valence", a wide promenade, traced on the former location of the ramparts and tree-lined withHaussmannian-style buildings, which had a renovation from 2004 to 2009.
Thebandstand built in 1860 on the esplanade of the Champ de Mars served as the model the designerRaymond Peynet to immortalize his love, and which carries the name ofPeynet kiosk [fr]. It is classified a historical monument since 1982.[107]
Themonumental fountain [fr], designed by the architect Eugène Poitoux and dating from 1887, is located in the city centre, on the boulevards. In 2005, the fountain was renovated and moved a few metres, in order to better integrate into the perspective of the renovated boulevards and in 2006, a copy of the winged genius, which was destroyed in 1954 by lightning which struck the column, was replaced at the top of the column.
Jouvet Park [fr], a public garden of 7 hectares (17 acres) created in 1905, and opened by presidentÉmile Loubet, bears the name of Théodore Jouvet, donor of the land, and includes more than 700 trees of various species. This park also has a pet shop, a small train, and a rose garden.
Valence-Ville station, has a façade which was inspired by thePetit Trianon at Versailles. The passenger building of today, which was commissioned in April 1866, was designed byLouis-Jules Bouchot,[55] architect ofNapoleon III. The main façade on theRue du Pavillon Central has been registered as anhistoric monument since 11 October 1982.[56]
The esplanade of theChamp de Mars [fr], which before the conversion work of 2001 was a car park dotted with plane trees, is today a wide tree-lined esplanade, where one can see beyond the Rhône to theChâteau de Crussol, at the forefront of the Ardèche mountains.
The Philolaus water tower (first studies of the sculptor in 1963), built between 1969 and 1971, is located inJean-Perdrix Park [fr], between the quarters of le Plan and Fontbarlettes, east of the city.[citation needed] It consists of two twisted towers with high clean lines, 52 metres (171 ft) and 57 metres (187 ft) high, which combine functionality and artistic research. In 1981, he received the "prix du quartier de l'Horloge" [prize of the quarter of the clock] for the best work of urban art in the 1970s. The water tower sculpture was distinguished by the label "20th century" in 2003 and was the subject of a stamp in 2013.[citation needed]
A unique ecological andnatural heritage in France, channels accompany Valence sinceRoman times. The name of Valence comes from three Celtic words: "val" (water), "len" (plain) and "ty" (House) and would mean "water-rich inhabited place".[108] At the time these rivers allowed the inhabitants to satisfy many needs and activities: Fishing, irrigation, washing, soaking, driving force for flour mills, oil, fuller and silk.[109] They are now a place to walk for many inhabitants.
It is in the neighborhoods east of Valence, at the foot of a terrace, theterrasse du séminaire, that the channels (with a total length of 17 kilometres (11 mi), or 40 kilometres (25 mi) when counting secondary irrigation channels) originate.[citation needed] Very quickly, the Valence people strove to channel these waters forming unhealthy marshes. In the 13th century, the regulation and the use of the channels was the privilege of the monasteries of Saint-Ruf and Saint-Victor, who decided the location of the mills.[citation needed]
Indeed, the water used for irrigation, drinking water and washhouses, was also a valuable source of energy for the economic development of the era. The main (Charran,Thon,Moulins andMalcontents) cross the city from east to west before joining to form theCanal de l'Épervière [fr] which then flows into theRhône. In the 19th century, the channels lost their significance and would even be a little forgotten, hidden by urbanisation, high-rise buildings and roads.[citation needed]
In recent years, the municipality has undertaken a development work of paths, bordered by poplars and willows, along these channels. Green routes have been signposted along the canals ofdes Malcontents,de la Grande Marquise,de Thibert, du Charran andde Californie. Channels which still continue to water gardens.[citation needed] The municipality also wants to promote gentle travel along the banks of the channels.
Under this terrace lies the city garden orJouvet Park [fr]. It bears the name of Théodore Jouvet, a generous donor who gave, to the city of Valence, the amount required for the purchase of the land and whose statue is placed near thebelvedere from theBelle Époque. This garden occupies the slopes which connect the lower town and theChamp de Mars [fr]. It is crossed by small streams and adorned with statues. The central park, it is also one of the most important monumental and civic ensembles of Valence: Themonument to the dead of the Valence commune, obelisk-shaped, was built afterWorld War I;[111] the generalChampionnet, a native son, also had his statue here, which was removed in May 1944 and hidden, to prevent it from being melted by theoccupying Germany.[111] The meeting of physician Gilbert Dreyfuse withLouis Aragon, his contact in theResistance, was told by the poet after war in a small article, published in 2001.[112]
Covering an area of 26 hectares (64 acres),Jean-Perdrix Park [fr] is the largest in the city. It lies in the quarter of Fontbarlettes. The park has many trees, including 400 cedars near a natural space in the shape of anamphitheatre. This park of Valence offers a fitness trail, playgrounds for children, and a wide body of water on which is reflected the two futuristic water towers. Built between 1969 and 1971 by the Greek sculptorPhilolaus at the initiative of the urban architectAndré Gomis [fr], the water tower is a sculpture-architecture labelled"heritage of the 20th century" [fr] and consists of two twisted towers, the tallest measuring 57 metres (187 ft) high.
The Saint-Ruf Park is the park of the former prefecture and is located in Vieux Valence. It offers views ofArdèche and theruins of Crussol. It connects the historic centre to the old town. It was on this hillside, which is particularly well sited for sunset, that the Free Commune of Saint-Jean planted its vineyards. At the entrance to the park is the portal of the abbatial palace of theAbbey of Saint-Ruf [fr].
Located in the quarter of Valensolles,Marcel-Paul Park [fr] is a landscaped park of 3.7 hectares (9.1 acres)[113] which channels a country stream, from a natural source. It features lawns which are accessible to all, a children's playground and a space for bowling.
Not far lies the Recreation Park of l'Épervière. In addition to itsmarina [fr], this park includes a body of water of 32,000 square metres (340,000 sq ft), protected by a 400 metres (1,300 ft) long breakwater. In its leisure and relaxation area, the park contains restaurants, a campsite, a hotel, a swimming pool, a tennis court, billiards, bowling, walks, and offers river cruises.[citation needed]
Public green areas of Valence total 230 hectares (570 acres)[114] (more than 10% of the area of the commune). The city's main parks are:
In 2014, the municipality of Valence has the label "flowery city" with "4 flowers" awarded by the National Council of flowery cities and villages of France to thecompetition of flowery cities and villages.[115]
TheSuisse [fr], a Valence specialty, is ashortcrust pastry biscuit shaped as a man. Sometimes improperly referred to as "Puppet", the Suisse of Valence is flavoured withorange blossom, it contains powder almond and small pieces of candied orange peel. The name, shape and decoration of this biscuit are inspired by the uniform of theSwiss Guards of PopePius VI who died in Valence. The Suisse is traditionally eaten during the Easter holidays and particularly during the festival ofPalm Sunday.
The Dragée de Valence is a confection of praline or of chocolate coated in sugar made in the purest tradition, to celebrate the solemn events of life such as baptisms, communions and weddings. The materials used are graded and regularalmonds coming mainly from France (Ferraduelle), but also of Spain (Longuette, Planeta) or Sicily (Avola). These varieties are the only ones which allow the obtainment of a very pleasing dragée.[116]
Jean-Pierre Bachasson (1766–1823), Count of Montalivet, peer of France and statesman, Minister of the Interior of Napoleon and mayor of Valence. His statue stands on thePlace Montalivet.
Ahistorical monument [fr] since 1982 and designed by the architect Eugène Poitoux, theKiosque Peynet [fr] is a bandstand which inspiredRaymond Peynet in 1942 with his famous "lovers". These "lovers" would travel the world and adorn many objects. Raymond Peynet worked on that momentum for many newspapers. After becoming famous, Peynet returned to Valence in April 1966, to baptise the kiosk which now bears his name.
Blanc, André (1973).Valence [Valence] (in French). Colmar-Ingersheim: Éditions SAEP.
Blanc, André (1975).Valence à travers les hommes [Valence through the men] (in French). Valence: Éditions SOREPI.
Bornecque, Robert.Histoire de Valence et de sa région: Die – Crest [History of Valence and its region: Die – Crest] (in French). Roanne: Éditions Horvath.
Ravit, Philippe (2007).Le paysage valentinois, de la fondation de la colonie deValentia (Valence) au 3e siecle ap J.-C [The city landscape, of the Foundation of the colony of Valentia (Valence) in the 3rd century AD] (in French). Lyon 3.
Collective (1991).Valence [Valence] (in French). Ville de Valence et Office du tourisme.
Despesse, Bernard-Marie (2004).Le Parc Jouvet au cœur de Valence [The Jouvet Park in the heart of Valence] (in French). Valence, Mémoire de la Drôme.
Collective (2009).Valence, visages d'une ville [Valence faces of a city] (in French). Altal éditions.
Despesse, Bernard-Marie (2010).Le Champ de Mars terrasse de Valence [The Champ de Mars terrace of Valence] (in French). Valence, Mémoire de la Drôme.
Collective (2011).Il était une fois Châteauvert… [Once upon a time... Châteauvert] (in French). Valence, Mémoire de la Drôme.
Balsan, Alain (2012).Valence 2000 ans d'histoire [Valence 2000 years of history] (in French). Valence, Mémoire de la Drôme.
Despesse, Bernard-Marie (2013).La Sculpture-château d'eau de Philolaos à Valence [Sculpture-water tower of Philolaus in Valence] (in French). Valence, Mémoire de la Drôme.
Rossiaud, M. (1976)."Les haleurs du Rhône au XVe siecle".Actes de la Société des Historiens Médiévistes de l'Enseignement Supérieur Public. Actes des congrès de la Société des historiens médiévistes de l'enseignement supérieur public, 7e congrès.7 (1). Rennes:283–304.doi:10.3406/shmes.1976.1239. Les transports au Moyen Âge.
-002.jpg)
.svg)
-001.jpg)
-001.jpg)
![Statue of Championnet on the Champ de Mars [fr]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aChampionnet_2004-08-15_027.jpg)
![The Maison du Drapier [fr]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aMaisonDrapier-Valence.jpg)
.JPG)
![The Suisse [fr]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aSuisse_biscuit.JPG)
_004-001.JPG)
![Sculpture in the garden of the Musée des beaux-arts [fr]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aValence-Sculpture-JardinMusee.jpg)
