AV engine, sometimes called aVee engine, is a commonconfiguration forinternal combustion engines. It consists of twocylinder banks—usually with the same number of cylinders in each bank—connected to a commoncrankshaft. These cylinder banks are arranged at an angle to each other, so that the banks form a "V" shape when viewed from the front of the engine.
V engines typically have a shorter length than equivalentinline engines, however the trade-off is a larger width.V6,V8 andV12 engines are the most common layout for automobile engines with 6, 8 or 12 cylinders respectively.
The first V engine, a two-cylinder V-twin, was designed byWilhelm Maybach and used in the 1889Daimler Stahlradwagen automobile.[1]
The firstV8 engine was produced in 1903, in the form of theAntoinette engine designed byLéon Levavasseur forracing boats andairplanes.[2][3] The firstV12 engine was produced the following year by Putney Motor Works inLondon, again for use in racing boats.[4] The firstV6 engine to reach production appeared soon after in 1908, by theDeutz Gasmotoren Fabrik inGermany for use as a generator for gasoline-electricrailway engines.[5] However, it was not until 1950 that the V6 engine was used in series production automobiles, with the first example being theLancia V6 engine.[5] This V6 engine used a 60-degree V angle and separate crankpins for each cylinder, to reduce the vibration issues experienced by earlier attempts at production V6 engines.
Compared with an equivalentinline engine (the most common configuration for engines with less than six cylinders), a V engine has a shorter length but is wider. This effect increases with the number of cylinders in the engine; the length difference between V-twin and straight-twin engines might be insignificant, however V8 engines have a significantly smaller length than straight engines.[6] Compared with the less commonflat engine, a V engine is narrower, taller and has a highercenter of mass.
The "V-angle" (or "included angle") between thecylinder banks varies significantly between engines. Some engines have used a V-angle of 180 degrees (the same angle as aflat engine), such as several Ferrari V12 engines.[7][8] At the other end of the scale, the 1922–1976Lancia V4 engine and the 1991–present VolkswagenVR6 engine use V-angles as small as 10 degrees, along with a single cylinder head used by both banks of cylinders.
Theengine balance of a V12 engine is that of perfect primary and secondary balance. For V engines with fewer cylinders, the engine balance will depend on factors such as the firing interval, crankshaft counterweights and whetherbalance shafts are present.
Thecrankpins on a V engine are usually shared by two cylinders from opposing banks, with an offset between the two cylinders. Alternative configurations are separate crankpins per cylinder (such as several V-twin engines) or articulatedconnecting rods.
Some airplanes of the 1920s and 1930s usedinverted engines, whereby the crankshaft is located at the top of the engine and the cylinder heads are at the bottom. Advantages include better visibility in a single-engined airplane, a higher thrust line, and resultant increased ground clearance for the propeller. Examples include the 1928Argus As 10 V8 engine and the 1935Daimler-Benz DB 601 V12 engines.
It is common practice for V engines to be described with"V#" notation, where# represents the number of cylinders. Configurations of V engines which have reached production are as follows:
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