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Native name | ВЭБ.РФ |
|---|---|
| Formerly | Vnesheconombank, VEB |
| Company type | Development corporation |
| Industry | Investment |
| Founded | 1922 (as bank), 2007 (as development institute) |
| Headquarters | , |
Key people | Igor Shuvalov (chairman) |
| Brands | VEB.RF, VEB |
| ₽8.4 bn[1] (2020) | |
| Total assets | ₽3,406 bn[1] (2020) |
| Total equity | ₽689 bn[2] (2020) |
| Website | veb |
VEB.RF, or simplyVEB (Russian:ВЭБ.РФ), is a Russian state development corporation and investment company. It was the Russian successor entity of theForeign Trade Bank of the USSR, renamedVnesheconombank (VEB) in 1988 and dismantled in 1991. VEB was reorganized in 2007 as a development institute and rebranded as VEB.RF in 2018.[3] It has financed more than 300 projects.[citation needed]
In 1988, theForeign Trade Bank of the USSR was renamed Vnesheconombank of the USSR ("Bank for Foreign Economic Affairs of the USSR").[4] With thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the operations of the Soviet Vnesheconombank (VEB) outside of theRSFSR were nationalized by the respectivepost-Soviet States. On 17 December 1991, VEB accounts in Russia were frozen because of lack of funds.[5][non-primary source needed] Approximately, for the next seven years, the Kremlin'sobshchak («общак») or black cash was stored in the vaults of VEB. According to former head of Central Bank of RussiaViktor Gerashchenko, the 1992 decree by theSupreme Soviet established VEB as a "kind of agency for the repayment of the national debt of the USSR": "Vnesheconombank does not have a central banking license. It does not need it, since it does not conduct any commercial operations." He also added: "Due to the lack of a license, this is the only Russian bank that the Central Bank does not check – it does not have the right."[6]
In 2002, Vnesheconombank wasrestructured, reduced the scope of its commercial business, and prioritized support for the government'sstructural reforms.[4] In April 2002, VEB was appointed Vnesheconombank as an investment agent intoPension Fund of the Russian Federation denominated inforeign currency, and in January 2003, VEB formed a special subdivision to handle pension funds.[4][non-primary source needed] From 2005 to 2006, the bank'sassets were doubled from around $6 billion to $12 billion, at the same timeliabilities rose from $5 billion to $11 billion. The income rose from $239 million to $301 million.[7]
In April 2007, RussianState Duma passed federal law "On Bank for Development", which regulated VEB's legal conditions and made it a state development bank.[8][9]Vladimir Putin increased lending when he became the VEB's chairman of its supervisory board in 2008.[10][a] By late 2009, VEB quadrupled its assets to nearly 2 trillion rubles ($65 billion),[11] it was seen by the government as an off-budget fund, used to put off budget expenses.[11]
In July 2014, theUnited States Department of the Treasury imposedeconomic sanctions that greatly restricted U.S. persons and entities from dealing with VEB afterthe 2014 pro-Russian unrest inUkraine.[12] Between 2014 and 2017, the RussianMinistry of Finance invested $10 billion into the bank.[10] VEB has suffered massive losses in 2014–2015, leading to a 330 billion rubles government bailout in 2015,[13] followed by a 150 billion rubles bailout in 2016 with a similar amount planned for 2017.[14][15] VEB was the main lender for the2014 Winter Olympics. However, many of the returns on investment missed original forecasts, and VEB had to be restructured to rehabilitate its finnances.[16]
In March 2016, the bank was promised a $2.2 billion bailout from the Russian government.[17]Sergey Gorkov, a former senior executive atSberbank, was appointed to head VEB and come up with a turnaround strategy, one of which included the sale of non-core assets.[18] The government originally offered the position toGerman Gref, who turned down the job.[11]
In March 2017, Ukraine imposed sanctions on Vnesheconombank (and other Russian state-owned banks operating in Ukraine:Sberbank,VTB Bank, VS Bank,Prominvestbank, and BM Bank) as part of its sanctions on Russia for itsannexation of Crimea and involvement in theDonbas war.[19][20][21] Subsequently, the bank tried to sell its Ukrainian subsidiary, Prominvestbank; as of August 2017[update] unsuccessfully.[19] In February 2018, Gorkov said he hoped to sell Prominvestbank by May 2018.[22] In 2017, the bank's debt reached $17 billion, including $14.2 billion in Ukraine.[10] In January 2017, Gorkov released the bank's "Strategy 2021", which predicted relief from sanctions, resuming borrowing in the United States, and shifting risks to the government's budget.[10] According to a report theNew York Times published in May 2017, 40% of the bank's loans were at risk of default.[10]
In May 2018Igor Shuvalov replaced Gorkov as VEB's new chairman.[23] The following July, the bank requested a further $16 billion bailout from the Russian government.[23] In October 2018 it announced plans to rebrand, changing its denomination into 'National Development Institute', and confirming it would be granted 600 billion rubles ($9.1 billion) in subsidies from the federal budget by 2024, in addition to the 125 billion rubles received in 2018.[24]
The net profit for the 2018 amounted to 3.85 billion rubles after a loss to 200.4 billion rubles a year earlier.[25] The net profit for the first quarter of 2019 17.6 billion rubles.[26]
In 2019, after a long period when VEB.RF, instead of financing new projects, was engaged in servicing distressed assets, new investment projects appeared in the portfolio of the state corporation. In the framework of VEB.RF went into the development of the Udokan's copper deposit ($490 million), the production ofsulfuric acid at the "KuibyshevAzot" and capacity expansion of "Shchekinoazot" for the production of methanol (the total participation of the corporation 8.5 billion.).[27] VEB.RF started financing the project of construction of six large-tonnage vessels at the Zvezda super-shipyard near Vladivostok. Also VEB.RF,Gazprombank andSberbank announced the funding of the development of the Talitsky area of the Verkhnekamsk potash deposit in Perm.[28] VEB.RF andSberbank will provide a syndicated loan for the modernization of Novaport group's regional airports in six cities of Russia, and together with Rockwell Capital will build the largest pulp and paper mill inSiberia.
VEB.RF was sanctioned by the United Kingdom from 1 August 2014 in relation to Russia's activities in Crimea,[29] and was sanctioned by New Zealand in relation to the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[30]
In February 2022, due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine, together with its subsidiaries, it was included in the US sanctions list, SDN, which provides for the maximum possible restrictions and a complete freeze of assets.[31][32][33] The bank was also disconnected from the SWIFT interbank payment system, and included in the sanctions list of Singapore.[34]
Since May 2018, the chair of VEB.RF has beenIgor Shuvalov .[35] The highest governing body of VEB.RF is theSupervisory Board, itself chaired by theRussian Prime Minister.[36]
VEB.RF coordinates development institution in Russia,[37] and is a Russianstate corporation with the goal of supporting and developing the Russian economy. According to a filing pursuant to theForeign Agents Registration Act, it is not owned, nor directed, by thegovernment or anypolitical party.[38]
Previous chairs of Vnesheconombank includeTomas Alibegov, who was First Deputy Chairman and acting Chairman 1989–1997,Andrey Kostin (1996–2002),[39]Vladimir Dmitriev (2004–2016),[40] andSergei Gorkov (2016–2018).[41]
У Внешэкономбанка нет лицензии ЦБ на банковскую деятельность. Она ему и не нужна, поскольку никаких коммерческих операций он не проводит, — говорит бывший глава Банка России. — В связи с отсутствием лицензии это единственный российский банк, который Центробанк не проверяет — не имеет права.
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