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| Uvular ejective stop | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| qʼ | |||
| IPA number | 111 + 401 | ||
| Audio sample | |||
| Encoding | |||
| Entity(decimal) | qʼ | ||
| Unicode(hex) | U+0071 U+02BC | ||
| X-SAMPA | q_> | ||
| |||
Auvular ejective is a type ofconsonantal sound, used in somespokenlanguages. The symbol in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨qʼ⟩.
Features of a uvular ejective stop:
A single plain uvular ejective is found in almost allNortheast Caucasian languages, allSouth Caucasian languages, and someAthabaskan languages, as well asItelmen,Quechua andAymara.
MostSalishan languages,Tlingit, as well asAdyghe andKabardian (Northwest Caucasian languages), demonstrate a two-way contrast betweenlabialised and plain uvular ejectives.
TheAkhvakh language appears to have a contrast betweenlax and tense uvular ejectives:[qʼaː]'soup, broth' (lax) vs.[qʼːama]'cock's comb' (tense).
Abkhaz contrasts plain, palatalised and labialised uvular ejectives, written⟨ҟ, ҟь, ҟə⟩, e.g.,аҟаԥшь[aqʼapʃ]'red',-ҵəҟьа[-t͡ɕʷʼqʲʼa]'really, indeed (a verbal suffix)',Аҟәа[aqʷʼa]'Sukhum'. As with Georgian, Abkhaz has no non-ejective uvular stops; the historically present uvular aspirates have merged with their corresponding fricatives, although the aspirates are preserved inAbaza.
A plain uvular ejective is one of the most common consonants inUbykh, due to its presence in the past tense suffix/-qʼɜ/. But in addition to palatalised, labialised and plain uvular ejectives, Ubykh also possesses apharyngealised version and a concurrently labialised and pharyngealised version, making a total of five:[qʼɜqʼɜ]'he said it',[mɨqʲʼ]'small and round',[qʷʼɜ]'to seize',[qˤʼɜqˤʼ]'to chew',[qʷˤʼɜ]'cavern'.
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Abaza[1] | къапщы/q̇apśə | [qʼapɕə] | 'red' | ||
| Abkhaz | аҟаԥшь/aq̇apš | [aqʼapʃ] | |||
| Adyghe | Hakuchi | къӏэ/q̇e | [qʼa]ⓘ | 'hand' | Dialectal. Corresponds to[ʔ] in other dialects. |
| Archi | къам/q̇am | [qʼam] | 'forelock' | ||
| Azeri[citation needed] | North dialects | qədim | [qʼæˈd̪i̞m] | 'ancient' | |
| Batsbi | ყარ/q̇ar | [qʼar] | 'rain' | ||
| Chechen | къийг/q̇iyg/ڨـییگ | [qʼiːg] | 'crow' | ||
| Dargwa | Mehweb[2] | uq’laha | [uq’ˈlaha] | 'window' | contrasts with/q/,/qʷ/, and/q’ʷ/ |
| Georgian[3] | ყვავილი/q̇vavili | [ˈqʼvävili] | 'flower' | Unlike thevelar ejective, it does not contrast withvoiced orvoiceless uvular stops; the Old Georgian voiceless uvular stop has merged with the voiceless velar fricative in modern Georgian. Some scholars view this Georgian phoneme as being rather anuvular ejective fricative/χʼ/. | |
| Haida | qqayttas | [qʼajtʼas] | 'basket' | ||
| Itelmen | ӄ'ил'хч | [qʼilˀxt͡ʃ] | 'to depart' | ||
| Klallam | wəq̕ə́q̕ | [wəqʼəqʼ] | 'frog' | contrasts with labialized uvular ejective stop, e.g.,sq̕ʷúŋi(ʔ)[sqʷʼuɴi(ʔ)]'head'. | |
| Kutenai | ʔaq̓am | [ʔaq’am] | 'St. Mary’s or deep dense woods' | ||
| Laz | მყოროფონი/mqoroponi | [mqʼɔrɔˈpʰɔni] | 'loving' | ||
| Lezgian | кьакьан | [qʼaqʼan] | 'tall','high' | contrasts with labialized version, e.g.,кьвех[qʷʼeχ]'groin' | |
| Lushootseed | q̓il̕bid | [qʼil̰bid] | 'canoe' | ||
| Mingrelian | ორტყაფუ/orṭq̇apu | [ɔrtʼqʼapʰu] | 'belt' | ||
| North Straits Salish | Saanich | KEYOṮEN | [qʼəjat͡ɬʼənˀ] | 'slug, snail' | contrasts with the labialized version, e.g.,S₭EḰĆES[sqʷʼəqʷt͡ʃəs]'red huckleberry'. |
| Quechua | q'illu | [qʼɛʎʊ] | 'yellow' | ||
| Svan | ჭყინტ/č̣q̇inṭ | [t͡ʃʼqʼintʼ] | 'boy' | ||
| Tahltan | [qʼaχaːdiː] | 'door' | |||
| Tlingit | k̲ʼateil | [qʼʌtʰeːɬ]ⓘ | ‘pitcher’ | ||
