English (Welcome to Barrow) andIñupiaq (Paġlagivsigiñ Utqiaġvigmun) (2004)
The location has been home to theIñupiat, an indigenousInuit ethnic group, for more than 1,500 years. The city'sIñupiaq name refers to a place for gathering wild roots. It is derived from theIñupiat wordutqiq, also used for the Eskimo potato (Claytonia tuberosa).[9] The name was first recorded by European explorers in 1853 as "Ot-ki-a-wing" by CommanderRochfort Maguire, Royal Navy.[10] John Simpson's native map dated 1855 has the name "Otkiawik", which was later misprinted on a British Admiralty chart as "Otkiovik."[11]
The former name Barrow was derived fromPoint Barrow and was originally a general designation because non-native Alaskan residents found it easier to pronounce than the Inupiat name. Point Barrow was named afterSir John Barrow of the British Admiralty by explorerFrederick William Beechey in 1825.[citation needed] A U.S. post office was established in 1901, which helped the name "Barrow" to become dominant.
Following areferendum approved by residents on October 6, 2016, the city's name was formallychanged from Barrow to Utqiaġvik on December 1, 2016.[12][13][14][15] City Council member Qaiyaan Harcharek said the name change supports the use of the Iñupiaq language and is part of adecolonization process.[16]
Another recorded Iñupiaq name isUkpiaġvik,[c] which comes fromukpik "snowy owl" and is translated as "the place where snowy owls are hunted". A spelling variant of this name was adopted by theUkpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation when it was established in 1973.
Archaeological sites in the area indicate the Iñupiat lived around Utqiagvik as far back as 500 AD. Remains of 16 sod dwellingmounds, from theBirnirk culture of about 800 AD, can be seen on the shore of theArctic Ocean. Located on a slight rise above the high-water mark, they risk being lost to erosion.
Bill Streever, who chairs theNorth Slope Science Initiative's Science Technical Advisory Panel, wrote in his 2009 bookCold: Adventures in the World's Frozen Places:
Barrow, like most communities in Alaska, looks temporary, like a pioneer settlement. It is not. Barrow is among the oldest permanent settlements in the United States. Hundreds of years before the European Arctic explorers showed up... Barrow was more or less where it is now, a natural hunting place at the base of a peninsula that pokes out into theBeaufort Sea... Yankee whalers sailed here, learning about thebowhead whale from Iñupiat hunters... Later, the military came, setting up a radar station, and in 1947a science center was founded at Barrow.[17]
Whalebone arch in Utqiagvik. Whales were asubsistence resource in the region,[18] and whalers would return to this arch near the waterfront when returning from hunts.
BritishRoyal Navy officers came to the area to explore and map theArctic coastline of North America. The US acquired Alaska in 1867 by purchasing it from Russia. TheUnited States Army established a meteorological and magnetic research station at Utqiagvik in 1881.[19]
In 1888, aPresbyterian church was built by United States missionaries at Utqiagvik. The church is still in use today. In 1889, awhaling supply and rescue station was built. It is the oldest wood-frame building in Utqiagvik and is listed on theNational Register of Historic Places. The rescue station was converted in 1896 for use as the retail Cape Smythe Whaling and Trading Station. In the late 20th century, the building was used as Brower's Cafe.
Will Rogers–Wiley Post MemorialIñupiaq child atPoint Barrow c. 1960s
In 1935, famous humoristWill Rogers and pilotWiley Post made an unplanned stop at Walakpa Bay, 15 mi (24 km) south of Utqiagvik, en route to the city. As they took off again, their planestalled and plunged into a river, killing them both. Two memorials have been erected at the location, now called theRogers–Post Site. Another memorial is located in Utqiagvik, where the airport was renamed theWiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport in their honor.[20]
In 1940, the Indigenous Iñupiat organized as the Native Village of Barrow Iñupiat Traditional Government (previously, Native Village of Barrow), a federally recognized Alaska Native Iñupiat "tribal entity" as listed by the USBureau of Indian Affairs around 2003. They wrote a constitution and by-laws under the provisions of theIndian Reorganization Act (IRA) of 1934. An IRA corporation was also created.
Utqiagvik was incorporated as a first-class city under the name Barrow in 1958. Natural gas lines were brought to the town in 1965, eliminating the need for traditional heating sources such as whale blubber.[21]
The Barrow Duck-In was a civil disobedience event that occurred in the spring of 1961.[22] During the Duck-in, the Iñupiat protested a federal hunting ban on ducks, which threatened their livelihood and access to food security.
The residents of the North Slope were the only Native people to vote on the acceptance of theAlaska Native Claims Settlement Act; they rejected it. The Act was passed in December 1971 and, despite their opposition, became law. TheUkpeaġvik Iñupiat Corporation is a for-profit village corporation established under the Act.
In 1972, theNorth Slope Borough was established. The borough has built sanitation facilities, water and electrical utilities, roads, and fire departments, and has established health and educational services in Utqiagvik and the villages of theNorth Slope with millions of dollars in new revenues from the settlement and later oil revenues.
In 1986, the North Slope Borough created the North Slope Higher Education Center. RenamedIḷisaġvik College, it is an accredited two-year college providing education based on the Iñupiat culture and the needs of the North Slope Borough.
The Tuzzy Consortium Library, in theIñupiat Heritage Center, serves the communities of the North Slope Borough and functions as the academic library for Iḷisaġvik College. It was named after Evelyn Tuzroyluk Higbee, an influential community leader.
Traditional clothing at Iñupiat Heritage Center in Utqiagvik
Utqiagvik, like many communities in Alaska, has enacted a"damp" law prohibiting the sale of alcoholic beverages. However, the import, possession, and consumption of such beverages are still allowed.[23] In 1994, residents voted to also ban the import and possession of alcohol; this was repealed the following year.[24]
In 1988, Utqiagvik became the center of worldwide media attention when three Californiagray whales became trapped in the ice offshore.[25] After a two-week rescue effort (Operation Breakthrough), a Soviet icebreaker freed two of the whales.[26] JournalistTom Rose details the rescue, and the media frenzy that accompanied it, in his 1989 bookFreeing The Whales.[27] The movieBig Miracle is based on the rescue and was released on February 3, 2012.[28][29]
Utqiagvik is roughly 1,300 mi (2,100 km) south of theNorth Pole. Only 2.6% of the Earth's surface lies as far or farther north from the equator as Utqiagvik.[30]
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 21 sq mi (54 km2), of which 3 sq mi (7.8 km2) are covered by water (14% of the total area). The predominant land type in Utqiagvik istundra, which is formed over apermafrost layer that is as deep as 1,300 ft (400 m).[31]
The city of Utqiagvik has three sections, which can be classified as south, central, and north. They are known to residents as Utqiagvik, Browerville, and NARL, respectively.
The central section is the largest of the three and is called Browerville. This has traditionally been a residential area for the City of Utqiagvik, but many businesses have opened or moved into this area in recent years. Browerville is separated from the south section by a series of lagoons, with two connecting dirt roads. In addition to houses, this area includesTuzzy Consortium Library, the US Post Office, Eben Hopson Middle School, Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital, theIñupiat Heritage Center,[32] two grocery stores, one hotel, and two restaurants.
The north section, the smallest and most isolated of the three, is known to residents as NARL because it was originally the site of theNaval Arctic Research Lab (NARL). It is only connected to the central section by Stevenson Street, a two-lane dirt road. The federal government transferred the NARL facility to the North Slope Borough, which adopted it asIḷisaġvik College. This area also includes a small broadcasting station, run by the college students.[33]
An ancient 5.0 mi (8 km)-sized crater,Avak, is situated near Utqiagvik.
Probablefogbow in UtqiagvikHomes along the Arctic Ocean in UtqiagvikUtqiagvik sea ice, July 2006, 2007
Owing to its location 330 mi (530 km) north of theArctic Circle, Utqiagvik's climate is cold and dry, classified as atundra climate (KöppenET). Winter weather can be hazardous because of the combination of cold and wind, while summers are cool even at their warmest. Weather observation records are available for Utqiagvik, dating back to the late 19th century. TheNational Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Climate Monitoring Lab operates in Utqiagvik. TheUnited States Department of Energy has a climate observation site in Utqiagvik as part of itsAtmospheric Radiation Measurement Climate Research Facility.
Despite the extreme northern location, temperatures at Utqiagvik are moderated by the surroundingtopography. TheArctic Ocean is on three sides, and flat tundra stretches some 200 mi (320 km) to the south. No wind barriers or protected valleys exist where dense cold air can settle or formtemperature inversions in the lower atmosphere, as commonly happens in the interior between theBrooks and theAlaska ranges.[34]
Utqiagvik has the lowest average temperatures of cities in Alaska. Although Utqiagvik rarely records the lowest temperatures statewide during cold waves, extremely lowwind chill and"white out" conditions fromblowing snow are prevalent. Temperatures usually remain below freezing (32 °F or 0 °C) from early October through late May, and below 0 °F (−18 °C) from December through March. Rarely in winter there can be a brief thaw, but continuous sub-freezing temperatures for many months at a time are the rule. For example, in 2025 Utqiagvik had a thaw on January 24 but the year's second day above freezing did not come until June 6.[35]
The high temperature reaches or tops the freezing point on an average of only 136 days per year, and 92 days have a maximum at or below 0 °F (−18 °C).[36] Freezing temperatures and snowfall can occur during any month of the year.[34]
Regarding precipitation, Utqiagvik has a desert climate and averages less than 6 in (150 mm) "rainfall equivalent" per year. One inch of rain has an estimated water content equal to 12 in (30 cm) of snow. According to 1981−2010 normals, this includes 37 in (94 cm) of snow,[23][38] compared to 99 in (250 cm) forKuujjuaq inNunavik,Quebec,[39] or 87 in (220 cm) and 69 in (180 cm) for much warmerJuneau andKodiak, Alaska, respectively. EvenSable Island, at around 44 degrees latitude and under the influence of theGulf Stream, received 44 in (110 cm), or 20 percent more snowfall than Utqiagvik. Snowfall in Utqiagvik has increased in recent years, with an average annual snowfall of 46 in (120 cm) according to the more recent 1991–2020 normals.[36]
The annual first snow (defined as snow that will not melt until the next spring) generally falls during the first week of October, when temperatures cease to rise above freezing during the day. October is usually the month with the heaviest snowfall, with measurable amounts occurring on over half the days and a 1991−2020 normal total accumulation of 10.3 in (26 cm).[36] Sunlight is around 6 hours per day by the end of October.
When the sun sets on November 18, it stays below the horizon until January 23, resulting in apolar night that lasts about 66 days.[40] When the polar night starts, about 6 hours of civil twilight occur, with the amount decreasing each day during the first half of the polar night. On thewinter solstice (around December 21 or December 22), civil twilight in Utqiagvik lasts 3 hours.[36][41] After this, the amount of civil twilight increases each day to around 6 hours at the end of the polar night.
Particularly cold weather usually begins in January, and February is generally the coldest month, averaging −11.9 °F (−24.4 °C). By March 1, the sun is up for 9 hours, and temperatures begin to warm, although winds are usually higher. Starting on March 23, astronomical night ceases to occur, with only daylight and twilight until the start of the midnight sun in May. This is also true from the end of the midnight sun at the beginning of August until September 22. April brings less extreme temperatures, with an average of 4.0 °F (−15.6 °C), and on April 1, the sun is up for more than 14 hours. By May 1, the sun is up for 19 hours, and by May 10 or 11 (depending on the year's relationship to the nearest leap year), the sun stays above the horizon for the entire day. This phenomenon is known as themidnight sun. The sun does not set for 83 days, until August 1 or 2 (again, depending on the year's relationship to the nearest leap year).[40] In May, temperatures are much warmer, averaging 22.7 °F (−5.2 °C). On June 6, the daily mean temperature rises above freezing, and the normal daily mean temperature remains above freezing until September 21.[36]
Climate chart for Utqiagvik
July is the year's warmest month, with an average temperature of 41.7 °F (5.4 °C). Beginning in mid-July, the Arctic Ocean is relatively ice-free until late October.[36] The highest temperature recorded in Utqiagvik was 79 °F (26 °C) on July 13, 1993, while the lowest was −56 °F (−49 °C) on February 3, 1924; the highest minimum was 56 °F (13 °C) on August 5, 2023, while the lowest maximum was −47 °F (−44 °C) on January 3, 1975.[36][41][42] On average, during the 1991 to 2020 reference period, the coldest winter maximum was −29 °F (−34 °C) and the warmest summer minimum was 47 °F (8 °C).[36] Utqiagvik records an average 26 days per year where the high reaches at least 50 °F (10 °C).[36] Temperatures above 60 °F (16 °C) are rare but have been recorded in most years. Even in July and August, the low falls to or below the freezing mark on an average of 18 days.[36]
In addition to its low temperatures and polar night, Utqiagvik is one of the cloudiest places on Earth. Owing to the prevailing easterly winds off the Arctic Ocean, it is completely overcast slightly more than 50% of the year. It is at least 70% overcast around 62% of the time. Cloud types are mainly lowstratus and fog;cumuli forms are rare. Peak cloudiness occurs in August and September when the ocean is ice-free. Dense fog occurs an average of 65 days yearly, mostly in summer.Ice fog is very common during the winter months, especially when the temperature drops below −30 °F (−34 °C).[43]
Wind speed variation during the year is limited, with the fall days being windiest. Extreme winds from 40 to 60 mph (64 to 97 km/h) have been recorded every month.[34] Winds average 12 mph (19 km/h) and are typically from the east.[23][38]
The Arctic region is warming at a rate that is three times the global average,[48] forcing major adjustments to life on the North Slope with regard to hunting and whaling practices over the prior millennium, as well as to habitation. Thinner sea ice endangers the landing ofbowhead whale strikes on offshore ice by springtime whalers. Caribou habitat is also affected while thawing soil threatens homes and municipal and commercial structures. The city's infrastructure is endangered, particularly water, sanitation, power, and road stability. The shoreline is rapidly eroding and has been encroaching on buildings for decades. According to Dr. Harold Wanless of theUniversity of Miami, an anticipated rise in sea level and consequent global warming is inevitable, meaning the existence of Utqiagvik at its current location is doomed in the relative geological short term.[49][50] Smoothed data from NOAA show that Utqiagvik has warmed by more than 11 °F (6.1 °C) since 1976.[51] On December 5, 2022, Utqiagvik broke its previous record for the warmest winter temperature, hitting 40 °F (4 °C).
The town first appeared in census records in the 1880 U.S. Census as the unincorporated Inuit village of "Ootiwakh".[53] All 225 of its residents were Inuit.[54] In 1890, the community and area were returned as the "Cape Smythe Settlements", which included the refuge and whaling stations, Pengnok, Utkeavie, Kugaru (Inaru) River villages, four other camps, and Whaling SteamerBalaena. Of the 246 residents, 189 were Natives, 46 were White, one was Asian, and 10 were other races.[55] This did not include nearby Point Barrow, which was a separate community. In 1900, the community reported again as "Cape Smythe Settlements".[56] In 1910,[57] it first reported as Barrow and did so in every successive census to 2010.[58] The community formally incorporated in 1959. The native name Utqiagvik was adopted in 2016 and was used in the 2020 census.
In the2010 United States census, 4,212 persons were reported living in the city. The city's racial makeup was 60.5% Alaskan Native, 16.2% White, 8.9% Asian, 8.1% from two or more races, 3.1% Latino, 2.3% Pacific Islander, and 0.9% African.
Of the 1,399 households, 56.5% had children under 18 living with them, 45.2% were married couples living together, 14.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 28.0% were not families. 23.0% of all households were individuals, and 1.8% had someone 65 or older living alone. The average household size was 3.35, and the average family size was 4.80.
In Utqiagvik, the age distribution was 27.7% under 18, 13.3% from 18 to 24, 31.6% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 3.4% who were 65 or older. The median age was 29 years. For every 100 females, there were 107.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 109.5 males.
Themedian income for a household in the city was $63,094.09, and the median income for a family was $68,223. Males had a median income of $51,959 versus $46,382 for females. Theper capita income for the city was $22,902. About 7.7% of families and 8.6% of the population were below thepoverty line, including 7.2% of those under 18 and 13.1% of those 65 and older.
As of December 2022, the city's website says: "The largest city in the North Slope Borough, Utqiagvik, has 4,429 residents, of which approximately 61% are Iñupiat Eskimo."[33]
Utqiagvik is the economic center of the North Slope Borough, the city's primary employer. Many businesses provide support services to oil field operations. State and federal agencies are employers. The midnight sun has attracted tourism, and arts and crafts offer some cash income. Because transporting food to the city is expensive, many residents continue relying on subsistence food sources.Whale,seal,polar bear,walrus,waterfowl,caribou, andfish are harvested from the coast or nearby rivers and lakes.[60] Utqiagvik is the headquarters of theArctic Slope Regional Corporation, one of the Alaska Native corporations set up following theAlaska Native Claims Settlement Act in 1971 to manage revenues and invest in development for their people in the region.
The city is the center of the North Slope borough and has been a swing city for presidential elections. A substantial number of third-party voters have resided there from time to time.
Kivgiq, the Messenger Feast, in more recent times, has been held almost every year, but "officially" is held every two or three years in late January or early February, at the discretion of theNorth Slope Borough mayor. Kivgiq is an international event that attracts visitors from around the Arctic Circle.
Piuraagiaqta, the Spring Festival, celebrates breaking a path in the ice for boats to hunt whales. Held in mid-April, it includes many outdoor activities.
Nalukataq, the Blanket Toss Celebration, is held on multiple days beginning in the third week of June to celebrate each successful spring whale hunt.
Fran Tate, a local restaurant owner, was a frequent guest by telephone on aChicago radio program, theSteve and Johnnie Show onWGN, during the 1990s. She also appeared on theTonight Show withJohnny Carson.[63]
The town is the setting for a series ofhorrorcomic books titled30 Days of Night. A commercially successfulfilm, named after and based upon the comic, was released on October 19, 2007, followed by a straight-to-videosequel on July 23, 2010.[citation needed]
On the Ice, a film released in 2011 about teenagers dealing with a tragic accidental death, was filmed entirely in the town, with locals acting in most roles.[citation needed]
Big Miracle, a 2012 film starringDrew Barrymore, is based on the true story of whales trapped under ice near Point Barrow and features scenes in and characters from the town.[citation needed]
Stephen Fry visited the town and its people during the last segment of his documentaryStephen Fry in America.[citation needed]
In 2015, theNFL Network began an eight-part documentary series focusing on the Barrow High School Whalers football team.[64]
Artificial turf field for the Barrow High School's football team
On August 19, 2006, the Whalers ofBarrow High School[65] played the first officialfootball game in the Arctic againstDelta Junction High School.[66] Barrow High School recorded its first win two weeks later; the coaches and players celebrated the historic win by jumping into the Arctic Ocean, just 100 yd (91 m) from the makeshift dirt field.
On August 17, 2007, the Whalers football team played their first game of the season on their newartificial-turf field. The historic game, which was attended by formerMiami Dolphins playerLarry Csonka, was the first live Internet broadcast of a sporting event in the United States from north of the Arctic Circle.[67]
Since the team's formation, it has gathered a record of 33–24, and most recently, the team reached the semifinal round of the Alaskan State Small School Football Championship.[68]
In 2017, the Barrow High School football team won its first-ever state championship by beating theHomer Mariners 20–14.
In 2015, the Barrow High School boys' basketball team won the Alaska Class 3A State Championship with a 50–40 victory over two-time defending state championMonroe Catholic. The Whalers' team was led by 5-star recruitKamaka Hepa.[69] As a 6'7" freshman he was regarded as one of the top basketball recruits in the country. He was ranked as the #68 basketball recruit in the country byESPN for the class of 2018.[70] Hepa transferred to Jefferson High School in Portland, Oregon, for his junior year. By October 2017, at 6'8" tall, he had committed to go to theUniversity of Texas.[71]
The Whalers' boys' basketball team finished the 2014–2015 season with a 24–3 record, the highest win percentage in school history. Guard Travis Adams was a standout as well. Coach Jeremy Arnhart's teams won 186 games in 10 seasons.[72] In 2015, the Barrow High School girls' team also easily won the ACS tournament.[73]
Utqiagvik is served by theNorth Slope Borough School District. The schools serving the city are Ipalook Elementary School, Hopson Middle School,Barrow High School, and an alternative learning center known as the Kiita Learning Community.[74]
The Arctic Sounder[75] newspaper is published weekly by Alaska Media, LLC, covering news of interest to the North Slope Borough, which includes Utqiagvik, and theNorthwest Arctic Borough, which provides forKotzebue in northwestern Alaska.
The roads in Utqiagvik are unpaved due to the permafrost. No roads connect the city to the rest of Alaska.[77] Utqiagvik is served by Alaska Airlines with passenger jet service at theWiley Post–Will Rogers Memorial Airport to and fromAnchorage andFairbanks. New service between Fairbanks and Anchorage began fromEra Aviation on June 1, 2009. Freight arrives by air cargo year-round and by ocean-going marinebarges during the annual summersealift.[78]
Utqiagvik is the transportation hub for the North Slope Borough's Arctic coastal villages. Multiple jet aircraft, with service fromDeadhorse (Prudhoe Bay),Fairbanks, andAnchorage provide daily mail, cargo, and passenger services, which connect with smaller single- and twin-enginegeneral aviation aircraft that provide regular service to other villages, fromKaktovik in the east toPoint Hope in the west.[60] The town is also served by several radio taxi services, most using smallfour-wheel drive vehicles.
Samuel Simmonds Memorial Hospital, located in the City of Utqiagvik, is the primary healthcare facility for the North Slope region of Alaska. Individuals in the city needing medical care can access the hospital by road. Because no roads lead in or out of Utqiagvik, individuals in surrounding communities and towns (including Point Hope, Prudhoe Bay, andWainwright) must be airlifted in by plane, helicopter, or air ambulance. The facility operates continuously, and is the northernmost hospital or medical facility in the United States.[79]
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e., the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^United States Postal Service (2016)."USPS - Look Up a ZIP Code". RetrievedNovember 3, 2016. Only "Barrow AK 99723" is accepted by the U.S. Postal Service for addresses in Utqiagvik.
^Jamail, Dahr (January 2019).The End of Ice: Bearing Witness and Finding Meaning in the Path of Climate Disruption. New York: The New Press. pp. 181–206,115–131.ISBN978-1-62097-234-2.
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