Formerly a river settlement inhabited by theMohawk Nation of theIroquois Confederacy, Utica attracted European-American settlers fromNew England during and after theAmerican Revolution. In the 19th century, immigrants strengthened its position as a layover city between Albany and Syracuse on theErie andChenango Canals and theNew York Central Railroad. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the city's infrastructure contributed to its success as a manufacturing center and defined its role as a worldwide hub for thetextile industry.
Like otherRust Belt cities, Utica underwent an economic downturn throughout the mid-20th century. The decline consisted ofindustrial flight due tooffshoring and the closure of textile mills,population loss caused by the relocation of jobs and businesses to suburbs and to Syracuse, andpoverty associated with socioeconomic stress and a depressed tax base. With its low cost of living, the city has become amelting pot for refugees from war-torn countries around the world, encouraging growth for itscolleges and universities, cultural institutions and economy.[11]
An 1802 engraved map of Utica. TheMohawk River is at the top, and Bagg's Tavern is at the center right.This 1883 index map shows the development around Utica and Bagg's Square, with the Erie Canal (now Oriskany Street) and Chenango Canal towards the upper-right.
Utica was established on the site ofOld Fort Schuyler, built by American colonists for defense in 1758 during theFrench and Indian War, the North American front of theSeven Years' War againstFrance.[3] Prior to construction of the fort, theMohawk,Onondaga andOneida nations of theIroquois (Haudenosaunee) Confederacy had controlled this area southeast of theGreat Lakes region as early as 4000 BC.[16] The Mohawk were the largest and most powerful nation in the eastern and lower Mohawk Valley. Colonists had a long-standing fur trade with the Mohawk, in exchange for firearms and rum. The Iroquois nations' dominating presence in the region prevented theProvince of New York from expanding past the middle of the Mohawk Valley until after the American victory over the British andBritish-allied Iroquois in theRevolutionary War. Following the war several Iroquois nations were forced to cede lands to the new State Of New York.[16]
The land housing Old Fort Schuyler was part of a 20,000-acre (81 km2) portion ofmarshland granted byKing George II to New York governorWilliam Cosby on January 2, 1734.[17] Since the fort was located near several trails (including theGreat Indian Warpath), its position—on a bend at a shallow portion of the Mohawk River—made it an importantfording point.[18][19] The Mohawk call the bendUnundadages ("around the hill"), a name that now appears on the city's seal.[13][20]
During the American Revolutionary War, border raids from British-allied Iroquois tribes harried the settlers on the frontier. George Washington ordered America’s firstRangers to enterCentral New York and suppress the Iroquois threat.Sullivan's Expedition destroyed more than 40 Iroquois villages and their winter stores, causing starvation.[13] In the aftermath of the war, numerous colonial settlers migrated into the region of New York from New England,[21] especiallyConnecticut.[13]
In 1794 a state road,Genesee Road, was built from Utica west to theGenesee River. That year a contract was awarded to the Mohawk Turnpike and Bridge Company to extend the road northeast to Albany, and in 1798 it was extended.[3][22] TheSeneca Turnpike was key to Utica's development, replacing a worn footpath with a paved road.[23] The village became a rest and supply area along the Mohawk River for goods and the many people moving throughWestern New York to and from the Great Lakes.[24][25]
The boundaries of the village of Utica were defined in an act passed by theNew York State Legislature on April 3, 1798.[26] Utica expanded its borders in subsequent 1805 and 1817charters. On April 5, 1805, the village's eastern and western boundaries were expanded,[27] and on April 7, 1817, Utica separated fromWhitestown on its west.[3][28] After completion of the Erie Canal in 1825, the city's growth was stimulated again. Utica became a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.[29]
Bird's-eye view of Utica over Bagg's Square in the 1850s, showing the smoke from numerous factory chimneys
Utica's location on the Erie and Chenango canals encouraged industrial development, allowing the transport ofanthracite coal from northeastern Pennsylvania for local manufacturing and distribution.[32] Utica's economy centered on the manufacture of furniture, heavy machinery, textiles and lumber.[33] The combined effects of theEmbargo Act of 1807 and local investment enabled further expansion of the textile industry.[34]
In the early 1800s,William Williams and his partner published Utica's first newspaper,The Utica Club, from their printing shop on Genesee Street. In 1817 Williams also published Utica's first directory.[38][39] Utica went on to become a printing and publishing center, with many newspapers.[40]: 18
The early 20th century brought rail advances to Utica, with the New York Central electrifying 49 mi (79 km) of track from the city to Syracuse in 1907 for its West Shoreinterurban line.[48] In 1902, the Utica and Mohawk Valley Railway connected Rome toLittle Falls with a 37.5 mi (60.4 km) electrified line through Utica.[49]
Looking north towards the corner of Genesee and Bleecker streets,c. 1900–1915.Streetcars can be seen crossing a bridge over the Erie Canal.
Waves of LebaneseMaronite, Italian, Irish, and Polish immigrants worked in the city's industries in the early part of the 20th century. Like many other industrial centers, labor unrest affected Utica in the 1910s; on April 5, 1912 martial law was proclaimed to stop riots in Utica,Yorkville, andNew York Mills,[50] while on October 28 during thestrike wave of 1919, city police shot six or more striking textile workers.[51][52][53] In 1919, two-thirds of employed Uticans worked in the textile industry.[53] The textile industry in theNorthern United States declined rapidly followingWorld War I, as mills relocated to theSouthern United States. Textiles remained the leading industry in Utica through 1947, employing a little less than a quarter of workers at the few remaining mills.
As early as 1928, the area Chamber of Commerce sought to diversify Utica's industrial base. Prompted by local labor issues and national trends, theRepublicanpolitical machine in Utica declined and was replaced by aDemocratic machine headed byRufus Elefante with the support of Governor (and later, President)Franklin D. Roosevelt. Democratic political leaders cooperated with local business interests to draw modern industry to Utica.General Electric,Chicago Pneumatic,Bendix Aviation, andUnivac among others established factories in Utica.Utica College andMohawk Valley Community College were founded to provide skilled workers, andOneida County Airport was built to provide transport. The city also underwent residential redevelopment, includingslum clearance and modernizing streets and neighborhoods to accommodate theautomobile. The period of Utica history through the 1940s and 1950s is sometimes called the "loom to boom" era. While it led to growth of the suburbs ofNew Hartford andWhitestown, Utica's population remained flat during this era, and unemployment was persistently elevated.[54][55]
As in some other US cities during the decade, scandals involvingpolitical corruption,vice, andorganized crime tarnished Utica's reputation.[56][57][58] Organized crime in Utica received national attention after three Uticanmafiosos were reported to have attended theApalachin meeting ofAmerican Mafia leaders in 1957.[59] TheNew York Journal American dubbed Utica the "Sin City of the East",[60] and reporting from sources like theJournal American andNewsweek gave Utica a national reputation for Mafia activities. Local business interests, as well as other media sources such asLook magazine, asserted that these reports were exaggerated, and corruption and crime in Utica were no worse than that in similar American cities.[61] In 1959, the scandals culminated in criminal investigations of city employees and officials: many were arrested on charges related toprostitution,gambling,fraud, andconspiracy, and others were forced to resign.[62] TheUtica Daily Press andUtica Observer-Dispatch were awarded the 1959Pulitzer Prize for Public Service for their investigations of local corruption. Elefante's machine lost dominance. Organized crime in Utica was curtailed, but resurged in the late 1970s. The local Mafia, present since the 1930s, ended with the indictment of local associates of theBuffalo crime family in 1989.[58][63][64]
Strongly affected by thedeindustrialization that took place in other Rust Belt cities, Utica suffered a major reduction in manufacturing activity during the second half of the 20th century. The remaining textile mills continued to be undercut by competitors in the South.[65] The 1954 opening of theNew York State Thruway (which bypassed the city) and declines in activity on theErie Canal andrailroads throughout the United States also contributed to a poor local economy.[66] During the 1980s and 1990s, major employers such asGeneral Electric andLockheed Martin closed plants in Utica and Syracuse.[67][68] Some Utica businesses relocated to nearby Syracuse, with its larger and more educated workforce.[69] Utica's population fell while population in the county increased, reflecting a statewide trend of decreasing urban populations outsideNew York City.[70] Eccentric populist mayorEd Hanna, who served from 1974 to 1978 and from 1996 to 2000, brought himself national media attention but was unable to stem Utica's decline.[71]
The low cost of living in Utica[73][74] has attracted immigrants andrefugees from around the world.[75][76][77] The largest refugee groups in Utica areBosnians, with 4,500 refugees resettled following theBosnian War, and theKaren people ofMyanmar, with about 4,000 resettled.[78][79] Utica also has sizable communities of refugees from the formerSoviet Union,Southeast Asia,Africa, theMiddle East, and elsewhere. Between 2005 and 2010, Utica's population increased for the first time in decades, largely because of refugee resettlement. In 2015, about one quarter of the population of Utica were refugees, and 43 languages were spoken in city schools.[80] TheUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees described Utica as the "town that loves refugees" in 2005, although issues of discrimination still occur. In 2016, theUtica City School District settled lawsuits alleging refugee students were excluded from attending high school.[81][82][83] In 2024, 13-year-old Karen refugeeNyah Mway was shot and killed by police, making national news.[84]Immigration raids throughout 2025 have also raised tensions.[85]
Utica continues to struggle with a high rate of poverty and a shrunken tax base, adversely affecting schools and public services.[86][87] Local, regional and statewide economic efforts have been proposed to revitalize the area economy.[88][89] In 2010 the city developed its firstcomprehensive master plan in more than a half-century.[90][91] After a decade of delays and false starts, plans to create ananotechnology center in the area came to fruition when semiconductor manufacturerWolfspeed opened a plant inMarcy just north of Utica in 2022.[92][93] In October 2023,a new hospital in downtown Utica opened, replacing Utica's two existing hospitals.[94][95]
November 1985 photo of the Mohawk Valley fromSpace Shuttle Challenger, with Utica center-left and Albany center-right
According to theUnited States Census Bureau, Utica has a total area of 17.02 sq mi (44.1 km2)—16.76 sq mi (43.4 km2) of land and 0.26 sq mi (0.67 km2) (1.52 percent) of water.[96] The city is located at New York's geographic center, adjacent to the western border ofHerkimer County, and at the southwestern base of theAdirondack Mountains.[97] Utica and its suburbs are bound by theAllegheny Plateau in the south and the Adirondack Mountains in the north,[98] and the city is 456 ft (139 m) above sea level; this region is known as theMohawk Valley. The city is 90 mi (145 km) west-northwest ofAlbany[99] and 45 mi (72 km) east ofSyracuse.[100]
The Utica Marsh is a series ofwetlands along the Mohawk River.
The city's Mohawk name,Unundadages ("around the hill"), refers to a bend in the Mohawk River that flows around the city's elevated position as seen from theDeerfield Hills in the north.[18] The Erie Canal and Mohawk River pass through northern Utica; northwest of downtown is the Utica Marsh, a group ofcattailwetlands between the Erie Canal and Mohawk River (partially in the town ofMarcy) with a variety of animals, plants and birds.[101][102] During the 1850s, plank roads were built through the marshland surrounding the city.[103] Utica's suburbs have morehills andcliffs than the city. Located where the Mohawk Valley forms a wide floodplain, the city has a generally sloping, flat topography.[97]
Streets laid out when Utica was a village had more irregularities than those built later in the 19th and 20th centuries. As a result of the city's location (adjacent to the Mohawk River), many streets parallel the river, so they do not run strictly east–west or north–south. Remnants of Utica's early electric-rail systems can be seen in the West and South neighborhoods, where therails were set into the streets.[18][107][108]
Utica's neighborhoods have historically been defined by their residents, allowing them to develop their own individuality. Racial and ethnic groups, social and economic separation and the development of infrastructure and new means of transportation have shaped neighborhoods, with groups shifting between them as a result.[31]
West Utica (or the West Side) was historically home toGerman,Irish andPolish immigrants. The Corn Hill neighborhood in the city center had a significantJewish population.[109]East Utica (or the East Side) is a cultural and political center dominated by Italian immigrants.[110][111] North of downtown is the Triangle neighborhood, formerly home to the city'sAfrican-American and Jewish populations.[31] Neighborhoods formerly dominated by one or more groups saw other groups arrive, such asBosnians andLatin Americans in former Italian neighborhoods and the historicallyWelsh neighborhood of Corn Hill.[31] Bagg Commemorative Park and Bagg's Square West (Utica's historic centers) are in the northeastern portion of downtown, with Genesee Street on the west and Oriskany Street on the south.[105]
Utica has ahumid continental climate (or warm-summer climate:KöppenDfb) with four distinct seasons,[118][119] characterized by cold winters and temperate summers. Summer high temperatures range from 77–81 °F (25–27 °C).[119] The city is in USDA planthardiness zone 5b, and native vegetation can tolerate temperatures from −10 to −15 °F (−23 to −26 °C).[120]
Winters are cold and snowy; Utica receiveslake-effect snow fromLake Erie andLake Ontario.[121][122][123] Utica is colder on average than other Great Lakes cities because of its location in a valley and susceptibility to north winds;[124] temperatures in the single digits or below zero Fahrenheit are not uncommon on winter nights. Annualprecipitation (based on a 30-year average from 1981 to 2010) is 45.7 in (116 cm), falling on an average of 175 days.[125]
Climate data for Utica (Rome, New York), 1991–2020 normals,[b][c] extremes 1893–present
The city's growth during the 19th century is indicated by the increase in its population; in 1840 theUnited States Census ranked Utica as the 29th-largest in the country, with over 12,000 residents, more than the populations ofChicago,Detroit orCleveland.
As of 2014[update], the city is the tenth-most populous in New York and the sixth-most populous metro region in New York.[132] It is the seat of Oneida County,[133] and a focal point of the six-countyMohawk Valley region. According to a U.S. Census estimate, theUtica–Rome Metropolitan Statistical Area decreased in population from 299,397 in 2010 to 296,615 on July 1, 2014,[132] and its population density was about 3,818 people per square mile (1,474 people/km2).
The Bosnian Islamic Association of Utica's mosque near City Hall
Utica's population has remainedethnically diverse and has received many new influxes of immigrants since the 1990s. New immigrants and refugees have includedBosnians displaced by theBosnian War,Burmese,Karens,Latin Americans,Russians andVietnamese.[134] More than 42 languages are spoken in the city.[135][136] Utica's population halted a forty-year decline in 2010, influenced by this influx of refugees and immigrants.
In the2020 United States census, Utica's population was 65,283. According to the 2013American Community Survey, theItalian American population has declined since its peak by more than 40%. Italian Americans however remain the most prominent ethnic group, constituting 20% of the city population.[137] Utica is historically one of the most Italian cities in the country. Throughout the 20th century, the city had a higher concentration of Italian immigrants than other cities with notable levels of Italian immigration, such asNew York City,Chicago, andPhiladelphia.[138] Italian immigrants fromBasilicata were first to arrive, but most later immigrants came from the regions ofApulia,Lazio,Calabria, andAbruzzo, with an unusually large number from the village ofAlberobello in Apulia. A smaller number came fromSicily than is typical for most Italian-American communities.[139]
In the early 20th century, the local textile industry began to decline, which had a significant impact on the local economy. Theboll weevil adversely affected Southern cotton crops in this period. During the late 1940s,air-conditioned mills opened in thesouthern United States, and jobs were lost as factories were moved south, where labor costs were lower because "right to work" laws weakened unions. Other industries also moved out of the city during a general restructuring in older industrial cities.[145] New industries to rise in the city were electronics manufacturing (led by companies such as General Electric, which producedtransistor radios),[146] machinery and equipment, andfood processing.[147]
The city struggled to make a transition to new industries. During the second half of the 20th century, the city's recessions were longer than the national average.[148] The exodus ofdefense companies (such as Lockheed Martin, formed from the merger of theLockheed Corporation andMartin Marietta in 1995) and the electrical-manufacturing industry played a major role in Utica's recent economic distress.[148] From 1975 to 2001, the city's economic growth rate was similar to that of Buffalo, while otherupstate New York cities such as Rochester andBinghamton outperformed both.[148]
Construction, such as theNorth-South Arterial Highway project, supports the public-sector job market.[153] Although passenger and commercial traffic on the Erie Canal has declined greatly since the 19th century, the barge canal still allows heavy cargo to travel through Utica at low cost, bypassing the New York State Thruway and providingintermodal freight transport with the railroads.[154]
Republican Michael P. Galime was elected to a four-year term as mayor in 2023, and took office at the start of 2024.[156] The common council consists of 10 members, six of whom are elected fromsingle-member districts. The other four, including its president, are electedat-large.[157] Utica has aStrong mayor-council form of government. The council has eight standing committees for issues including transportation, education, finance and public safety.[158] There is a relative balance between the Democratic and Republican parties, a change from the predominantly single-party politics of the 20th century.[159] Throughout the 1950s, Democrats held the mayor's office and a majority on the city council, under the control ofRufus Elefante'spolitical machine.[160]
According to thecomptroller's office, Utica's governmental expenses totaled $79.3 million (~$103 million in 2024) in 2014 (a net increase of $940,000 from the previous year).[162] The 2015–16 budget proposes general-fund spending of $66.3 million (~$85.5 million in 2024).[163] City taxes collected in 2014 were $25,972,930, with a tax rate per thousand of $25.24.[163]
According to the city's police department, there were six murders, 125 robberies, 22 rapes, and 237 assaults in 2014 (an increase from the previous year, representing a violent-crime rate of 0.6 percent). There were 432 burglaries, 1,845 larcenies and 107 motor-vehicle thefts (a decrease from 2013, representing a property-crime rate of 3.8 percent). Compared to other cities in New York, Utica's crime rate is generally low.[164][165] The Utica Police Department patrols the city, and law enforcement is also under the jurisdiction of the Oneida County Sheriff's Office and theNew York State Police.[166] The Utica Fire Department coordinates four engines, two truck companies, and rescue,HAZMAT and medical operations with a 123-person crew.[167]
Utica's parks system consists of 677 acres (274 ha) of parks and recreation centers; most of the city's parks have community centers and swimming pools.[197]Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., who designed New York City'sCentral Park andDelaware Park in Buffalo, designed theUtica Parks and Parkway Historic District.[198] Olmsted also designed Memorial Parkway, a four mi (6.4 km) tree-linedboulevard connecting the district's parks and encircling the city's southern neighborhoods.[199][200] The district includes Roscoe Conkling Park, the 62-acre F.T. Proctor Park, the Parkway, and T.R. Proctor Park.[201][202]
The city's municipal golf course, Valley View (designed by golf-course architectRobert Trent Jones), is in the southern part of the city near the town ofNew Hartford.[197] TheUtica Zoo and theVal Bialas Ski Chalet, an urban ski slope featuringskiing,snowboarding,outdoor skating, andtubing, are also in south Utica in Roscoe Conkling Park.[203] Smaller neighborhood parks in the district include Addison Miller Park, Chancellor Park, Pixley Park, Seymour Park, and Wankel Park.[204]
Electricity in Utica is provided byNational Grid plc, a British energy corporation that acquired the city's former electricity provider,Niagara Mohawk, in 2002.[214] Utica is near the crossroads of majorelectrical transmission lines,[215] with substations in the town of Marcy. An expansion project by theNew York Power Authority, National Grid,Consolidated Edison, and New York State Electric and Gas (NYSEG) is planned.[216][217] In 2009 city businesses (including Utica College and St. Luke's Medical Center) developed amicrogrid, and in 2012 the Utica City Council explored the possibility of a public, city-owned power company.[218][219][220] Utica'snatural gas is provided by National Grid[221] and NYSEG.[222][223]
TheWynn Hospital opened October 2023 in downtown Utica. This $650 million facility replaced the 66-year-old Faxton St. Luke’s Healthcare hospital and the 106-year old St. Elizabeth Medical Center, both of which are now closed.[229][230] Wynn is part of theMohawk Valley Health System, a non-profit formed in 2014 by the merger of Faxton St. Luke's Healthcare and St. Elizabeth Medical Center.[231]
^Humidity data calculated from the averages of morning and evening relative humidities.
^Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020
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