Usog orbalis[1] is aFilipino superstition whereby an affliction or psychological disorder is attributed to a stranger's greeting orevil eyehex. It is usually attributed to afflictions of infants and toddlers.[2]
In some limited areas, it is said that the condition is also caused by the stranger having an evil eye ormasamang mata inTagalog, lurking around. This may have been influenced by the advent of the Spaniards who long believed in themal de ojo superstition.
Once affected, the child begins to developfever, and sometimesconvulsions. Supposedly, the child can be cured by placing its clothing in hot water and boiling it. In most other places, to counter the effects of the "usog" the stranger or newcomer is asked to put some of theirsaliva on the baby's abdomen, shoulder or forehead before leaving the house. The newcomer then leaves while saying: "Pwera usog... pwera usog..." ("Out, usog")[3] The saliva is placed on the finger first, before the finger is rubbed on the baby's abdomen or forehead. The stranger is never to lick the child.[4] The practice is that the stranger or visitor is asked to touch their finger with saliva to the child's body, arm or foot ("lawayan") to prevent the child from getting overpowered ("upang hindi mausog"). Protective charms may also be added to an infant's clothing to ward off usog.[5]
One theory (Kristina Palacio)[6][7] explainsusog in terms of child distress that leads to greater susceptibility to illness and diseases. There are observations that a stranger (or a newcomer or even a visiting relative) especially someone with a strong personality (physically big, boisterous, has strong smell, domineering, etc.) may easily distress a child. Thus, the child is said to be "overpowered" ornauusog and thus may feel afraid, develop fever, get sick, etc.[8]
Inusog, the child's distress is the consequence of the child's failure to adapt to change. It is, inmedical terms, the consequence of the disruption of homeostasis through physical or psychological stimuli brought about by the stranger.[9] Technically, the condition results from the child-environment interaction that leads the child to perceive a painful discrepancy, real or imagined, between the demands of a situation on the one hand and their social, biological, or psychological resources on the other. The stressful stimuli to the child may be mental (stranger is perceived as a threat, malevolent or demanding), physiological (loud and/or high-pitched voice of the stranger that is hurting to the child's eardrum; strong smell of the stranger that irritates the child's nasal nerves), or physical (stranger has heavy hands or is taking up too much space).[citation needed]
The stranger's act of gently placing his finger with his saliva to the child's arm, foot, or any particular part of the child's body, could make him more familiar to the child, and thus, reduce if not remove the stress. As the stranger keeps gently saying, "Pwera usog... pwera usog...," the child is made to feel and assured that he means no harm. Theusog is said to be counteracted because the child is prevented from succumbing to an illness since the child is no longer in distress. Children or even adults who are shy or have weak personalities are more susceptible tousog in accordance with observations and theory. Some have observed that at times even praising a shy child by a visiting relative caused anusog.[7][10]
The saliva from the stranger, granted that they are healthy and consistent with theiroral hygiene, is relatively clean[11] and contains enoughantimicrobial compounds such aslactoferrin,lactoperoxidase, and secretoryimmunoglobulin A which can help clearpathogens from the child and benefit the child against infection.[12] Furthermore, human saliva hasopiorphin, a newly researched pain-killing substance. Initial research with mice shows the compound has a painkilling effect of up to six times that of morphine. It works by stopping the normal breakdown of natural pain-killing opioids in the spine, calledenkephalins. Opiorphin in human saliva is a relatively simple molecule, and the child's immune system may trigger abiochemical cascade (complement system) to produce other stress-reducing compounds.[13][14][15][16]
Usog can also, though less commonly, affect adults, and it may induce vomiting and stomach ache rather than fever. Supposedly, it can be prevented by stopping a stranger or visitor from greeting the person.
Unlike "lihi", however, usog is not yet medically accepted. More than the superstitious folks, researchers dealing with Filipino Psychology say they have observed this phenomenon with regularity and suggest that this be added to thefifth edition of theDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5).[7]