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Urban informatics refers to the study of people creating, applying and usinginformation and communication technology anddata in the context ofcities andurban environments.[1] It sits at the conjunction ofurban science,geomatics, andinformatics, with an ultimate goal of creating more smart and sustainable cities.[2] Various definitions are available, some provided in theDefinitions section.
Although first mentions of the term date back as early as 1987, urban informatics did not emerge as a notable field of research and practice until 2006 (seeHistory section). Since then, the emergence and growing popularity of ubiquitous computing, open data andbig data analytics, as well assmart cities, contributed to a surge in interest in urban informatics, not just from academics but also from industry and city governments seeking to explore and apply the possibilities and opportunities of urban informatics.[1][2]
Many definitions of urban informatics have been published and can be found online. The descriptions provided by Townsend in his foreword and by Foth in his preface to theHandbook of Research on Urban Informatics[3] emphasize two key aspects: (1) the new possibilities (including real-time data) for both citizens and city administrations afforded byubiquitous computing, and (2) the convergence of physical and digital aspects of the city.
"Urban informatics is the study, design, and practice of urban experiences across different urban contexts that are created by new opportunities of real-time, ubiquitous technology and the augmentation that mediates the physical and digital layers of people networks and urban infrastructures."
— Foth, Choi, Satchell, 2011, Urban Informatics[1]
In this definition, urban informatics is a trans-disciplinary field of research and practice that draws on three broad domains: people, place and technology.
In addition togeographic data/spatial data, most common sources of data relevant to urban informatics can be divided into three broad categories: government data (census data,open data, etc.); personal data (social media,quantified self data, etc.); and sensor data (transport,surveillance,CCTV, Internet of Things devices, etc.).[4][5]
Although closely related, Foth differentiates urban informatics from the field ofurban computing by suggesting that the former focusses more on thesocial and human implications of technology in cities (similar to the community and social emphases of howcommunity informatics andsocial informatics are defined), and the latter focusses more on technology and computing.[3] Urban informatics emphasises the relationship between urbanity, as expressed through the many dimensions of urban life, and technology.
Later, with the increasing popularity of commercial opportunities under the label ofsmart city andbig data, subsequent definitions became narrow and limited in defining urban informatics mainly asbig data analytics for efficiency and productivity gains in city contexts – unless the arts and social sciences are added to the interdisciplinary mix.[6] This specialisation within urban informatics is sometimes referred to as 'data-driven,networked urbanism'[7] orurban science.[8]
In the bookUrban Informatics[2] published in 2021, the term Urban Informatics has been defined in a systematical and principled way.
"Urban informatics is an interdisciplinary approach to understanding, managing, and designing the city using systematic theories and methods based on new information technologies, and grounded in contemporary developments of computers and communications. It integrates urban science, geomatics, and informatics: urban science provides studies of activities, places, and flows in the urban area; geomatics provides the science and technologies for measuring spatiotemporal and dynamic urban objects in the real world and managing the data obtained from the measurements; informatics provides the science and technologies of information processing, information systems, computer science, and statistics which support the quest to develop applications to cities."
— Shi, Goodchild, Batty, Kwan, Zhang (Eds), 2021, Urban Informatics[2]
One of the first occurrences of the term can be found in Mark E. Hepworth's 1987 article "The Information City",[9] which mentions the term "urban informatics" on page 261. However, Hepworth's overall discussion is more concerned with the broader notion of "informatics planning". Considering the article pre-dates the advent of ubiquitous computing and urban computing, it does contain some visionary thoughts about major changes on the horizon brought about byinformation and communications technology and the impact on cities.
The Urban Informatics Research Lab was founded atQueensland University of Technology in 2006, the first research group explicitly named to reflect its dedication to the study of urban informatics.[citation needed] The first edited book on the topic, theHandbook of Research on Urban Informatics, published in 2009,[citation needed] brought together researchers and scholars from three broad domains: people, place, and technology; or, the social, the spatial, and the technical.
There were many precursors to thistransdisciplinarity of "people, place, and technology."[1] From anarchitecture,planning anddesign background, there is the work of the lateWilliam J. Mitchell, Dean of theMIT School of Architecture and Planning, and author of the 1995 bookCity of Bits: Space, Place, and the Infobahn.[10] Mitchell was influential in suggesting a profound relationship between place and technology at a time when mainstream interest was focused on the promise of theInformation Superhighway and whatFrances Cairncross called the "Death of Distance".[11] Rather than a decline in the significance of place throughremote work,distance education, ande-commerce, the physical / tangible layers of the city started to mix with the digital layers of the internet and online communications. Aspects of this trend have been studied under the termscommunity informatics[12] andcommunity networks.[13]
One of the first texts that systematically examined the impact of information technologies on the spatial and social evolution of cities isTelecommunications and the City: Electronic Spaces, Urban Places,[14] by Stephen Graham and Simon Marvin. The relationship between cities and the internet was further expanded upon in a volume edited by Stephen Graham entitledCybercities Reader[15] and by various authors in the 2006 bookNetworked Neighbourhoods: The Connected Community in Context[16] edited by Patrick Purcell. Additionally, contributions from architecture, design and planning scholars are contained in the 2007 journal special issue on "Space, Sociality, and Pervasive Computing"[17] published in the journalEnvironment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 34(3), guest edited by the late Bharat Dave, as well as in the 2008 bookAugmented Urban Spaces: Articulating the Physical and Electronic City,[18] edited by Alessandro Aurigi and Fiorella De Cindio, based on contributions to the Digital Cities 4 workshop held in conjunction with the Communities and Technologies (C&T) conference 2005 inMilan, Italy.
The first prominent and explicit use of the term "urban informatics" in thesociology andmedia studies literature appears in the 2007 special issue "Urban Informatics: Software, Cities and the New Cartographies of Knowing Capitalism"[19] published in the journalInformation, Communication & Society, 10(6), guest edited by Ellison, Burrows, & Parker. Later on, in 2013, Burrows and Beer argued that the socio-technical transformations described by research studies conducted in the field of urban informatics give reason for sociologists more broadly to not only question epistemological and methodological norms and practices but also to rethink spatial assumptions.[20]
Incomputer science, the sub-domains ofhuman–computer interaction, ubiquitous computing, and urban computing provided early contributions that influenced the emerging field of urban informatics. Examples include the Digital Cities workshop series (see below), Greenfield's 2006 bookEveryware: The Dawning Age of Ubiquitous Computing,[21] and the 2006 special issue "Urban Computing: Navigating Space and Context"[22] published in the IEEE journalComputer, 39(9), guest edited by Shklovski & Chang, and the 2007 special issue "Urban Computing"[23] published in the IEEE journalPervasive Computing, 6(3), guest edited by Kindberg, Chalmers, & Paulos.
The Digital Cities Workshop Series started in 1999[24] and is the longest running academic workshop series that has focused on, and profoundly influenced, the field of urban informatics.[25] The first two workshops in 1999 and 2001 were both held inKyoto, Japan, with subsequent workshops since 2003 held in conjunction with the biennial International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T).
Each Digital Cities workshop proceedings have become the basis for key anthologies listed below, which in turn have also been formative to a diverse set of emerging fields, including urban informatics, urban computing, smart cities,pervasive computing,internet of things, media architecture, urbaninteraction design, and urban science.
| Workshop | Location | Resulting anthology |
|---|---|---|
| Digital Cities 1 | Kyoto, Japan, 1999 | Ishida, T., & Isbister, K. (Eds.). (2000). Digital Cities: Technologies, Experiences, and Future Perspectives (Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 1765). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.[24] |
| Digital Cities 2 | Kyoto, Japan, 2001 | Tanabe, M., van den Besselaar, P., & Ishida, T. (Eds.) (2002). Digital Cities 2: Computational and Sociological Approaches (Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 2362). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.[26] |
| Digital Cities 3 | C&T 2003,Amsterdam, NL | Van den Besselaar, P., & Koizumi, S. (Eds.) (2005). Digital Cities 3: Information Technologies for Social Capital (Lecture Notes in Computer Science No. 3081). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.[27] |
| Digital Cities 4 | C&T 2005,Milan, Italy | Aurigi, A., & De Cindio, F. (Eds.) (2008). Augmented Urban Spaces: Articulating the Physical and Electronic City. Aldershot, UK: Ashgate.[18] |
| Digital Cities 5 | C&T 2007,Michigan, U.S. | Foth, M. (Ed.) (2009). Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics: The Practice and Promise of the Real-Time City. Hershey, PA: Information Science Reference, IGI Global.[3] |
| Digital Cities 6 | C&T 2009,Penn State, U.S. | Foth, M., Forlano, L., Satchell, C., & Gibbs, M. (Eds.) (2011). From Social Butterfly to Engaged Citizen: Urban Informatics, Social Media, Ubiquitous Computing, and Mobile Technology to Support Citizen Engagement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.[28] |
| Digital Cities 7 | C&T 2011,Brisbane, Australia | Foth, M., Brynskov, M., & Ojala, T. (Eds.) (2015). Citizen's Right to the Digital City: Urban Interfaces, Activism, and Placemaking. Singapore: Springer.[25] |
| Digital Cities 8 | C&T 2013,Munich, Germany | Foth, M., Brynskov, M., & Ojala, T. (Eds.) (2015). Citizen's Right to the Digital City: Urban Interfaces, Activism, and Placemaking. Singapore: Springer.[25] |
| Digital Cities 9 | C&T 2015,Limerick, Ireland | de Lange, M., & de Waal, M. (Eds.) (2019).The Hackable City: Digital Media & Collaborative City-making in the Network Society. London: Springer.[29] |
| Digital Cities 10 | C&T 2017,Troyes, France | Odendaal, N. & Aurigi, A. (Eds.) (2017).Proceedings of Digital Cities 10: Towards a localised socio-technical understanding of the ‘real’ smart city. In conjunction with the 8th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T) 2017, Troyes, France. |
| Digital Cities 11 | C&T 2019,Vienna, Austria | Foth, M., Heitlinger, S., Tomitsch, M., & Clarke, R. (Eds.) (2019).Proceedings of Digital Cities 11: Communities and Technologies for More-than-Human Futures. In conjunction with the 9th International Conference on Communities and Technologies (C&T) 2019, Vienna, Austria. |
The diverse range of people, groups and organisations involved in urban informatics is reflective of the diversity of methods being used in its pursuit and practice. As a result, urban informatics borrows from a wide range of methodologies across thesocial sciences,humanities,arts,design,architecture,planning (includinggeographic information systems), andtechnology (in particularcomputer science, pervasive computing, and ubiquitous computing), and applies those to the urban domain. Examples include:
{{cite journal}}:Cite journal requires|journal= (help)Since Foth's 2009Handbook of Research on Urban Informatics,[1] a number of books and special issues of academic journals have been published on the topic, which further demonstrate the increasing significance and notability of the field of urban informatics. Key works include:
| Year | Publication |
|---|---|
| 2011 | Shepard, M. (Ed.) (2011).Sentient City: Ubiquitous Computing, Architecture, and the Future of Urban Space. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.[2] |
| 2011 | Foth, M., Forlano, L., Satchell, C., & Gibbs, M. (Eds.) (2011).From Social Butterfly to Engaged Citizen: Urban Informatics, Social Media, Ubiquitous Computing, and Mobile Technology to Support Citizen Engagement. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.[3] |
| 2011 | Kitchin, R., & Dodge, M. (2011).Code/Space: Software and Everyday Life. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.[4] |
| 2011 | Gordon, E., & de Souza e Silva, A. (2011).Net Locality: Why Location Matters in a Networked World. Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.[5] |
| 2011 | Hearn, G., Foth, M., & Stevenson, T. (Eds.). (2011).Community Engagement for Sustainable Urban Futures. Special issue ofFutures, 43(4).[6] |
| 2012 | Foth, M., Rittenbruch, M., Robinson, R., & Viller, S. (Eds.) (2012).Street Computing. Special issue of theJournal of Urban Technology, 19(2).[7] |
| 2013 | Townsend, A. (2013).Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia. New York, NY: W. W. Norton.[8] |
| 2013 | McCullough, M. (2013).Ambient Commons: Attention in the Age of Embodied Information. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press.[9] |
| 2013 | Greenfield, A. (2013).Against the Smart City. New York, NY: Do Projects.[10] |
| 2014 | Foth, M., Rittenbruch, M., Robinson, R., & Viller, S. (Eds.) (2014).Street Computing: Urban Informatics and City Interfaces. Abingdon, UK: Routledge.[11] |
| 2014 | de Waal, M. (2014).The City as Interface: How New Media are Changing the City. Rotterdam, NL: NAi010 Publisher.[12] |
| 2014 | Unsworth, K., Forte, A., & Dilworth, R. (Eds.) (2014).Urban Informatics: The Role of Citizen Participation in Policy Making. Special issue of theJournal of Urban Technology, 21(4).[13] |
| 2015 | Houghton, K., & Choi, J. H.-j. (Eds.) (2015).Urban Acupuncture. Special issue of theJournal of Urban Technology, 22(3).[14] |
| 2015 | Kukka, H., Foth, M., & Dey, A. K. (Eds.) (2015).Transdisciplinary Approaches to Urban Computing. Special issue of theInternational Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 81.[15] |
| 2015 | Foth, M., Brynskov, M., & Ojala, T. (Eds.) (2015).Citizen's Right to the Digital City: Urban Interfaces, Activism, and Placemaking. Singapore: Springer.[16] |
| 2015 | Willis, K. S. (2015).Netspaces: Space and Place in a Networked World. London, UK: Routledge.[17] |
| 2015 | Salim, F., & Haque, U. (2015). "Urban computing in the wild: A survey on large scale participation and citizen engagement with ubiquitous computing, cyber physical Systems, and internet of Things".International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 81(Transdisciplinary Approaches to Urban Computing), 31–48.[18] |
| 2016 | Katz, V. S., & Hampton, K. N. (Eds.) (2016).Communication in City and Community: From the Chicago School to Digital Technology. Special issue of theAmerican Behavioral Scientist, 60(1).[19] |
| 2016 | Ratti, C., & Claudel, M. (2016).The City of Tomorrow: Sensors, Networks, Hackers, and the Future of Urban Life. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.[20] |
| 2017 | Thakuriah, P., Tilahun, N., & Zellner, M. (Eds.) (2017, in press).Seeing Cities Through Big Data: Research, Methods and Applications in Urban Informatics. London, UK: Springer.[21] |
| 2021 | Shi, W., Goodchild, M. F., Batty, M., Kwan, M. P., & Zhang, A. (Eds.). (2021).Urban informatics. Singapore: Springer.[22] |
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