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Screenshot .png) Screenshot ofUrban Dictionary front page (2018) | |
Type of site | Dictionary |
|---|---|
| Available in | English |
| Owner | Aaron Peckham |
| Created by | Aaron Peckham |
| URL | urbandictionary |
| Launched | December 9, 1999; 26 years ago (1999-12-09) |
| Current status | Active |
Urban Dictionary is acrowdsourced English-language onlinedictionary forslang words and phrases. The website was founded in 1999 by Aaron Peckham. Originally,Urban Dictionary was intended as adictionary of slang or cultural words and phrases, not typically found in standard English dictionaries, but it is now used to define any word, event, or phrase (including sexually explicit content). Words or phrases onUrban Dictionary may have multiple definitions, usage examples, andtags. As of 2014, the dictionary contains over seven million definitions, while around 2,000 new entries were being added daily.
The site was founded in 1999 by Peckham while he was a freshmancomputer science major atCalifornia Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo. He launched the site to compare urban slang used by university students in different parts of California. He had previously created aspoof version of theAsk Jeevesweb search engine while studying at Cal Poly but closed the website after he received aninfringement letter.[1] He createdUrban Dictionary initially as a parody of actual dictionaries, which he thought tended to be "stuffy" and "take themselves too seriously".
For the first five years, the site generated revenue but did not make a profit. In 2003, the website gained wider attention after a news article revealed that a judge of theHigh Court of Justice in the United Kingdom had usedUrban Dictionary to assist interpreting slang lyrics in a case involving tworappers.[2][3]
By 2009, the site had listed around 4 million entries and received about 2,000 new submissions per day.[4] In April 2009, the site registered 15 million unique visitors, while 80 percent of its monthly users were younger than 25. In July 2009, Peckham explained toThe New York Times thatUrban Dictionary is notWikipedia,[5] because it doesn't attempt neutrality: "Every single word on here [Urban Dictionary] is written by someone with a point of view, with a personal experience of the word in the entry."[6]
The website was later referenced in a 2011 District Court complaint byBureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF) agents to document the meaning of thevulgarism "murk", as used in a criminal threat.[7]
Over a 30-day period in March and April 2011, 67,000 people wrote 76,000 new definitions forUrban Dictionary, while 3,500 volunteer editors were registered. In an April 2011 article inThe Guardian titled "In praise of urban dictionaries", Peckham revealed an overview of 10 rules that he had devised for the site's content: "Publish celebrity names, but reject 'real life' names. Reject nonsense, inside jokes or anything submitted in capital letters. Racial and sexual slurs are allowed, racist and sexist entries are not."[8]
At the start of 2014, 32-year-old Peckham resided in San Francisco, U.S, and, while he did not reveal exact figures, he informed the media that the site was "stable and growing", and generated enough profit for both him and the site's maintenance. Peckham continued as the site's sole employee and maintained that he was not interested in venture funding or aninitial public offering (IPO): "It is weird to be in Silicon Valley and want to be independent and not be on track to IPO or want an acquisition ... But I think something special would be sacrificed if that were to happen."[1]
As of January 5, 2014, 50% of the site's traffic was mobile and theiPhone app had been downloaded nearly three million times.[9] Although English entries were by far the most common prior to the multilingual transition, some words from languages that have been incorporated or assimilated into English-speaking societies were published, including those fromSwahili,Arabic, and theFula languages.[10]
Sometime in 2024, users of the Urban Dictionary official apps for iPhone and Android began to notice that the app was no longer available on the Apple App Store and Google Play, respectively. The reasons for its removal haven't been publicly disclosed. Users who previously downloaded the app can continue using it.[11]
In the context ofUrban Dictionary, "definitions" include not only literal definitions, but also descriptions. As such, "to define" a word or phrase onUrban Dictionary does not necessarily entail providing a strict definition; merely a description of some aspect of the word or phrase could suffice for inclusion in the dictionary.
Originally,Urban Dictionary was intended as a dictionary of slang, or cultural words or phrases, not typically found in standard dictionaries, but it is now used to define any word or phrase. Words or phrases onUrban Dictionary may have multiple definitions, usage examples, andtags.
Visitors toUrban Dictionary may submit definitions without registering, but they must provide a valid email address.[citation needed]
By default, each definition is accepted or rejected based on the number of "Publish" or "Don't Publish" votes it receives from volunteer editors. The editors are not bound by any criteria for the approval or rejection of definitions. Editors previously needed a valid email address, but it is no longer required. Three options are provided for new words: "Add It!," "Keep Out!," and "I Can't Decide." However, aFacebook orGmail account is required to post a new definition.[12] Editors are not allowed to edit entries for spelling, wording or punctuation.
Urban Dictionary has been criticized for hosting and failing to remove offensive submissions, including ones containing racist and sexist content.[13] For example, the abundance of racist definitions of "aboriginal" prompted a petition calling for their removal onChange.org which received over 7,000 signatures.[14]
Urban Dictionary's guidelines list "hate speech, bullying, or any other statements meant to discriminate or incite violence against others" as a reportable offense.[15]
At the start of 2014, the dictionary had over seven million definitions, while 2,000 new entries were being added daily.[1]
In November 2014, the Advertise page of the website stated that, on a monthly basis,Urban Dictionary averages 72 million impressions and 18 million unique readers. According to Peckham in January 2014, just under 40% of the site's traffic is international, while the site's audience was predominantly male and aged between 15 and 24.[1][9]
By July 2020, the dictionary had over 12 million definitions.[16]
As of 2013,Urban Dictionary has been used in several court cases to define slang terms not found in standard dictionaries. For example, the slang term "jack" was used to define the name the defendant used for his team, "the jack boys."[17]Urban Dictionary was also used in a District Court complaint where a man posted a threat on a gun exchange Facebook page to "murk that cocksucker".[7][17] The crowd-sourced dictionary was also used in a sexual harassment court case in Tennessee to define the phrase "to nut" as "toejaculate".[17]
In Canada and the United States, some stateDepartments of Motor Vehicles refer toUrban Dictionary in determining if certain license plates are appropriate or not. For example, a man in Las Vegas was allowed to keep "HOE" as his license plate after managing to convince the state, with the use ofUrban Dictionary, that it meant "TAHOE", as inthe vehicle made byChevrolet, since that was already taken.[8]
IBM had programmedWatson to useUrban Dictionary. After having all the words and definitions incorporated into Watson, it began responding to researchers' questions with profanity, leading the programmers to remove it from its memory and adding another filter to prevent it from swearing in the future.[18]
In August 2019, theMalacañang Palace reacted to definitions of Philippine PresidentRodrigo Duterte's last name on the site; defining 'duterte' as "deceptive, sly, fake" and, "that leftover shit that you wipe off your anus after pooping." Presidential spokesperson Salvador Panelo said the definitions of Duterte are "exact opposites" of the traits of President Duterte, and that Duterte to them means "honest, incorruptible, politically-willed person, courageous, selfless, honest, transparent and all good things... and other synonymous terms." The spokesperson also admitted he had never heard of the site before, and believed that anti-Duterte groups were behind the definitions.[19]
Linguists continue to useUrban Dictionary for charting the development of slang terms, particularly those from the early 2000s before the advent of many social media platforms.[20]
