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Urashima Tarō (浦島 太郎) is the protagonist of a Japanesefairy tale (otogi banashi), who, in a typical modern version, is afisherman rewarded for rescuing asea turtle, and carried on its back to the Dragon Palace (Ryūgū-jō) beneath the sea. There, he is entertained by the princessOtohime[a] as a reward. He spends what he believes to be several days with the princess. But when he returns to his home village, he discovers he has been gone for at least 100 years. When he opens the forbidden jewelled box (tamatebako), given to him by Otohime on his departure, he turns into an old man.
The tale originates from the legend ofUrashimako (Urashima no ko orUra no Shimako[b]) recorded in various pieces of literature dating to the 8th century, such as theFudoki forTango Province,Nihon Shoki, and theMan'yōshū.
During theMuromachi toEdo periods, versions ofUrashima Tarō appeared in storybook form called theOtogizōshi, made into finely painted picture scrolls and picture books or mass-printed copies. These texts vary considerably, and in some, the story ends with Urashima Tarō transforming into a crane.
Some iconic elements in the modern version are relatively recent. The portrayal of him riding a turtle dates only to the early 18th century, and while he is carried underwater to the Dragon Palace in modern tellings, he rides a boat to the princess's world; a place calledHōrai in older versions.
The Urashima Tarō tale familiar to most Japanese follows the storyline of children's tale authorIwaya Sazanami [ja] in theMeiji period. A condensed version of Sazanami's retelling then appeared inKokutei kyōkasho [ja], Japan's nationally designated textbook for elementary school, and became widely read by schoolchildren of the populace.[c] Modern versions of Urashima Tarō, which are generally similar, are demonstrably based on the story from this nationally designated textbook series.[d][1][3]
One day, a young fisherman named Urashima Tarō is fishing when he notices a group of children torturing a small turtle. Tarō saves it and releases it back to the sea. The next day, a huge turtle approaches him and tells him that the small turtle he saved is the daughter of the Emperor of the Sea,Ryūjin, who wants to see him to thank him.
The turtle magically gives Tarō gills and brings him to the bottom of the sea, to the Palace of the Dragon God (Ryūgū-jō). There, he meets the Emperor and the small turtle, who is now a lovely princess,Otohime.[a] The palace has a view to the four seasons, one on each side. Tarō stays there with Otohime for three days, but he wants to return to his village and see his aging mother, so he requests permission to leave. The princess says that she is sorry to see him go, but she wishes him well and gives him a mysterious box calledtamatebako, which will protect him from harm, but which he must never open. Tarō grabs the box, jumps on the back of the same turtle that had brought him there, and soon is at the seashore.
When he returns to his village, everything has changed. His home is gone, his mother has vanished, and the people whom he knew are nowhere to be found. He asks whether anyone knows a man called Urashima Tarō. They answer that they had heard someone of that name had vanished at sea long ago. He discovers that 300 years have passed since the day he left for the bottom of the sea. Struck by grief, he absent-mindedly opens the box. A cloud of white smoke bursts forth. He is suddenly aged, his beard long and white, and his back bent. From the sea comes the sad, sweet voice of the princess: "I told you not to open that box. In it was your old age ...".
A summary of the Urashima tale from one of the nationalized textbooks (Kokutei kyōkasho [ja]) will be given below. The base text used will beUrashima Tarō (うらしま太郎), from the 3rd edition of theKokugo tokuhon [ja] or "national language reader", a widely familiar textbook used during the 1918–1932 period.[5][6][e][7] An English translation has been provided in Yoshiko Holmes's thesis.[8][f]
Long ago, a man named Urashima Tarō of unidentified profession[g][9] (or, in recent textbooks often a fisherman[10]) found a turtle on the beach being toyed with by a group of children. He purchased the turtle and released it in the ocean.
Two or three days later, while he was fishing on a boat as always, the grateful turtle came and told him he would carry him on his back to the underwater Dragon Palace (Ryūgū[11]). At the palace, the princess (Otohime[12]) thanked him for saving the turtle.[h]
After an unspecified number of days, remembrance of his mother and father made him homesick, and he bid farewell to Otohime. The princess tried to dissuade him from leaving, but finally let him go with a parting gift, a mysterious box calledtamatebako[14] whose lid he was told never to open.
When Tarō returned to his hometown, everything had changed. His home was gone, his mother and father had perished, and the people he knew were nowhere to be seen. After not remembering the princess's warning, he lifted the lid of the box. A cloud of white smoke arose, turning him to a white-haired old man.[9][15]
The story remained as one of the dozen tales included in the 4th edition of national language reader textbooks also known asSakura tokuhon [ja] used from 1933 to c. 1940, thus continuing to enjoy wide recognition; for this reasonUrashima could be considered one of the core stories of the so-called Japanese "national fairy tales".[16]
A number of renditions exist, where they are set to music. Among the most popular is the school song "Urashima Tarō" (浦島太郎) of 1911 which begins with the line "Mukashi, mukashi Urashima wa, tasuketa kame ni tsurerarete (Long long ago was Urashima, by the turtle he rescued taken to the sea)", printed in theJinjō shōgaku shōka [ja] (1911).[17][18] This song's author was long relegated to anonymity, but the lyricist is now considered to beOkkotsu Saburō [ja].[19][20]
Another school song "Urashima Tarō" (うらしまたろう, lyrics byIshihara Wasaburō [ja] and music byTamura Torazō [ja]) appeared in theYōnen shōka (1900).[20] Although written in stiltedclassical language, Miura considered this version the more familiar.[21]
Long before the versions in 19th century textbooks, there had been theotogi-zōshi versions from theMuromachi period.[1] Conventionally, commentators using the termotogizōshi are referring by default to the text found in theOtogi Bunko (or "Companion Library"), since it was printed and widely disseminated.[i][23][24]
In theOtogi Bunko (or "Companion Library") version, a young fisherman named Urashima Tarō catches a turtle on his fishing line and releases it. The next day, Urashima encounters a boat with a woman on it wishing to be escorted home. She does not identify herself, although she is the transformation of the turtle that was spared.[j] When Urashima rows her boat to her magnificent residence, she proposes that they marry.[25] The residence is the Dragon Palace, and on the four sides of the palace, each gardenscape is in a different season.[26] Urashima decides to return to his home after three years and is given a memento box (かたみの筥/箱,katami no hako) in parting.[k] He arrives in his hometown to find it desolate, and discovers 700 years have passed since he last left it. He cannot restrain his temptation to open the box which he was cautioned not to open,[25] whereupon three wisps of purple cloud appear and turn him into an old man.[25] It ends with Urashima Tarō transforming into a crane,[30] and his wife reverting to the form of a turtle, the two thereafter revered asmyōjin (Shinto deities).[31][32][33]
There are over 50 texts of the Urashima Tarōotogi-zōshi extant. These variants fall into four broad groups, clustered by their similarity.[34][35] TheOtogi Bunko text belongs to Group IV.[l][36]
TheOtogi Bunko version, despite its conventional status as the type text, differs considerably from the typical children's storybook published in the modern day: the protagonist neither purchases the turtle from others to save it, nor rides the turtle.[23][n]
Group I texts are more similar to the modern version, as it contains the element of Urashima purchasing the turtle to save it.[38] Additionally, this group explicitly gives the princess's name as Otomime (or "Kame-no-Otohime")[39][39][40] whereas she remains unnamed in theOtogi Bunko group. And the expressiontamatebako or "jeweled hand-box" familiar to modern readers is also seen in the main text of Group I, and not the other groups (the interpolated poem excepted).[k][41][42]
The picture scroll in the collection of theBodleian Library, Oxford University[m] also belongs to Group I.[43][o]
Hayashi Kouhei has highlighted the characteristics of the Group I texts as follows: 1) Urashima purchases a turtle caught by others, 2) Boat arrives to convey him toHorai, 3) The four seasons assuage rather than provoke his homesickness,[p] 4) The villagers in recognition of his longevity give him propercremation,[q] 5) Smoke from thetamatebako reaches Horai and Princess Otohime is grief-stricken.[46]
The tale of "Urashima Taro" inKeigo Seki's anthology (translated into English 1963), was a version told inNakatado District, Kagawa. In this variant, Urashima is localized as being from "Kitamae Oshima". It incorporates both the motif of the turtle being caught while fishing, and that of Urashima transforming into a crane at the end, which are found in theOtogizōshi.
Here, it was a three-tiered jeweled hand-box (三重ねの玉手箱,mitsugasane no tamatebako), that is to say, a stacked box that was given to Urashima. When he opened the lid, the first box (on the top) contained acrane's feather, and the second a puff of white smoke that turned him into an old man, and the third a mirror, which made him see for himself that he had suddenly grown old. The feather from the first box then attached itself to his back, and Urashima flew up to the sky, encircling his mother's grave.[47]
The story entitled "The Fisher-boy Urashima" (1886) retold byBasil Hall Chamberlain, was number 8 in the "Japanese Fairy Tale Series",[48][49] printed byHasegawa Takejirō, the issuer of many suchchirimen-bon or "crepe-paper books".[50] Although the illustrations are not credited in the publication, they have been attributed toKobayashi Eitaku.[51][52]
There is no single base text in Japanese identifiable, although it has been conjectured that Chamberlain adapted from "a popular version" and not straying far from it except adding explanatory or instructive passages for young readers.[53] Others have determined it must have been a composite consisting of older traditions from theNihon Shoki andMan'yōshū, combined with the near-modern Otogizōshi storybook plot,[54] Chamberlain preferring to incorporate details from the ancient texts, while eschewing embellishment from the Otogizōshi.[55] Chamberlain has also published aversified version of the tale.[56]
In Chamberlain's fairytale version, "Urashima" (not "Tarō") catches a tortoise (sic)[r] while fishing on his boat, and releases it. The tortoise reappears in her true form as the Sea-God's daughter, and invites him to the Dragon Palace.[s][t]
There the couple are married and live happily for 3 years, but Urashima misses seeing his parents and his brothers. The Dragon Princess reluctantly allows him to leave, giving him a box he is instructed never to open, for it will cause him never to be able to return to the palace. When he returns to his home village, his absence turns out to have been 400 years. Urashima now wishes to go back to the Dragon Palace but he does not know the means, and opens the box. He turns into a white-haired, wrinkled old man and dies.[59] The ending by death concurs with older tradition,[u][v] and not theotogi-zōshi storybook.[55]
Lafcadio Hearn, who lived in Japan and translated or adapted many ghost stories from the country, rewrote the Urashima tale under the title "The Dream of a Summer Day" in the late 19th century, working off of a copy of Chamberlain's "Japanese Fairy Tale Series" version.[60]
As always with folklore, there are many different versions of this story.
There are other versions that add a further epilogue explaining the subsequent fate of Urashima Tarō after he turns into an old man. In one, he falls to dust and dies, in another, he transforms into acrane and flies up to the sky. In another, he grows gills and leaps into the sea, whereby he regains his youth.[61]
In another version Urashima ate a magic pill that gave him the ability to breathe underwater. In another version, he is swept away by a storm before he can rescue the turtle.[citation needed]
In another version, Urashima does stay with Otohime and they conceive a child.[1]
The full name Urashima Tarō was not given to the character until the 15th century (theMuromachi period), first appearing in a genre of illustrated popular fiction known asotogizōshi,[62][25] and in thekyōgen play adaptation.[63]
The story itself can be found in much older sources, dating to the 8th century (theNara period), where the protagonist is styled either "Urashima no ko" or "Ura (no) Shimako", attested in earlier sources such as theFudoki forTango Province (Tango no Kuni Fudoki,丹後国風土記) that survived in excerpts, theMan'yōshū and theNihon Shoki.[64]
More recent editions of these texts tend to favor the "Ura (no) Shimako" reading,[65] although some consider this debatable.[w][66]
It has also been proposed that it was not until the Heian Period that the misreading "Urashima (no) ko" became current, because names with the suffix-ko ("child") came to be regarded as female, even though it once applied to either gender.[67] When the texts were written for thekyōgen theatre, the character's name underwent further change to Urashima Tarō, with-tarō ("great youth") being a common suffix in male names.[63] Or perhaps the name was borrowed fromTarō kaja [ja] who is astock character in kyōgen.[68]
TheMan'yōshū ballad mentions not only the woman of the Immortal Land, but her father as the Sea God (Watatsumi).[69][70] Although this Sea God cannot be automatically equated with the Dragon God or Dragon King, due to the influence of the Chinese mythology ofNine Offspring of the Dragon in theTang period, it has been speculated that the turtle princess must have been the Dragon King's daughter in even those early versions.[70]
The otherworld Urashima visited was not the "Dragon Palace" (Ryūgū) until theotogi-zōshi versions appeared.[71] The heroine then became Otohime, the younger daughter of the Dragon King.[72]
As for the relative dating of these texts, an argument has been advanced that places theFudoki version as the oldest.[x] The argument dates theTango fudoki to shortly after 715, but the compilers refer to an earlier record byIyobe no Umakai [ja], which was identical in content.[73][74][75] It has even been suggested byShūichi Katō that this Umakai originally adapted this tale into Japanese from a similar Chinese tale.[76]
In this version,[81] the protagonist is referred to as "Urashimako[y] of Mizunoe" (or "Urashimako ofTsutsukawa [ja] inYosa-gun".
Urashimako catches a five-coloured turtle and keeps it in his boat, and during his sleep, the creature transforms into a beautiful woman.[82] She identifies herself as someone from the household of immortals, and proposes to take him to the place of immortals,[83] which may be Horaisan (Mount Penglai) or "Tokoyo-no-kuni" ("Timeless Land" or "Land of Eternity").[z][84]
They are greeted by first seven, then eight children, who represent the constellations ofPleiades andTaurus (or more precisely theHyades cluster)[85][86] who address him as the "husband of Kame Hime (Princess Turtle)".[87][86] The remainder is mostly the same as the typical tale.[85]
After three years, the man develops a longing for his parents and homeland. The princess is saddened, but imparts him with a jeweled comb box (玉匣,tamakushige), forbidding him to open it if he wished ever to return to her.[88] He returns and finds no trace of his home or family, except that he is remembered as a man who disappeared long ago, and would be over three hundred years old if still alive. Forgetting the promise, he opens the box, whereupon a beautiful figure like a fragrant orchid is carried away to the heavens with the clouds, and he realizes he can never meet the princess again.[89][aa] Still, the couple are somehow (supernaturally) able to exchange poems.[79] These poems are recorded in phoneticman'yōgana.[66][90]
In theNihon Shoki, Urashimako of Mizunoe is mentioned in the entry for Autumn, 7th month the 22nd year of reign ofEmperor Yūryaku.Aston's translation assigns this the year 478 A.D. The entry states that Urashimako (child Urashima, child of Urashima, etc.) of Mizunoe while fishing on a boat, caught a turtle which transformed into a woman. They went into the sea, and reachedMount Hōrai (glossed inkana as Tokoyo[91]), where they saw immortals (仙衆 (ひじり)).[92][93]
As to the phrase that they go "into the sea" implies, the Mount Hōrai as conceived here may be a submarine island, a suggestion made by Japanese literature professorŌkuma Kiichirō [ja].[94]
A poem reflecting upon the legend of Urashima of Mizunoe occurs in theMan'yōshū. The piece is ascribed toTakahashi no Mushimaro.[95] Early translations include the prose rendition by Aston,[69] and the ballad-form by Chamberlain.[96]
In this version, the woman of the Immortal Land (Tokoyo) appears as the daughter of the Sea God (Watatsumi no kami).[69][97]
Basil Hall Chamberlain (1880) indicated the presence of a temple dedicated to Urashima atKanagawa-ku, Yokohama, which housed several relics such as Urashima's fishing-line, and the casket (tamatebako).[96] But whenErnest Satow went there with Chamberlain on 2 May 1880, there was nothing left to see except the statue ofKannon (Kanzeon), thebodhisattva of mercy.[99]
Neither recorded the name to the temple, but Japanese sources write that the so-called Urashima-dera (Urashima Temple) used to beKanpuku-ji (観福寺), until it burned down in 1868,[ab] and the temple, including the Kannon goddess statue got translated toKeiun-ji (慶運寺) in 1872.[100][101]
The old Urashima-dera sat on a mountain top. There is a circulating pamphlet which shows the view of the harbor from this vantage point, depicting the fleet ofBlack Ships led byCommodore Perry's fleet in 1852–1854.[102]
Local legend also claims native ties to Urashima Tarō, claiming that his father Urashima Tayū was originally from somewhere not far from Yokohama, inMiura District, Kanagawa in Sagami Province. But the father moved toTango Province. This legend adds that when Urashima Tarō returned from the Dragon Place, he was guided to seek his parents' grave in "Shirahata, Musashi Province" (in today's Yokohama).
He finally found the grave, thanks to Princess Oto-hime who lit up an illuminating light on a pine branch.[ac] Tarō built a hut to live here, housing the goddess statue from the Dragon Palace. The hut later became Kampuku-ji temple.[103][104]
Chamberlain noted the theory that the Dragon Palace might be a romanticized notion of Okinawa, since "Ryūgū" (Dragon Palace) andRyūkyū (Okinawa) are nearhomophones.[96]
Recorded inIrō setsuden (遺老説伝; "Accounts Left by Old Men") of the 18th century, Tale 103 "A person of Yonaha village visits the Dragon Palace" is considered analogous to Urashima Tarō.[105][106][107] In it, a certain man of Yonaha village inHaebaru finds a lock of black hair and returns it to a beautiful maiden. She leads him to the Dragon Palace. Three months pass and the man wishes to return, but the goddess reveals 33 generations have already passed in his absence. The man receives a folded-up piece of paper he is forbidden from unwrapping, but he opens this packet and a piece of white hair clings to him, turning him into an old man, and he dies. He was enshrined at the place which was named Usani-daki, because the man had "sat and reposed" (usani) in his despair.[106][108]
Similar tales are found onMiyako-jima and other places.[109]Yanagita Kunio felt that the notion of the Dragon Palace shared its origin with the concept of Niruya (Niraikanai [ja]) in the southerly islands of Japan.[110]
Irō setsuden also records a similar tale, number 42, aboutYoshinawa Fuyako (善縄大屋子), which describes a man who, bidden by a mysterious woman appeared before him, carried a large turtle to his home, which bit and gave him a terrible wound so that he was buried. But he turned out not to have died a mortals death, and lived on.[108][110]
Local legend has it that Urashima Tarō once dwelled in the mountains of Kiso,Nagano. This legend originated in near-modern times, from the lateMuromachi toEdo periods.[111][112]
Although a contrived piece of fiction, the old-stylejōruriUrashima Tarō (『浦嶋太郎』) situates its story in the vicinity of this local legend, namelyAgematsu-juku.[ad] Urashima Tarō appears here as a child born after a local couple prays toTogakushiMyōjin. He and Tamayori-hime fall in love. She is very much a mortal, but after she commits suicide in Ina River (tributary ofKiso River), she becomes transformed into a supernatural being serving the Dragon Palace. A scale cloak lets her transform into a turtle, in which guise, she is reunited with Urashima Tarō who is fishing in Ina River. Note the "catching of the turtle" scene is transposed from ocean to a river in the mountains.[112]
The story bears varying degrees of similarity to folktales from other cultures.Rip Van Winkle is the foremost familiar example, although strictly speaking this cannot be called a "folktale", since it is a fictional work byWashington Irving loosely based on folklore.[113] Nevertheless, Urashima has been labeled the "Japanese Rip van Winkle", even in academic folkloristic literature.[114] "Urashima"[ae] is also a Japanese metaphor similar to "Rip Van Winkle" for someone who feels lost in a world that has changed in their absence.[115]
This pair of tales may not be the closest matching among the motif group. Writing in the 19th century,Lafcadio Hearn suggested that Irving wrote another piece called "The Adelantado of the Seven Cities", based on Portuguese tradition, which bore an even stronger resemblance to Urashima.[116] Japanese art collectorWilliam Anderson also wrote that a certain Chinese tale was closer to "Rip Van Winkle" than Urashima was.[117]
That Chinese analogue is the anecdote of the woodcutter Wang Zhi,[af] who after watchingimmortals playing a board game discovers many years have passed.[117] The piece is a selection in theShuyiji [zh;ja][ag] or "Accounts of Strange Things", and is also known as the legend ofLankeshan[ah] or "Rotten Axe Handle Mountain".[119][120] Sometimes this Chinese tale is conjectured as a possible actual source for Urashima, but there is lack of consensus among folklorists regarding their interrelationship.[119]
Other cognate tales include the Irish legend ofOisín[ai] who metNiamh and spent his life with her inTír na nÓg,[121][122][123] and the Vietnameselegend of Từ Thức, who aids a goddess arrested for plucking a peony flower during a festival.[124] In both these cases, the hero is united with a goddess who dwells in a land beyond the sea. Từ Thức's story is collected inTruyền kỳ mạn lục byNguyễn Dữ.
The tale of Urashima Taro holds many similarities with tales of the international catalogueAarne–Thompson–Uther Index, grouped under type ATU 681, "The Relativity of Time". A similar story isThe Marsh King's Daughter, aliterary fairy tale byHans Christian Andersen. However, Hiroko Ikeda's Japanese index of folktales listsUrashima Taro as type 470*, "The Dragon Palace" or "Urashima Taroo".[125]
A shrine on the western coast of the Tango Peninsula in northernKyoto Prefecture, named Urashima Jinja, contains an old document describing a man, Urashimako, who left his land in 478 A.D. and visited a land where people never die. He returned in 825 A.D. with aTamatebako. Ten days later he opened the box, and a cloud of white smoke was released, turning Urashimako into an old man.[126] Later that year, after hearing the story,Emperor Junna orderedOno no Takamura to build a shrine to commemorate Urashimako's strange voyage, and to house the Tamatebako and the spirit of Urashimako.
The animated adaptationUrashima Tarō of the tale, premiered in 1918, is among some of the oldestanime created in Japan,[127] the same year that Oz authorRuth Plumly Thompson adapted it as "Urashima and the Princess of the Sea" forThe Philadelphia Public Ledger.[128]
The story influenced various works of fiction and a number of films. In 1945, Japanese writerOsamu Dazai publishedOtogizōshi ("fairytale book"), which includes a much expanded version of the story. Urashima's tale, as the other three included in theOtogizōshi, is used mostly as a platform for Dazai's own thoughts and musings.Ursula K. Le Guin's short story "A Fisherman of the Inland Sea" (or "Another Story", 1994) is a reception of the Urashima story set in theEkumen or Hainish universe.
The story was adapted in Brazil in the 1960s for use in an advertising campaign by airlineVarig to promote the first direct flights betweenRio de Janeiro andTokyo. The campaign was produced byLynxfilm and created byRuy Perotti. The theme, sung byRosa Miyake, became famous throughout the country.[129]
TheUltra Q episode title "Grow Up! Little Turtle" is largely based on Urashima Tarō's tale, along with elements of "The Boy Who Cried Wolf" and the originalGamera film. In it, Tarō is a schoolboy given to making up stories who is trying to grow a turtle to 99cm, at which point he believes it will take him to the Dragon Palace.
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