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Upstep

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Raising of the pitch of a second, same-tone syllable
Upstep
ꜛ◌
ꜞ◌
ꜟ◌
IPA number518
Encoding
Entity(decimal)ꜛ
Unicode(hex)U+A71B

Inlinguistics,upstep is aphonemic orphonetic upward shift oftone between the syllables or words of atonal language. It is best known in the tonal languages ofSub-Saharan Africa. Upstep is a much rarer phenomenon than its counterpart,downstep.

The symbol for upstep in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet is asuperscript upwardarrow [] ([]). However, it is common, especially in the early research, to find a superscript (or sometimes subscript) inverted exclamation mark [] ([¡]) or [¡], because of typographical constraints.

Hausa has upstep because of the interaction of tones when they are placed in context:[citation needed]

[túránꜛtʃínè]
It's English.

Upstep is superficially similar topitch reset, which is nearly universal in theprosody of the world's languages. The most commonprosodic contours occur in chunks with gradually declining pitch (here transcribed as a global fall, [↘]). Between such chunks, the pitch resets:

Been there. Done that.
[ꜛbɪnðɛɹ↘ꜛdɐnðæt↘]

Occurrence

[edit]

Upstep occurs in various Sub-Saharan African languages, for example:[are these phonetic or phonemic?]

Upstep also occurs in at least oneCentral American language:

See also

[edit]
  • Downstep, which is more commonly phonemic.

References

[edit]
  1. ^Puech, Gilbert (1990). Upstep in a Bantu tone language. Pholia 5.175-1186.
  2. ^Puech 1990
  3. ^Snider, Keith Tonal 'upstep' in Engenni. Journal of West African Languages 27:1.3-15.
  4. ^Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed.Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 85-89. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  5. ^Thomas, Elaine (1974). Engenni. In Ten Nigerian tone systems. Studies in Nigerian Languages, Vol. 4. (ed.) John Bendor-Samuel. Jos and Kano: Institute of Linguistics and Centre for the Study of Nigerian Languages.
  6. ^Thomas, Elaine (1978). A grammatical description of the Engenni language. Arlington TX: University of Texas at Arlington and SIL.
  7. ^Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed. Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 94-103. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  8. ^Snider, Keith L. (1990). Tonal Upstep in Krachi: Evidence for a Register Tier. In The geometry and features of tone. Dallas: SIL and University of Texas at Arlington.
  9. ^Hyman, Larry (1993). Register tones and tonal geometry. In ed. Harry van der Hulst & Keith L. Snider, The Phonology of Tone: The Representation of Tonal Register, 89-94. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
  10. ^Leroy, Jacqueline (1977). Morphologie et classes nominales in mankon. Paris: Société d'Etudes Linguistiques et Anthropologiques de France.
  11. ^Leroy, Jacqueline (1979). A la recherche de tons perdus: structure tonal du nom en ngemba. Journal of African Languages and Linguistics 1.31-54.
  12. ^Hyman, Larry & Maurice Tadadjeu (1976). Floating tones in Mbam-Nkam. In ed. Larry Hyman, Studies in Bantu Tonology. University of Southern California: Occasional Papers in Linguistics.
  13. ^Mellick, Christina (2012). Tone in the Mbelime verb system. Dallas, TX: Graduate Institute of Applied Linguistics. Masters thesis, p. 82-84
  14. ^Wilhelmsen, Vera (2013). Upstep in Mbugwe: a description of upstep in Mbugwe verbs. Paper presented at the 5th International Conference on Bantu Languages, Paris.
  15. ^Wilhelmsen 2013
  16. ^Jason Kandybowicz (2008). The Grammar of Repetition: Nupe grammar at the syntax–phonology interface. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
  17. ^Yip, Moira (2002). Tone. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp 217-219
Suprasegmentals
Timing
Tone
Stress
Length
Prosody
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