Theunknown years of Jesus (also called hissilent years,lost years, or missing years) generally refers to the period ofJesus's life between his childhood and the beginning ofhis ministry, a period not described in theNew Testament.[1][2]
The "lost years of Jesus" concept is usually encountered inesoteric literature (where it at times also refers to his possible post-crucifixion activities) but is not commonly used in scholarly literature since it is assumed that Jesus was probably working as atektōn (usually translated as carpenter, but could also mean builder) inGalilee, at least some of the time withJoseph, from the age of 12 to 29.[2][3][4]
In the 19th and 20th centuries, theories began to emerge that, between the ages of 12 and 29, Jesus had visitedIndia andNepal, or had studied with theEssenes in theJudaean Desert.[4][5] Modern mainstream Christian scholarship has generally rejected these theories and holds that nothing is known about this time period in the life of Jesus.[4][6][7][8]
The use of the "lost years" in the "swoon hypothesis" suggests that Jesus survived hiscrucifixion and continued his life instead of what was stated in theNew Testament that heascended into Heaven with two angels.[9] This, and the related view that he avoided crucifixion altogether, has given rise to several speculations about what happened to him in the supposed remaining years of his life, but these are not accepted by mainstream scholars either.[9][10][11]
12 year old Jesus talking with the learned sages of the Temple.Duccio, early 14th century.
Following the accounts of Jesus' young life, there is a gap of about 18 years in his story in the New Testament.[4][6][12]
TheFinding in the Temple is described inchapter 2 of theGospel of Luke. It is the only event of the later childhood of Jesus mentioned in a canonical gospel.[13] This describes Jesus, at the age of 12, slipping away from his parents while on a family pilgrimage to Jerusalem. They found him discoursing with the teachers at theTemple in Jerusalem, who were all amazed at the depth of his understanding of religious and philosophical matters. Luke says that after that Jesus returned with his parents to Nazareth and "advanced in wisdom and stature, and in favor with God and men", but other than that nothing is written in the gospels of Jesus' next 18 years.[4]
Christian tradition suggests that Jesus simply lived inGalilee during that period.[14] Modern scholarship holds that there is little historical information to determine what happened during those years.[4]
The ages of 12 and 29, the approximate ages at either end of the unknown years, have some significance inJudaism of theSecond Temple period: 13 is the age of thebar mitzvah, the age of secular maturity,[2] and 30 the age of readiness for the priesthood, although Jesus was not of thetribe of Levi.[15]
Christians have generally taken the statement inMark 6:3 referring to Jesus as "Is not this the carpenter...?" (Greek:οὐχ οὗτός ἐστιν ὁ τέκτων,romanized: ouch outos estin ho tektōn) as an indication that before the age of 30 Jesus had been working as a carpenter.[16] The tone of the passage leading to the question "Is not this the carpenter?" suggests familiarity with Jesus in the area, reinforcing that he had been generally seen as a carpenter in the gospel account before the start of his ministry.[16]Matthew 13:55 poses the question as "Is not this the carpenter's son?" suggesting that the professiontektōn had been a family business and Jesus was engaged in it before starting his preaching and ministry in the gospel accounts.[17][18]
The historical record of the large number of workmen employed in the rebuilding ofSepphoris has led Batey (1984) and others to suggest that when Jesus was in his teens and twenties carpenters would have found more employment at Sepphoris rather than at the small town ofNazareth.[19]
Aside from secular employment, some attempts have been made to reconstruct the theological and rabbinical circumstances of the "unknown years". For example, soon after the discovery of theDead Sea Scrolls novelistEdmund Wilson (1955) suggested that Jesus may have studied with theEssenes,[20] followed by theUnitarianCharles F. Potter (1958) and others.[21] Other writers have taken the view that the predominance ofPharisees in Judea during that period, and Jesus' own later recorded interaction with the Pharisees, makes a Pharisee background more likely, as in the recorded case of another Galilean,Josephus, who studied with all three groups: Pharisees,Sadducees and Essenes.[22]
TheNew Testament apocrypha and early Christianpseudepigrapha preserve various pious legends filling the "gaps" in Christ's youth. Charlesworth (2008) explains this as due to the canonical Gospels having left "a narrative vacuum" that many have attempted to fill.[23]
During the late 12th century, Joseph of Arimathea became connected withArthurian legend, appearing in them as the first keeper of theHoly Grail.[25] This idea first appears inRobert de Boron'sJoseph d'Arimathie [fr], in which Joseph receives the Grail from an apparition of Jesus and sends it with his followers to Britain. This theme is elaborated upon in Boron's sequels and in subsequent Arthurian works penned by others.[25]
Some Arthurian legends hold that Jesus travelled to Britain as a boy, lived atPriddy in the Mendips, and built the first wattle cabin atGlastonbury.[26]William Blake's early 19th-century poem "And did those feet in ancient time" was inspired by the story of Jesus travelling to Britain. In some versions, Joseph was supposedly a tin merchant and took Jesus under his care when his mother Mary was widowed.[27][28]Gordon Strachan wroteJesus the Master Builder: Druid Mysteries and the Dawn of Christianity (1998), which was the basis of the documentary titledAnd Did Those Feet (2009). Strachan believed Jesus may have travelled to Britain to study with theDruids.[29]
In 1887, Russian war correspondent Nicolas Notovitch claimed that while at theHemis Monastery inLadakh, he had learned of a document called the "Life of Saint Issa, Best of the Sons of Men" –Isa being the Arabic name ofJesus in Islam.[30][31][32] Notovitch's story, with a translated text of the "Life of Saint Issa", was published in French in 1894 asLa vie inconnue de Jesus Christ (Unknown Life of Jesus Christ).[5][32]
According to the scrolls, Jesus abandonedJerusalem at the age of 13 and set out towardsIndia, "intending to improve and perfect himself in the divine understanding and to studying the laws of the great Buddha". He crossedPunjab and reachedPuri Jagannath where he studied the Vedas underBrahmin priests. He spent six years in Puri andRajgir, nearNalanda, the ancient seat ofHindu learning. Then he went to theHimalayas, and spent time in Tibetan monasteries, studyingBuddhism,[30] and through Persia, returned to Jerusalem at the age of 29.
Notovitch's writings were immediately controversial andMax Müller stated that either the monks at the monastery had deceived Notovitch (or played a joke on him), or he had fabricated the evidence.[30][33][34] Müller then wrote to the monastery at Hemis and thehead lama replied that there had been no Western visitor at the monastery in the past fifteen years and there were no documents related to Notovitch's story.[35]J. Archibald Douglas then visited Hemis monastery and interviewed the head lama who stated that Notovitch had never been there.[35] IndologistLeopold von Schroeder called Notovitch's story a "big fat lie".[36]Wilhelm Schneemelcher states that Notovich's accounts were soon exposed as fabrications, and that to date no one has even had a glimpse at the manuscripts Notovitch claims to have had.[5]
Notovich responded to claims to defend himself.[37] However, once his story had been re-examined by historians – some even questioning his existence – it is claimed that Notovitch confessed to having fabricated the evidence.[36]Bart D. Ehrman states that "Today there is not a single recognized scholar on the planet who has any doubts about the matter. The entire story was invented by Notovitch, who earned a good deal of money and a substantial amount of notoriety for his hoax".[38] However, others deny that Notovich ever accepted the accusations against him – that his account was a forgery, etc. Although he was not impressed with his story, SirFrancis Younghusband recalls meeting Nicolas Notovitch nearSkardu, not long before Notovitch had visited Hemis monastery.[39]
In 1922,Swami Abhedananda, the president of theVedanta Society of New York between 1897 and 1921 and the author of several books, went to the Himalayas on foot and reached Tibet, where he studiedBuddhist philosophy andTibetan Buddhism. He went to the Hemis Monastery, and allegedly found the manuscript translated by Notovitch, which was a Tibetan translation of the original scrolls written in Pali. The lama said that it was a copy and that the original was in a monastery at Marbour near Lhasa. After Abhedananda's death in 1939, one of his disciples inquired about the documents at the Hemis monastery, but was told that they had disappeared.[40][41]
In 1908,Levi H. Dowling published theAquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ which he claimed waschanneled to him from the "Akashic records" as the true story of the life ofJesus, including "the 'lost' eighteen years silent in the New Testament." The narrative follows the young Jesus across India, Tibet, Persia, Assyria, Greece and Egypt.[42] Dowling's work was later used byHolger Kersten who combined it with elements derived from other sources such as theAhmadiyya beliefs.[10]
In 1925, Nicholas Roerich recorded his travels throughLadakh in India. This portion of his journal was published in 1933 as part ofAltai Himalaya. He recounts legends of Issa shared with him by the Ladakhi people and lamas, including that Issa (Jesus) traveled from Judea to India with merchants and taught the people. An extended section of this text parallels sections of Notovitch's book, and Roerich comments on the remarkable similarity of the accounts of the Ladakhis to these passages, despite the Ladakhis having no knowledge of Notovitch's book. He also recounts that the stories of others on his travel refer to various manuscripts and legends regarding Jesus (Issa) and that he personally visited the "abbot" of Hemis.[43]
Jesus in the workshop of Joseph the Carpenter, byGeorges de La Tour, 1640s
Rejection by modern mainstream New Testament scholarship
Modern mainstream Christian scholarship has generally rejected any travels by Jesus to India, Tibet or surrounding areas as without historical basis:
Robert Van Voorst states that modern scholarship has "almost unanimously agreed" that claims of the travels of Jesus to Tibet, Kashmir or rest of India contain "nothing of value".[7]
Marcus Borg states that the suggestions that an adult Jesus traveled to Egypt or India and came into contact with Buddhism are "without historical foundation".[8]
John Dominic Crossan states that none of the theories presented about the travels of Jesus to fill the gap between his early life and the start ofhis ministry have been supported by modern scholarship.[6]
Leslie Houlden states that although modern parallels between the teachings of Jesus and Buddha have been drawn, these comparisons emerged after missionary contacts in the 19th century and there is no historically reliable evidence of contacts between Buddhism and Jesus.[44]
Paula Fredriksen states that no serious scholarly work places Jesus outside the backdrop of 1st century Judaism.[45]
Some people in Japan have believed that Jesus visited them during the lost years and possibly survived the crucifixion to remain in Japan for the rest of his life. The legend exists in a village namedShingō, Aomori, and the supposed tombKirisuto no Haka.[46]
In 1996, the documentaryMysteries of the Bible presented an overview of the theories related to the travels of Jesus to India and interviewed a number of scholars on the subject.[47]
Edward T. Martin's bookKing of Travelers: Jesus' Lost Years in India (2008) was used as the basis forPaul Davids' filmJesus in India (2008) shown on theSundance Channel. The book and film cover Martin's search for Notovitch's claimed "Life of Issa."[48]
^abcJames H. CharlesworthThe Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 2008ISBN0687021677 "From twelve to thirty then are "Jesus' silent years," which does not denote he was silent. It means the Evangelists remain silent about what Jesus did." ... "Only Luke reports that Jesus was in the Temple when he was twelve, apparently for his bar mitzvah (2:42), and that he began his public ministry when he was "about thirty years of age" (3:23). What did Jesus do from age twelve to thirty?".
^E.g., seeLost Years of Jesus Revealed by Charles F. PotterISBN0449130398
^abcdefAll the People in the Bible by Richard R. Losch (May 1, 2008) Eerdsmans PressISBN0802824544209: "Nothing is known of the life of Jesus during the seventeen years from the time of the incident in the temple until his baptism by John the Baptist when he was about thirty. Countless theories have been proposed, among them that he studied in Alexandria in the Jewish centers there and that he lived among the Essenes in the Judean desert...there is no evidence to substantiate any of these claims and we have to accept that we simply don't know.... The most likely thing is that he continued to live in Nazareth and ply his trade there..."
^abcNew Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings byWilhelm Schneemelcher and R. Mcl. Wilson (Dec 1, 1990)ISBN066422721X page 84 "a particular book by Nicolas Notovich (Di Lucke im Leben Jesus 1894)[...] shortly after the publication of the book, the reports of travel experiences were already unmasked as lies. The fantasies about Jesus in India were also soon recognized as invention... down to today, nobody has had a glimpse of the manuscripts with the alleged narratives about Jesus"
^abVoorst, Robert E. Van (2000).Jesus Outside the New Testament : an introduction to the ancient evidence. Grand Rapids, Mich.: Eerdmans. p. 17.ISBN0-8028-4368-9.Jesus' putative travels to India and Tibet, his grave in Srinagar, Kashmir, and so forth. Scholarship has almost unanimously agreed that these references to Jesus are so late and tendentious as to contain virtually nothing of value for understanding the Historical Jesus.
^abNew Testament Apocrypha, Vol. 1: Gospels and Related Writings byWilhelm Schneemelcher and R. Mcl. Wilson (Dec 1, 1990)ISBN066422721X page 84. Schneemelcher states that Kersten's work is based on "fantasy, untruth and ignorance (above all in the linguistic area)" Schneemelcher states that ""Kersten for example attempted to work up Notovitch and Ahmadiyya legends with many other alleged witnesses into a complete picture. Thus Levi'sAquarian Gospel is pressed into service, along with the Turin shroud and the Qumran texts."
^Lloyd Kenyon JonesThe Eighteen Absent Years of Jesus Christ "as a skilled and dutiful artisan and as a loving son and neighbor, Jesus was using those qualities which were to flame forth...was the work which He was to do that He did not leave that home and that preparation until the mature age of thirty."
^:Reiner, Edwin W. (1971).The Atonement. Nashville: Southern Pub. Association.ISBN0812700511.OCLC134392. Page 140 ""And Jesus himself began to be about thirty years of age, being (as was supposed) the son of Joseph." Luke 3:23. But Christ, of course, did not belong to the Levitical priesthood. He had descended neither from Aaron nor from the tribe of Levi."
^abThe Gospel According to Mark: Meaning and Message by George Martin (Sep 2005)ISBN0829419705 Loyola Univ Press pages 128-129
^The Gospel of Matthew (Sacra Pagina Series, Vol 1) byDaniel J. Harrington, Donald P. Senior (Sep 1, 1991)ISBN0814658032 Liturgical Press page 211
^W. D. Davies,Dale Allison, Jr.Matthew 8-18 2004ISBN0567083659 T&T Clarke Page 456 "For the suggestion that Jesus worked not only in a wood-worker's shop in Nazareth but perhaps also in Sepphoris, helping to construct Herod's capital, see R. A. Batey, 'Is not this the Carpenter?', NTS 30 (1984), pp. 249-58. Batey also calls ..."
^Menahem MansoorThe Dead Sea Scrolls: A College Textbook and a Study GuideBrill Publishers; 1964, Page 156 "Edmund Wilson suggests that the unknown years in the life of Jesus (ages 12-29) might have been spent with the sect, but there is no reference to this in the texts."
^Charles F. PotterThe Lost Years of Jesus Revealed Random House 1958 "For centuries Christian students of the Bible have wondered where Jesus was and what he did during the so-called "eighteen silent years" between the ages of twelve and thirty. The amazing and dramatic scrolls of the great Essene library found in cave after cave near the Dead Sea have given us the answer at last. That during those "lost years" Jesus was a student at this Essene school is becoming increasingly apparent. .."
^Brennan HillJesus, the Christ: contemporary perspectives 1991ISBN1585953032 Page 6 "than about the people with whom Jesus lived. Josephus (d. 100 C.E.) was born just after the time of Jesus. He claims to have studied with the Pharisees, Sadducees, and Essenes as a young man"
^James H. CharlesworthThe Historical Jesus: An Essential Guide 2008ISBN0687021677 The New Testament apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha preserve many legends concocted to explain Jesus' youth. Tales have him ... The Evangelists have left "a narrative vacuum," and many have attempted to fill it. Only Luke reports that Jesus ...
^Roten, J.; Janssen, T."Childhood of Jesus". University of Dayton. Retrieved1 April 2021.
^abThe Cambridge Companion to the Arthurian Legend by Elizabeth Archibald and Ad Putter (10 Sep 2009)ISBN0521677882 page 50
^Camelot and the vision of Albion by Geoffrey Ashe 1971ISBN0434034010 Page 157 "Blake may be referring to one of the odder offshoots of the Arthur-Grail imbroglio, the belief that Jesus visited Britain as a boy, lived at Priddy in the Mendips, and built the first wattle cabin at Glastonbury. This tale seems to have arisen quite ..."
^Milton, A Poem (The Illuminated Books of William Blake, Volume 5) by William Blake, Robert N. Essick and Joseph Viscomi (Sep 4, 1998)ISBN0691001480 Princeton Univ Press Page 214 "The notion that Jesus visited Britain may have been reinforced for Blake by the name 'Lambeth' (house of the lamb - see 4:14-15 note). Compare Isaiah 52.7 ('How beautiful upon the mountains are the feet of him that bringeth good tidings, that ..."
^Jesus: A Life byA. N. Wilson 1993ISBN0393326330 page 87 "One such legend, which haunted the imagination of William Blake and, through Blake's lyric 'Jerusalem', has passed into British national legend, is the story that Jesus visited Britain as a boy. Though written sources for this folk-tale are ..."
^"Jesus 'may have visited England', says Scottish academic".(Film review) "And Did Those Feet". BBC News. 26 November 2009. Retrieved4 March 2013.St Augustine wrote to the Pope to say he'd discovered a church in Glastonbury built by followers of Jesus. But St Gildas (a 6th-Century British cleric) said it was built by Jesus himself. It's a very very ancient church which went back perhaps to AD37
^The Unknown Life Of Jesus Christ: By The Discoverer Of The Manuscript by Nicolas Notovitch (Oct 15, 2007)ISBN1434812839
^abForged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are by Bart D. Ehrman (Mar 6, 2012)ISBN0062012622 page 252 "one of the most widely disseminated modern forgeries is calledThe Unknown Life of Jesus Christ"
^Simon J. Joseph, "Jesus in India?"Journal of the American Academy of Religion Volume 80, Issue 1 pp. 161-199 "Max Müller suggested that either the Hemis monks had deceived Notovitch or that Notovitch himself was the author of these passages"
^Last Essays byFriedrich M. Mueller 1901 (republished in Jun 1973)ISBN0404114393 page 181: "it is pleasanter to believe that Buddhist monks can at times be wags, than that M. Notovitch is a rogue."
^abBradley Malkovsky, "Some Recent Developments in Hindu Understandings of Jesus" in theJournal of Hindu-Christian Studies (2010) Vol. 23, Article 5: "Müller then wrote to the chief lama st Hemis and received the reply that no Westerner had visited there in the past fifteen years nor was the monastery in possession of any documents having to do with the story Notovitch had made public in his famous book[...]J. Archibald Douglas took it upon himself to make the journey to the Hemis monistry to conduct a personal interview with the same head monk with whom Müller had corresponded. What Douglas learned there completely concurred with what Müller had learned: Notovitch had never been there."
^abIndology, Indomania, and Orientalism byDouglas T. McGetchin (January 1, 2010) Fairleigh Dickinson University PressISBN083864208X page 133 "Faced with this cross-examination, Notovich confessed to fabricating his evidence."
^D.L. Snellgrove and T. Skorupski (1977)The Cultural Heritage of Ladakh, p. 127, Prajna PressISBN0-87773-700-2
^Ehrman, Bart D. (February 2011). "8. Forgeries, Lies, Deceptions, and the Writings of the New Testament. Modern Forgeries, Lies, and Deceptions".Forged: Writing in the Name of God—Why the Bible's Authors Are Not Who We Think They Are (First Edition. EPub ed.). New York: HarperCollins e-books. pp. 282–283.ISBN978-0-06-207863-6.
^The Heart of a Continent, a Narrative of Travels in Manchuria, Across the Gobi Desert, Through the Himalayas, the Pamirs, and Hunza (1884–1894), 1904, pp. 180-181.
^Chaitanya, Brahmachari Bhairab; Swami Abhedananda's Journey into Kashmir and Tibet; Ramakrishna Vedanta Math, Calcutta, 1987 (first published in Bengali in 1929) pp. 119–121, 164–166;ISBN0874816432
^Richard, Hooper; Jesus, Buddha, Krishna, and Lao Tzu; 2012 p. 176ISBN1571746803
^The Aquarian Gospel of Jesus the Christ by Levi H. Dowling by Levi H. Dowling (original publication 1908)ISBN1602062242 pages 12 and 65
^National Geographic Channel (25 May 1996)Mysteries of the Bible, "The Lost Years of Jesus".
^W. Barnes Tatum Jesus: A Brief History 2009 Page 237 "On the site, there appears the title in English with eye-catching flourishes: Jesus in India.50 Instead of a narrative retelling of the Jesus story, Jesus in India follows the American adventurer Edward T. Martin, from Lampasas, Texas, as he ..."
^Maass, Donald (Mar 14, 2011).The Breakout Novelist: Craft and Strategies for Career Fiction Writers. F+W Media. p. 222.ISBN978-1582979908.
Tricia McCannon.Jesus: The Explosive Story of the 30 Lost Years and the Ancient Mystery Religions. Charlottesville, VA: Hampton Roads Publishing Company, Inc., 2010.ISBN978-1-57174-607-8.
Charles Potter.Lost Years of Jesus Revealed., Fawcett, 1985.ISBN0-449-13039-8
Elizabeth Clare Prophet.The Lost Years of Jesus' Life: Documentary Evidence of Jesus's 17-Year Journey to the East. Gardiner, Mont.: Summit University Press, 1987.ISBN978-0-916766-87-0.
Paramahansa Yogananda. "The Unknown Years of Jesus—Sojourn in India." Discourse 5 inThe Second Coming of Christ: The Resurrection of the Christ Within You: A Revelatory Commentary on the Original Teachings of Jesus. 2 vol. Los Angeles, CA: Self-Realization Fellowship, 2004.ISBN0-87612-555-0
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