Ole Miss isclassified as "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". It is one of 33 institutions participating in the National Sea Grant Program and also participates in the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program. Its research efforts include the National Center for Physics Acoustics, the National Center for Natural Products Research, and the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research. The university operates the country's only federally contractedFood and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved cannabis facility. It also operates interdisciplinary institutes such as theCenter for the Study of Southern Culture. Its athletic teams compete as theOle Miss Rebels in theNational Collegiate Athletic Association's (NCAA)Division ISoutheastern Conference.
TheMississippi Legislature chartered the University of Mississippi on February 24, 1844.[4] Planners selected an isolated, rural site inOxford as a "sylvan exile" that would foster academic studies and focus.[5] In 1845, residents ofLafayette County donated land west of Oxford for the campus and the following year, architectWilliam Nichols oversaw construction of an academic building called theLyceum, two dormitories, and faculty residences.[4] On November 6, 1848, the university, offering aclassical curriculum, opened to its first class of 80 students,[5][6] most of whom were children of elite slaveholders, all of whom were white, and all but one of whom were from Mississippi.[5][7] For 23 years, the university was Mississippi's only public institution of higher learning,[8] and for 110 years, its only comprehensive university.[9] In 1854, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Law was established, becoming the fourth state-supported law school in the United States.[10]
Early presidentFrederick A. P. Barnard sought to increase the stature of the university, placing him in conflict with the more conservative board of trustees.[11] His hundred-page 1858 report to the trustees on his proposals resulted in little besides the university head's title being changed to "chancellor".[12] Barnard's northern background—he was born inMassachusetts and graduated fromYale—andUnion sympathies resulted in heightened tensions: a student assaulted his slave and the state legislature investigated him.[11] Following the presidential election ofAbraham Lincoln in 1860, Mississippi became the second state to secede, with thearticles of secession drafted by the university's mathematics professorLucius Quintus Cincinnatus Lamar.[13] Students organized themselves into a military company called the "University Greys", which merged with theConfederate States Army.[14] Within a month of theCivil War's outbreak, only 5 students remained at the University of Mississippi, and, by fall 1861, the university closed. In its final action, the board of trustees awarded Barnard adoctorate of divinity.[14]
Within six months,Confederates converted the campus into a hospital. It was evacuated in November 1862 as GeneralUlysses S. Grant'sUnion forces approached. Although Kansan troops destroyed much of the medical equipment, a lone remaining professor persuaded Grant against burning the campus.[15][note 1] After three weeks, Grant and his forces left, and the campus returned to being a Confederate hospital. Throughout the war, over 700 wounded died and were buried on campus.[17]
The University of Mississippi was the first college in the Southeast to hire a female faculty member:Sarah McGehee Isom in 1885.
The University of Mississippi reopened in October 1865.[17] To avoid rejecting veterans, the university lowered admission standards and decreased costs by eliminating tuition and allowing students to live off-campus.[6] The student body remained entirely white: in 1870 the chancellor declared that he and the entire faculty would resign rather than admit "negro" students.[18] In 1882, the university began admitting women[19] but they were not permitted to live on campus or attend law school.[6] In 1885, the University of Mississippi hiredSarah McGehee Isom, becoming the firstsoutheastern US college to hire a female faculty member.[6][20] Nearly 100 years later, in 1981, the Sarah Isom Center for Women and Gender Studies was established in her honor.[6][20]
The university's byname "Ole Miss" was first used in 1897, when it won a contest of suggestions for a yearbook title.[21] The term originated as a title domestic slaves used to distinguish the mistress of a plantation from "young misses".[22] Fringe origin theories include it coming from a diminutive of "Old Mississippi",[23][24][25] or from the name of the "Ole Miss" train that ran fromMemphis toNew Orleans.[21][26] Within two years, students and alumni were using "Ole Miss" to refer to the university.[27]
Between 1900 and 1930, the Mississippi Legislature introduced bills aiming to relocate, close, or merge the university withMississippi State University. All such legislation failed.[28] During the 1930s, the governor of MississippiTheodore G. Bilbo was politically hostile toward the University of Mississippi, firing administrators and faculty, and replacing them with his friends[29] in the "Bilbo purge".[30] Bilbo's actions severely damaged the university's reputation, leading to the temporary loss of its accreditation. Consequently, in 1944, theConstitution of Mississippi was amended to protect the university's board of trustees from political pressure.[29] DuringWorld War II, the University of Mississippi was one of 131 colleges and universities that participated in the nationalV-12 Navy College Training Program, which offered students a path to a Navy commission.[31]
TheUnited States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit held both Barnett and Johnson Jr. in contempt, and issued fines exceeding $10,000 for each day they refused to enroll Meredith.[39] On September 30, 1962, President Kennedy dispatched 127U.S. Marshals, 316 deputizedU.S. Border Patrol agents, and 97 federalizedFederal Bureau of Prisons personnel to escort Meredith.[40] After nightfall, far-right former Major GeneralEdwin Walker and outside agitators arrived, and a gathering of segregationist students before the Lyceum became a violent mob.[41][42][43] Segregationist rioters threwMolotov cocktails andbottles of acid, and fired guns at federal marshals and reporters.[44][45] 160 marshals would be injured, with 28 receiving gunshot wounds,[46] and two civilians—French journalistPaul Guihard and Oxford repairman Ray Gunter—were killed by gunfire.[47][48] Eventually, 13,000 soldiers arrived in Oxford and quashed the riot.[49] One-third of the federal officers—166 men—were injured, as were 40 federal soldiers and National Guardsmen.[48] More than 30,000 personnel were deployed, alerted, and committed in Oxford—the most in American history for a single disturbance.[50] Meredith enrolled and attended a class on October 1.[51] By 1968, Ole Miss had around 100 African American students,[52] and by the 2019–2020 academic year, African Americans constituted 12.5 percent of the student body.[53]
In 1972, Ole Miss purchasedRowan Oak, the former home ofNobel Prize–winning writerWilliam Faulkner.[54][55] The building—aNational Historic Landmark—has been preserved as it was at Faulkner's death in 1962. Faulkner was the university's postmaster in the early 1920s and wroteAs I Lay Dying (1930) at the university powerhouse. His Nobel Prize medallion is displayed in the university library.[56][57] The university hosted the inaugural Faulkner andYoknapatawpha Conference in 1974. In 1980,Willie Morris became the university's first writer in residence.[6]
In 2002, Ole Miss marked the 40th anniversary of integration with a yearlong series of events, including an oral history of the university, symposiums, a memorial, and a reunion of federal marshals who served at the campus.[58][59] In 2006, the 44th anniversary of integration, astatue of Meredith was dedicated on campus.[60] Two years later, the site of the 1962 riots was designated as aNational Historic Landmark.[61] The university also held a yearlong program to mark the 50th anniversary of integration in 2012.[62] The university hosted thefirst presidential debate of 2008—the first presidential debate held in Mississippi—between SenatorsJohn McCain andBarack Obama.[63][64]
Panoramic view of the courtyard behind theLyceum (1848)
The University of Mississippi's Oxford campus is partially located in Oxford and partially inUniversity, Mississippi, acensus-designated place.[75] The main campus is situated at an altitude of around 500 feet (150 m), and has expanded from one square mile (260 ha) of land to around 1,200 acres (1.9 sq mi; 490 ha). The campus' buildings are largely designed in aGeorgian architectural style; some of the newer buildings have a more contemporary architecture.[76]
Barnard Observatory (1859) was designed to house the world's largest telescope.
At the campus' center is "The Circle", which consists of eight academic buildings organized around an ovaloid common. The buildings include the Lyceum (1848), the "Y" Building (1853), and six later buildings constructed in aNeoclassical Revival style.[61] The Lyceum was the first building on the campus and was expanded with two wings in 1903. According to the university, the Lyceum's bell is the oldest academic bell in the United States.[76] Near the Circle isThe Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of land that was set aside by chancellorRobert Burwell Fultonc. 1893, and hosts up to 100,000tailgaters during home games.[77][78]Barnard Observatory, which was constructed under Chancellor Barnard in 1859, was designed to house the world's largest telescope. Due to the Civil War's outbreak, however, the telescope was never delivered and was instead acquired byNorthwestern University.[76][79] The observatory was listed on theNational Register of Historic Places in 1978.[80][81] The first major building built after the Civil War was Ventress Hall, which was constructed in aVictorian Romanesque style in 1889.[76]
From 1929 to 1930, architectFrank P. Gates designed 18 buildings on campus, mostly inGeorgian Revival architectural style, including (Old) University High School, Barr Hall, Bondurant Hall, Farley Hall (also known as Lamar Hall), Faulkner Hall, and Wesley Knight Field House.[82][83] During the 1930s, the many building projects at the campus were largely funded by thePublic Works Administration and other federal entities.[84] Among the notable buildings built in this period is the dual-domedKennon Observatory (1939).[85]Two large modern buildings—the Ole Miss Union (1976) and Lamar Hall (1977)—caused controversy by diverging from the university's traditional architecture.[86] In 1998, the Gertrude C. Ford Foundation donated $20 million to establish the Gertrude C. Ford Center for the Performing Arts,[87] which was the first building on campus to be solely dedicated to the performing arts.[88] As of 2020, the university was constructing a 202,000-square-foot (18,800 m2)STEM facility, the largest single construction project in the campus' history.[89] The university owns and operates theUniversity of Mississippi Museum, which comprises collections of American fine art, Classical antiquities, and Southern folk art, as well as historic properties in Oxford.[90] Ole Miss also ownsUniversity-Oxford Airport, which is located north of the main campus.[76]
North Mississippi Japanese Supplementary School, aJapanese weekend school, is operated in conjunction with Ole Miss, with classes held on campus.[91][92] It opened in 2008 and was jointly established by several Japanese companies and the university. Many children have parents who are employees atToyota facilities inBlue Springs.[93]
In 1903, theUniversity of Mississippi School of Medicine was established on the Oxford campus. It offered only two years of medical courses; students had to attend an out-of-state medical school to complete their degrees.[95] This form of medical education continued until 1955, when theUniversity of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) was established on a 164-acre (66 ha) site inJackson, Mississippi, and the School of Medicine was relocated there.[96] A nursing school was established in 1956 and since then, other health-related schools have been added. As of 2021[update], UMMC offers medical and graduate degrees.[95] In addition to the medical center, the university has satellite campuses in Booneville,[97] DeSoto,[98] Grenada,[99] Rankin,[100] and Tupelo.[101]
The University of Mississippi consists of 15 schools.[114] The largest undergraduate school is the College of Liberal Arts.[102] Graduate schools include a law school, a school of business administration, an engineering school, and a medical school.[115]
The University of Mississippi's chief administrative officer is thechancellor,[116] a positionGlenn Boyce has held since 2019.[117] The chancellor is supported by vice-chancellors who administer areas such as research and intercollegiate athletics. The provost oversees the university's academic affairs,[118] and a dean oversees each school, as well as general studies and the honors college.[119] A faculty senate advises the administration.[120]
The board of trustees of the Mississippi State Institutions of Higher Learning is the constitutional governing body that is responsible for policy and financial oversight of the University of Mississippi and the state's other seven public secondary institutions. the board consists of 12 members, who serve staggered nine-year terms and represent the state's three Supreme Court Districts. The board appoints the commissioner of higher education, who administers its policies.[121]
As of April 2021[update], the University of Mississippi's endowment was $775 million.[122] The university's budget for fiscal year 2019 was over $540 million.[123] Less than 13% of operating revenues are funded by the state of Mississippi,[122] and the university relies heavily on private donations. TheFord Foundation has donated nearly $65 million to the Oxford campus and UMMC.[124]
The University of Mississippi is the state's largest university by enrollment and is considered the state's flagship university.[125][126][127][128] In 2015, the student-faculty ratio was 19:1. Of its classes, 47.4 percent have fewer than 20 students. The most popular subjects include marketing, education and teaching, accountancy, finance, pharmaceutical sciences, and administration.[129] To receive a bachelor's degree, students must have at least 120 semester hours with passing grades and a cumulative 2.0 GPA.[130]
The university also offers graduate degrees such as PhDs and masters of art, science, and fine arts.[131] The university maintains theMississippi Teacher Corps, a free graduate program that educates teachers for critical-needs public schools.[132]
Taylor Medals, which were first awarded in 1905, are presented to exceptional students nominated by the faculty. The medals are named in honor ofMarcus Elvis Taylor, who graduated in 1871 and are given to less than one percent of each class.[25]
In 1963, University of Mississippi Medical Center surgeons, led byJames Hardy, performed the world's first human lung transplant, and in 1964 the world's first animal-to-human heart transplant. Because Hardy researched transplantation, consisting of primate studies during the previous nine years, the heart of achimpanzee was used for the transplant.[138][139]
In 1965, the university established its Medicinal Plant Garden, which the School of Pharmacy uses for drug research.[140] Since 1968, the school has operated the only legalmarijuana farm and production facility in the United States. TheNational Institute on Drug Abuse contracts to the university production of cannabis for use in approved research studies and for distribution to the seven survivingmedical marijuana patients grandfathered into theCompassionate Investigational New Drug program.[141] The facility is the only source of marijuana medical researchers can use to conductFood and Drug Administration-approved tests.[142][143]
The National Center for Physics Acoustics (NCPA), which Congress established in 1986, is located on campus.[76][115][144] In addition to conducting research, the NCPA houses theAcoustical Society of America's archives.[144] The university also operates the University of Mississippi Field Station, which includes 223 research ponds and supports long-term ecological research,[145] and hosts the Mississippi Center for Supercomputing Research and the Mississippi Law Research Institute.[115][146][147][148] In 2012, the university completedInsight Park, a research park that "welcomes companies commercializing University of Mississippi research".[149][150]
Panoramic view of the Trent Lott Leadership Institute
Honors education at the University of Mississippi, consisting of lectures by distinguished academics, began in 1953. In 1974, this program became the University Scholars Program, and in 1983, the University Honors Program was created and honors-core courses were offered.[151] In 1997,Netscape CEOJim Barksdale and wife Sally donated $5.4 million to establish theSally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College (SMBHC),[152] which provides a capstone project—a senior thesis—and endowed scholarships.[151]
TheCenter for Intelligence and Security Studies (CISS) delivers academic programming on intelligence analysis and engages in applied research and consortium building with government, private, and academic partners.[156] In 2012, theUnited States Director of National Intelligence designated CISS as an Intelligence Community Center of Academic Excellence (CAE), becoming one of 29 such college programs in the United States.[157] Other special programs include the Haley Barbour Center for Manufacturing Excellence—established jointly by the university andToyota in 2008— as well as the Arabic Language Flagship Program and the Chinese Language Flagship Program (simplified Chinese:中文旗舰项目;traditional Chinese:中文旗艦項目;pinyin:Zhōngwén Qíjiàn Xiàngmù).[158][159][160] TheCroft Institute for International Studies, which was founded in 1998, provides the only international studies undergraduate program in Mississippi.[161]
The University of Mississippi is a member of the SEC Academic Consortium, which has since been renamedSECU. The collaborative initiative was designed to promote research, scholarship, and achievement among the member universities in theSoutheastern Conference.[162][163] In 2013, the university participated in the SEC Symposium on renewable energy inAtlanta, Georgia, which was organized and led by theUniversity of Georgia and theUGA Bioenergy Systems Research Institute.[164]
In 2021, actorMorgan Freeman and Professor Linda Keena donated $1 million to the University of Mississippi to create the Center for Evidence-Based Policing and Reform, which will provide law-enforcement training and seek to improve engagement between law enforcement and communities.[165][166]
InU.S. News & World Report's 2023 rankings, the University of Mississippi was tied for 163rd place among national universities and 88th among public universities.[172] In 2023,Bloomberg Businessweek ranked the professional MBA program at the School of Business Administration #72 nationally,[173] and the online MBA program in the top 25.[174] As of 2018[update], all three degree programs at the Patterson School of Accountancy were among the top 10 accounting programs according to thePublic Accounting Report.[175]
Since 2012, theChronicle of Higher Education has named the University of Mississippi as one of the "Great Colleges to Work For". In the 2018 results, released in theChronicle's annual report on "The Academic Workplace", the university was among 84 institutions honored from the 253 colleges and universities surveyed.[176] In 2018, the university's campus was ranked the second-safest in the SEC and one of the safest in the U.S.[177]
As of the 2023–2024 academic year, the student body consists of 18,533 undergraduates and 2,264 in graduate programs.[180] Around 57 percent of the undergraduate student body were female.[181][182] As of Fall 2023, minorities composed 23.5 percent of the body.[180] The median family income of students is $116,600, and over half of students come from the top 20 percent. According toThe New York Times, the University of Mississippi has the seventh-highest share of students from the economic top-one percent among selective public schools.[183] The median starting salary of a graduate is $47,700, according toUS News.[184]
Although 54 percent of undergraduates are from Mississippi,[53] the student body is geographically diverse. As of late 2020, the university's undergraduates representedall 82 counties in Mississippi, 49 states, theDistrict of Columbia, and 86 countries.[185] The average freshman retention rate, an indicator of student success and satisfaction, is 85.7 percent.[185] In 2020, the student body included over 1,100 transfer students.[182]
A common greeting on campus is "Hotty Toddy!", which is also used in the school chant. The phrase has no explicit meaning and its origin is unknown.[186] The chant was first published in 1926, but "Hotty Toddy" was spelled "Heighty Tighty"; this early spelling has led some to suggest it originated withVirginia Tech's regimental band, The Heighty Tighties.[186][187] Other proposed origins are "hoity-toity", meaning snobbish,[188][187] and the alcoholic drinkhot toddy.[188]
On football game days, the Grove, a 10-acre (4.0 ha) plot of trees, hosts an elaboratetailgating tradition;[78][189] according toThe New York Times, "Perhaps there isn't a word for the ritualized pregame revelry ... 'Tailgating' certainly does not do it justice". The tradition began in 1991 when cars were banned from the Grove.[78] Prior to each game, over 2,000 red-and-blue trash cans are placed throughout the Grove. This event is known as "Trash Can Friday". Each barrel marks a tailgating spot.[190] The spots are claimed by tailgaters, who erect a "tent city" of 2,500 shelters.[78][189] Many of the tents are extravagant, feature chandeliers and fine china, and typically host meals ofSouthern cuisine.[189] To accommodate the crowds, the university maintains elaborate portable bathrooms on18-wheeler platforms known as "Hotty Toddy Potties".[78]
The University of Mississippi's first sanctioned student organizations, literary societies the Hermaean Society and the Phi Sigma Society, were established in 1849. Weekly meetings, of which attendance was mandatory, were held in the Lyceum until 1853 and then in the chapel.[191] With the university's emphasis on rhetoric, student-organized public orations on the first Monday of every month were popular. Studies were sometimes canceled so students could attend speeches of visiting politicians such asJefferson Davis andWilliam L. Sharkey.[192]
In the 1890s, extracurricular and nonintellectual activities proliferated on campus, and interest in oratory and the now-voluntary literary societies diminished.[193] Turn-of-the-20th-century student organizations included Cotillion Club, the elite Stag Club, and German Club.[194] In the 1890s, the localYMCA began publishing a list of the organizations in theM-Book.[194] As of 2021, the handbook was still provided to students.[194][195]
TheAssociated Student Body (ASB), which was established in 1917,[196] is the university's student government organization. Students are elected to the ASB Senate in the spring semester and leftover seats are voted on in open-seat elections in the fall. Senators can represent registered student organizations such as the Greek councils and sports clubs, or they can run to represent their academic school.[197] The University of Mississippi's marching bandThe Pride of the South performs in-concert and at athletic events. The band was formally organized in 1928,[198] but it existed before that date as a smaller organization led by a student director.[199] APhi Beta Kappa chapter was established in 2001.[179]
Starship Technologies robots on campus. A traditional dorm can be seen in the foreground: larger modern dorms can be seen in the background.
Approximately 5,300 students live on campus in thirteen residence halls, two residential colleges, and two apartment complexes.[200] Students are required to live on-campus during their first year.[115] Within residence halls, students designated ascommunity assistants provide information and resolve issues.[201] In the early 20th century, the university provided cottages for married students.[194] In 1947, Vet Village was constructed to room the surge inWorld War II veteran applicants.[202]
The University of Mississippi provides Oxford University Transit, a shuttle system that is free of charge for students, faculty, and staff.[203] In early 2020,Starship Technologies introduced an automated food delivery consisting of a fleet of 30 robots on campus; it was the first such system of any SEC school.[204][205]
On-campus dining services Catering at UM and the Rebel Market are the onlyCertified Green restaurants in the state of Mississippi.[206] In 2019, the university opened a 98,000-square-foot (9,100 m2) recreation center containing a gym, indoor climbing wall, basketball courts, and other services.[207]
St. Anthony Hall Phi Chapter House, University of Mississippi, 1906
Greek life at the University of Mississippi comprises 33 organizations and around 8,700 affiliated students.[208] Greek societies at the University of Mississippi are housed along Fraternity Row and Sorority Row, which were constructed in the 1930s with federal funds.[209]
TheRainbow Fraternity, which was founded at the University of Mississippi in 1848, was the first fraternity to be founded in the South.[210][211][note 2] Other early fraternities established at the university includeDelta Kappa Epsilon (1850), Delta Kappa (1853),Delta Psi (1854), and Epsilon Alpha (1855).[191] By 1900, a majority of University of Mississippi students were members of a fraternity or a sorority. Non-member students felt excluded on campus and tensions between members and non-members escalated.The University Magazine denounced the Greek societies as "the most vicious institution that has grown up in any college".[212] In 1902,Lee Russell, a poor student who was rejected by the fraternities, appeared before the board of trustees to criticize the Greek societies.[213][note 3] In response, the board threatened to abolish Greek life if non-member students continued to be ostracized. In 1903, rumors Greek-life members and non-member students were preparing to "meet in combat" appeared.[214] Multiple state-legislative investigations were held to address the issue.[215] All Greek life at the university was suspended from 1912 to 1926 due to statewide anti-fraternity legislation.[216][217]
As part of a larger crackdown on embarrassing fraternity incidents, ChancellorGerald Turner ended the traditional Shrimp and Beer Festival in 1984.[218] In 1988,Phi Beta Sigma, a black fraternity, was preparing to move into a house on the all-white Fraternity Row when arsonists burned their house. An alumnus helped purchase another house and Fraternity Row was integrated two months later.[219] In a 1989 incident, fraternity members dropped naked students painted with racist slurs at the historically blackRust College.[220] In 2014, three fraternity members placed a noose and a Confederate symbol on the Meredith statue,[221][222] and in 2019, fraternity members posed with guns in front of anEmmett Till historical marker.[223]
The first student publication at the University of Mississippi wasThe University Magazine, which was founded in 1856 and published by the literary societies.[224] The rivalry between the University of Mississippi and Mississippi State originated from an 1895 condemnation byThe University Magazine of a Mississippi State publication which had written that the University of Mississippi "lacked dignity".[225] The first student newspaperThe University Record began publication in 1898; it and theMagazine suffered financially and were suspended in 1902.[25]
In 1907, the YMCA and student athletic organization revived the university's newspaper as theVarsity Voice.[25] In 1911, this newspaper was superseded by another student-published newspaper,The Daily Mississippian.[25][226] The paper is editorially independent and is the only daily college newspaper in the state. The paper is also published online asTheDMonline.com, with supplementary content.[226]
NewsWatch, which was established in 1980, is a student-produced, live newscast and the only local newscast in Lafayette County.[227] The University of Mississippi owns and operatesWUMS 92.1 Rebel Radio, which began broadcasting in 1989; it is one of a few university-operated commercial FM radio stations in the United States.[228]
As of the 2020–2021 academic year, there were—excluding those of UMMC—1,092 professors, of whom 424 were tenured. At this time, there were 592 male and 500 female professors.[251]
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![Bryant Hall (1911)[76]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aOxford_-_Bryant_Hall.jpg)
![The Sandy and John Black Pavilion (2016)[94]](/mt/?noimg=&dark=on&url=https%3a%2f%2fen.wikipedia.org%2fwiki%2fFile%3aPicture_of_Ole_Miss_Basketball_Court.jpg)
