| Universi Dominici Gregis Latin for 'The Lord's whole flock' Apostolic constitution ofPopeJohn Paul II | |
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| Signature date | 22 February 1996 |
| Subject | Papal election |
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← Nebbensis Reipublicae Cechae seu Pragen. Pro fidelibus Byzantini ritus → | |
Universi Dominici gregis is anapostolic constitution of theCatholic Church issued byPope John Paul II on 22 February 1996.[1] It supersededPope Paul VI's 1975 apostolic constitution,Romano Pontifici eligendo, and all previous apostolic constitutions and orders on the subject of theelection of the pope.[1]
Universi Dominici gregis ("the Lord's whole flock", from the opening statement "The Shepherd of the Lord's whole flock is the Bishop of the Church of Rome"), subtitledOn the Vacancy of theApostolic See and the Election of theRoman Pontiff, deals with the vacancy of theSee of Rome, i.e., thepapacy. The constitution modified, or in some cases confirmed, the rules for theconclave. It also clarified, during asede vacante, which matters could be handled by theCollege of Cardinals and which matters were reserved for the future pope.
The constitution was later amended byPope Benedict XVI with themotu propriosDe aliquibus mutationibus in normis de electione Romani pontificis in 2007 and byNormas nonnullas in 2013.[2][3]
Universi Dominici gregis consists of an introduction followed by a body of 92 numbered sections, normally just one paragraph but occasionally more than one, and a concluding "Promulgation", which activates the document. The body is divided into two parts, but the 92 sections are numbered continuously.
During asede vacante, the College has no power in things which pertain to the pope during his lifetime or of his office. Any such act that the College exercises beyond the limits expressly permitted by this document is null and void.
Chapter II deals with arrangements involving the public viewing and burial of the deceased pope and matters after his death and it provides for the organization of the College into a General Congregation and a Particular Congregation.
Strict secrecy is to be ensured throughout the process. Anyone violating the security of theVatican, introducing recording equipment, or communicating with a cardinal elector in any way, risksexcommunication. Other penalties are at the discretion of the incoming Pope. Participants are required to take oaths of secrecy.
Previously, in addition to secret ballot two other methods were allowed for the conduct of the election. A committee of nine to fifteen unanimously chosen cardinals might have been delegated, to make the choice for all (election bycompromise,per compromissum). Alternatively, formalballots could be discarded: inelection byacclamation (per acclamationem seu inspirationem), the electors simultaneously shouted out the name of their preferred candidate.
Both of these methods were abolished in 1996: the rationale given was that either compromise or acclamation would not require each cardinal to express his preference. Also, these two methods tended to producecontroversy, and in any case neither had been used for centuries: the last compromise election was ofPope John XXII in 1316, and the last affirmation (acclamation) election was ofInnocent XI in 1676.
As a result, election by secret ballot is now the sole method of electing a Pope, noting this was thede facto situation since 1689.
Universi Dominici gregis provided that Cardinals would be housed inDomus Sanctae Marthae, a building withdormitory type accommodation built within the Vatican City. Previously Cardinals were housed in improvised accommodations which were often noted for not being particularly comfortable.
The onlypapal election held under these rules without amendment was that of2005 that chose John Paul's successorBenedict XVI.
On 11 June 2007,Pope Benedict XVI reinstated the requirement that a papal election require a two-thirds majority regardless of the number of ballots taken.[5]
After Pope Benedict XVI announced his resignation, on 25 February 2013, he issued another decree,Normas nonnullas, which allowed the College of Cardinals to bring forward the start of a conclave once all cardinals electors are present or delay the start a few days if serious reasons justify the change in scheduling. He also amended the rules to declare automatic excommunication of any non-cardinal who broke the oath of secrecy of the College of Cardinals during the proceedings. Previously any such person was subject to punishment at the discretion of the new pope.[6] The new rules were first applied in the2013 conclave that electedPope Francis.
Born Karol Józef Wojtyła; 18 May 1920 – 2 April 2005
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