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Uniting for Consensus (UfC) is an internationalmovement established in 2005 as an evolution of theCoffee Club,[1] that developed in the 1990s as acoalition of countries in opposition to the possible expansion of permanent seats in theUnited Nations Security Council. Under the leadership ofItaly,[2][3] it aims to counter the bids for permanent seats proposed byG4 nations (Brazil, Germany, India, and Japan) and is calling for a consensus before any decision is reached on the form and size of the United Nations Security Council.
Italy, through the ambassadorFrancesco Paolo Fulci, along with Pakistan, Mexico and Egypt, founded the "Coffee Club" in 1995.[4] The four countries were united by a rejection of the proposal to increase the number ofpermanent members of the Security Council, instead desiring to encourage the expansion of non-permanent seats. The founders of the group were soon joined by other countries, including Spain, Argentina, Turkey, and Canada, and in a short time the group came to include about 50 countries in Asia, Africa, and Latin America.[4] The thesis of the Uniting for Consensus group is that the increase of permanent seats would further accentuate the disparity between the member countries and result in the extension of a series of privileges with acascade effect. The new permanent members would in fact benefit from the method of electing, which is particularly advantageous in a number of specific organs of theUnited Nations System.[5]
During the 59th session of theUnited Nations General Assembly in 2005, the UfC group — led by the representatives of Canada, Italy, and Pakistan — made a proposal[6] that centred on an enlargement of the number of non-permanent members from ten to twenty. The non-permanent members would be elected by the General Assembly for a two-year term and would be eligible for immediate re-election, subject to the decision of their respective geographical groups.[7] The other members and co-sponsors of the text, entitled "Reform of the Security Council", were listed as Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Malta, Mexico, San Marino, Spain and Turkey.[8] Although the proposal was not accepted, the initiative found broad consensus among member states, including permanent member China.[9]
On 20 April 2009, Italy, acting as representatives of the UfC group, provided a new model of reform,[10] which was presented as a concrete attempt to reach a deal. The document proposed creating a new category of seats, still non-permanent, but elected for an extended duration (3 to 5 years terms) without the possibility of immediate re-election. This new kind of seat would not be allocated to single national countries but rather to regional groups on a rotational basis. As far as traditional categories of seats are concerned, the UfC proposal does not imply any change, but only the introduction of small and medium size states among groups eligible for regular seats. This proposal includes even the question ofveto, giving a range of options that goes from abolition to limitation of the application of the veto only toChapter VII matters.
During that round, Italy firmly rejected the G4 proposal as well as theAfrican Union one and even denounced the unfair behaviour of G4 countries. According to Italy, the G4 is attempting to exclude the UfC proposal from the floor, "on the basis of a presumed level of support".[11] Moreover, Italy believes that it has shown flexibility by putting forward a new proposal in April 2009, while the G4 remained tied to its 2005 document.[12] Italy's active role in current discussions started in February 2009 before the beginning of intergovernmental negotiations, when Minister of Foreign AffairsFranco Frattini hosted more than 75 countries to develop a shared path towards a reform of the Security Council.[13] In May 2011, the members states which have participated in the group meeting held inRome rose to 120.[14][15]
Lastly, on 27 February 2024, a new version of UfC model was conveyed to IGN co-chairs and posted on the IGN website which acts as a repository of the process.[16] This proposal was subsequently presented by the Permanent Representative of Italy at the meeting of 7 March 2024 (as part of the 78th session of the UN General Assembly). This model envisions an expansion of elective seats of the Security Council up to a maximum of 27members, (Africa 6, Asia-Pacific 6, GRULAC 4,WEOG 3, EEG 2; SIDS and Small States 1). Some of them could have a longer term of 3–5 years, with the possibility of immediate re-election. While the abolition of Veto power is advocated, UfC suggests addressing negotiations on limiting its use under circumstances such as mass atrocities and war crimes. Furthermore, UfC proposes to review the working methods of the Security Council and to improve the relationship between the SecurityCouncil and the General Assembly.[17]
As of 27 March 2023, core members of the Uniting for Consensus group were:[18]
| Country | UN budget | International Trade (Millions of USD) 2023 | GDP (nominal) (Millions of USD) 2023 | GDP (PPP) (Millions of USD) 2023 | Defense budget (Millions of USD) | Active military | Population | G8 | G20 | OECD | DAC | MIKTA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Italy | 4.999% | 1,150,100 | 2,198,730 | 1,846,950 | 34,500 | 293,202 | 60,849,247 |  Y | Y | Y | Y |  N |
 Canada | 3.207% | 1,045,200 | 1,736,869 | 1,396,131 | 34,000 | 68,250 | 38,953,100 | Y | Y | Y | Y | N |
 Spain | 3.177% | 1,025,200 | 1,493,513 | 1,413,468 | 33,984 | 128,013 | 46,163,116 | N | N | Y | Y | N |
 Mexico | 2.356% | 1,031,200 | 1,154,784 | 1,661,640 | 31,859 | 267,506 | 112,336,538 | N | Y | Y | N | Y |
 South Korea | 3.160% | 1,001,000 | 1,116,247 | 1,554,149 | 30,800 | 600,000 | 50,004,441 | N | Y | Y | Y | Y |
 Turkey | 0.617% | 1,000,800 | 778,089 | 1,573,565 | 32,687 | 866,576 | 84,724,269 | N | Y | Y | N | Y |
 Argentina | 0.287% | 136,300 | 447,644 | 716,419 | 3,179 | 73,100 | 46,117,096 | N | Y | N | N | N |
 Colombia | 0.144% | 92,760 | 327,626 | 471,890 | 10,290 | 285,220 | 46,748,000 | N | N | N | N | N |
 Pakistan | 0.082% | 58,000 | 210,566 | 488,580 | 5,160 | 617,000 | 180,991,000 | N | N | N | N | N |
 Costa Rica | 0.034% | 24,460 | 40,947 | 55,020 | 6,125 | 155,020 | 4,301,712 | N | N | N | N | N |
 Malta | 0.017% | 9,200 | 8,896 | 10,757 | 58 | 1,954 | 417,617 | N | N | N | N | N |
 San Marino | 0.003% | 6,201 | 2,048 | 1,136 | 10 | 900 | 32,404 | N | N | N | N | N |
