It was facilitated by the nationwideBlack Lives Matter movement. Following the murder of Floyd,unrest broke out in theMinneapolis–Saint Paul area on May 26, and quickly spread across the country andthe world. Polls conducted in June 2020 estimated that between 15 million and 26 million people participated in the demonstrations in the United States, making them the largest protests in American history.[11][12][13] It was also estimated that between May 26 and August 22, around 93 percent of protests were "peaceful and nondestructive".[14][15] According to several studies and analyses, the majority of protests were peaceful.[16][17][18][19]
The unrest precipitated a national American cultural reckoning on topics ofracial injustice. Public opinion of racism and discrimination quickly shifted in the wake of the protests, with significantly increased support of the Black Lives Matter movement and acknowledgement ofinstitutional racism.[20][21][22] The effects of American activism extended internationally, and multiple columnists began to refer to it as an international reckoning on racial issues in early June 2020.[20][21][22][23]
Within Minneapolis,widespread property destruction and looting occurred, including a police station being overrun by demonstrators and set on fire, causing theMinnesota National Guard to be activated and deployed on May 28. After a week of unrest, over $500million in property damage was reported in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul area, with two deaths linked to the riots.[24][25][26][27]Further unrest quickly spread throughout the United States, sometimes including rioting,looting, andarson. By early June, at least 200 American cities had imposedcurfews, while more than 30 states andWashington, D.C., had activated over 62,000National Guard personnel in response to unrest.[28][29][30] By the end of June, at least 14,000 people had been arrested at protests.[31][32][33] By June 2020, more than 19 people had died in relation to the unrest. According to a September 2020 estimate, arson, vandalism and looting caused about $1–2billion in insured damage between May 26 and June 8, making this initial phase of theGeorge Floyd protests the civil disorder event with the highest recorded damage in American history.[7][34]
Cases of fatal use of force by law enforcement officers[42] in the United States, particularly against African Americans, have long led thecivil rights movement and other activists to protest against the lack ofpolice accountability in incidents involving excessive force. Many protests during the civil rights movement were a response to police brutality, including the 1965Watts riots which resulted in the deaths of 34 people, mostly African Americans.[43] The largest post-civil rights movement protest in the 20th-century was the1992 Los Angeles riots, which were in response to theacquittal of police officers in using excessive force againstRodney King, an African-American man.[44]
According to a database of every fatal shooting by an on-duty police officer in the United States compiled byThe Washington Post, 18 unarmed black people were shot by police in 2020, as of May 2023. As of that date, the database lists four people of unknown race, 26 white people, 10 Hispanic people, one Asian person, and one Native American person who were shot while unarmed.[49] Black people, who account for less than 13 percent of the American population, are killed by police at a disproportionate rate, being killed at more than twice the rate of white people.[49]
According to a data set and analysis which was released by theArmed Conflict Location and Event Data Project (ACLED) at the beginning of September, there were more than 10,600 demonstration events across the country between May 24 and August 22 which were associated with all causes:Black Lives Matter, counter-protests,COVID-19-pandemic-related protests, and others.[15] After Floyd's murder, Black Lives Matter related protests sharply peaked in number at the end of May, declining to dozens per week by September. The ACLED characterized Black Lives Matter as "an overwhelmingly peaceful movement", finding that more than 93 percent of protests involved no incidents of violence nor destructive activity.[14][15] Several other studies and analyses also found that the large majority of protests have been peaceful.[16][17][18][19] In protests that were violent, violence was variously instigated by protesters, counter-protesters, or police, and police sometimes escalated violence.[16][17][51] A September 2020 article inAxios reported that the vandalism and looting that did occur would result in at least $1billion to $2billion of paid insurance claims. The 2020 unrest cost the insurance industry far more than any prior incidents of social unrest.[52]
At some protests, counter-protesters and right-wing infiltrators[53][54][55] instigated or escalated violence.[16][17][51] According to aMovement for Black Lives report, the US federal government targeted Black Lives Matter protesters during the summer of 2020 through increased police presence, the deployment of federal agents, the prosecution of protesters, and surveillance.[56][57] According toAmnesty International's October 2020 reportLosing the Peace: U.S. Police Failures to Protect Protesters from Violence, law enforcement agencies across the United States failed to protect protesters from violent armed groups. The incidents documented by Amnesty International show over a dozen protests and counter-protests erupted in violence with police either mostly, or entirely, absent from the scene.[58]Amnesty International USA, jointly with theCenter for Civilians in Conflict,Human Rights Watch,Physicians for Human Rights, andHuman Rights First, sent a letter to governors of US states condemning abuses by law enforcement agencies and calling on governors to ensure theconstitutional right to assemble peacefully.[59][60]
Breonna Taylor, a 26-year-oldemergency medical technician, was fatally shot byLouisville Metro Police Department (LMPD) officers Jonathan Mattingly, Brett Hankison, and Myles Cosgrove on March 13, 2020. Three plainclothes LMPD officers entered her apartment inLouisville,Kentucky, executing a search warrant. Gunfire was exchanged between Taylor's boyfriend, Kenneth Walker, and the officers. Walker said that he believed that the officers were intruders. The LMPD officers fired over twenty shots. Taylor was shot eight times[61] and LMPD Sergeant Jonathan Mattingly was injured by gunfire.[62] Another police officer and an LMPD lieutenant were on the scene when the warrant was executed.[63]
The primary targets of the LMPD investigation were Jamarcus Glover and Adrian Walker, who were suspected of sellingcontrolled substances from adrug house more than 10 miles (16 km) away.[64][65] According to a Taylor family attorney, Glover had dated Taylor two years before and continued to have a "passive friendship".[65] The search warrant included Taylor's residence because it was suspected that Glover received packages containing drugs at Taylor's apartment and because a car registered to Taylor had been seen parked on several occasions in front of Glover's house.[65][66][67]
Kenneth Walker, who was licensed to carry a firearm, fired first, injuring a law enforcement officer, whereupon police returned fire into the apartment with more than 20 rounds. Awrongful death lawsuit filed against the police by the Taylor family's attorney alleges that the officers, who entered Taylor's home "without knocking and without announcing themselves as police officers", opened fire "with a total disregard for the value of human life." According to the police account, the officers did knock and announce themselves before forcing entry.[68][69]
With officials, media and general public distracted by theCOVID-19 pandemic, the police killing of Taylor initially largely escaped widespread scrutiny.[70] However, Taylor's death became one of the most discussed and protested events of the broader movement.
On May 25, 2020, at 8:08p.m.CDT,[71]Minneapolis Police Department (MPD) officers responded to a9-1-1 call alleging a "forgery in progress" on Chicago Avenue South inPowderhorn, Minneapolis. MPD Officers Thomas K. Lane and J. Alexander Kueng arrived with their body cameras turned on. A store employee told officers that the man was in a nearby car. Officers approached the car and orderedGeorge Floyd, a 46-year-old African-American man, who according to police "appeared to be under the influence", to exit the vehicle, at which point he "physically resisted". According to the MPD, officers "were able to get the suspect into handcuffs, and noted he appeared to be suffering medical distress. Officers called for an ambulance." Once Floyd was handcuffed, he and Officer Lane walked to the sidewalk. Floyd sat on the ground in Officer Lane's direction. In a short conversation, the officer asked Floyd for his name and identification, explaining that he was being arrested for passing counterfeit currency, and asked if he was "on anything". According to the report, officers Kueng and Lane attempted to help Floyd to their squad car, but at 8:14 p.m., Floyd stiffened up and fell to the ground. Soon, MPD OfficersDerek Chauvin and Tou Thao arrived in a separate squad car. The officers made several more failed attempts to get Floyd into the squad car.[72]
Floyd, who was still handcuffed, went to the ground face down. Officer Kueng held Floyd's back, and Lane held his legs. Chauvin placed his left knee in the area of Floyd's head and neck. AFacebook Livelivestream recorded by a bystander showed officer Derek Chauvin kneeling on Floyd's neck.[73][74] Floyd repeatedly tells Chauvin "Please" and "I can't breathe", while a bystander is heard telling the police officer, "You got him down. Let him breathe."[75] After some time, a bystander points out that Floyd was bleeding from his nose while another bystander tells the police that Floyd is "not even resisting arrest right now", to which the police tell the bystanders that Floyd was "talking, he's fine". A bystander replies saying Floyd "ain't fine". A bystander then protests that the police were preventing Floyd from breathing, urging them to "get him off the ground ... You could have put him in the car by now. He's not resisting arrest or nothing."[74] Floyd then goes silent and motionless. Chauvin does not remove his knee until an ambulance arrives.Emergency medical services put Floyd on a stretcher. Not only had Chauvin knelt on Floyd's neck for about seven minutes (including four minutes after Floyd stopped moving), but another video showed an additional two officers had also knelt on Floyd while another officer watched.[76][77]
Although the police report stated that medical services were requested prior to the time Floyd was placed in handcuffs,[78] according to the MinneapolisStar Tribune, Emergency Medical Services arrived at the scene six minutes after getting the call.[79] Medics were unable to detect a pulse, and Floyd was pronounced dead at the hospital.[80] An autopsy of Floyd was conducted on May 26, and the next day, the preliminary report by theHennepin County Medical Examiner's Office was published, which found "no physical findings that support a diagnosis of traumatic asphyxia or strangulation". Floyd's underlying health conditions includedcoronary artery disease andhypertensive heart disease. The initial report said that "[t]he combined effects of Mr. Floyd being restrained by the police, his underlying health conditions and any potential intoxicants in his system likely contributed to his death."[81] The medical examiner further said that Floyd was "high onfentanyl and had recently usedmethamphetamine at the time of his death".[82]
On May 26, Chauvin and the other three officers were fired.[83] He was charged withthird-degree murder and second-degreemanslaughter;[84] the former charge was later changed tosecond-degree murder.[85] On June 1, a private autopsy which was commissioned by the family of Floyd ruled that Floyd's death was a homicide and it also found that Floyd had died due toasphyxiation which resulted from sustained pressure, which conflicted with the original autopsy report which was completed earlier that week.[86] Shortly after, the official post-mortem declared Floyd's death ahomicide.[87] Video footage of Officer Derek Chauvin applying 8 minutes 15 seconds of sustained pressure to Floyd's neck generated global attention and raised questions about theuse of force by law enforcement.,[88]
On June 3, Chauvin was charged with unintentionalsecond-degree murder, third-degree murder, and second-degree manslaughter related to the incident, and officers Kueng, Lane, and Thao were charged withaiding and abetting second-degree murder.[85] On April 20, 2021, Chauvin was found guilty of all charges by a 12-person grand jury.[89] Two months later, on June 25, he was sentenced to 22.5 years in prison. Officers Kueng, Thao, and Thomas entered a plea deal averting trial.
On March 13, Breonna Taylor was shot and killed. Demonstrations over her death began on May 26, 2020, and lasted into August.[91] One person was shot and killed during the protests.[92]
Protest erupted again on September 23, the night after the grand jury verdict was announced, protesters gathered in the Jefferson Square Park area of Louisville, as well as many other cities in the United States, including Los Angeles, Dallas, Minneapolis, New York, Chicago, Seattle.[93] In Louisville, two LMPD officers were shot during the protest and one suspect was kept in custody.[94][95]
The major catalyst of the unrest was themurder of George Floyd on May 25. Though it was not the first controversial killing of a black person in 2020,[96] it sparked a much wider series ofglobal protests and riots which continued into August 2020.[97][98] As of June 8, there were at least 19 deaths related to the protests.[99] The George Floyd protests are generally regarded as marking the start of the 2020 United States unrest.
InMinneapolis–Saint Paul alone, the immediate aftermath of the murder of George Floyd was second-most destructive period of local unrest in United States history, after the1992 Los Angeles riots.[100][101][102] Over a three night period, the cities experienced two deaths,[103][104] 617 arrests,[32][102] and upwards of $500million in property damage to 1,500 locations, including 150 properties that were set on fire.[105]
Theoccupied protest atGeorge Floyd Square was one of the longest in US history.[106] The street intersection where Floyd was murdered was a continuous site of protest for over two years after his death.[107] The protest movement rooted there persisted in 2023.[108]
On May 2, 2023, the conclusion of the last criminal case for the four officers responsible for murdering George Floyd fulfilled a key demand of protesters that Minneapolis police officers Chauvin, Kueng, Lane, and Thao all be held legally accountable.[109][110]
Established on June 8 in Seattle, CHAZ/CHOP was a self-declared autonomous zone established protesting the murder of George Floyd after police abandoned the East Precinct building. Groups like thePuget Sound John Brown Gun Club provided security while the protesters themselves provided either resources or assisted the PSJBGC in security. Multiple people were killed in altercations with security[111][112] and on July 1 the autonomous zone/occupied protest was officially cleared by theSeattle Police Department.
Kenosha unrest and American athlete strikes, August 2020
Theshooting of Jacob Blake on August 23 sparked protests in a number of American cities, mostly withinKenosha.[113] Two protesters were shot and killed in an incident during the protests.[114] Nationally, athletes from theNHL,NBA,WNBA,MLB, andMLS began going onstrike in response to the police shooting of Jacob Blake.[115] On October 14, prosecutors announced thatKyle Rittenhouse, who was charged with killing the two protesters, would not face gun charges inIllinois.[116]
On November 19, 2021, Kyle Rittenhouse was acquitted of all charges related to the incident in Wisconsin.[117]
A riot occurred in downtownMinneapolis in reaction to false rumors about the suicide of Eddie Sole Jr., a 38-year-old African-American man; demonstrators believed he had been shot by police officers.[118] Surveillance video showed that Sole Jr. shot himself in the head during a manhunt for a homicide suspect in which he was the person of interest.[119] Controversially, the police released theCCTV camera footage of the suicide in attempts to stop the unrest.[120] Overnight vandalism and looting of stores from August 26 to 27 reached a total of 77 property locations inMinneapolis–Saint Paul,[121][122] including five businesses that were set on fire.[123][124] State and local officials arrested a total of 132 people during the unrest.[125] Three Minnesota residents were later convicted of federal charges for an arson attack on theTarget Corporation headquarters building the night of August 26.[126][127][128] A Minneapolis man pled guilty to a state assault charge for striking an officer with an object during the riot.[129][130]
On December 8, protesters in Portland gathered to blockade parts of theHumboldt Neighborhood in order to protect a family who had been evicted after living in said house for 65 years. Protesters blockaded the area similar to theCapitol Hill Occupied Protest.[131]
Dolal Idd was a 23-year-oldSomali-American man who was killed in an exchange of gunfire with Minneapolis police officers at approximately 6:15 p.m.CST on December 30, 2020, after he shot at them from inside the car he was driving.[132][133][134][135] The fatal encounter happened in theUS state ofMinnesota during a policesting operation.[136][137] The shooting took place in the parking lot of a busyHoliday gas station at the intersection of Cedar Avenue and East 36th Street in thePowderhorn Park neighborhood of Minneapolis, one mile (1.6 km) from thelocation where George Floyd was murdered by a Minneapolis police officer on May 25, 2020. Idd's death was the first killing by a Minneapolis police officer since that of Floyd.[138][139] The shooting affected the local community still in mourning over Floyd's murder seven months prior,[134] and reignited local debate overpolice brutality andrace relations.[136] In several rallies, protesters questioned the police narrative of the December 30 incident and if police officers could have used better de-escalation tactics to prevent an exchange of gunfire.[140]
Approximately a thousand protesters outside a downtownMinneapolis courthouse as Chauvin's trial commenced on March 8, 2021, to call for justice for Floyd and raise broader issues of racial injustice. Officials surrounded the facility with a concrete barrier, metal fencing, andbarbed wire in anticipation of unrest. Protests and rallies planned for theGeorge Floyd Square were halted for several days after a fatal shooting there on March 6, 2021.[141]
On March 28, 2021, the day before opening statements in the trial of Derek Chauvin, several rallies and protests were held in Minneapolis. Separately, protesters marched in downtown Minneapolis to demand justice for Floyd and rallied at the Hennepin County Government Center and City Hall, and some demonstrators parked cars on theMetrolight-rail tracks, which closed train traffic for several hours. At 38th and Chicago Avenue, the street intersection where Floyd was murdered, a group of people held a training workshop at the square on how to avoid arrest and keep calm if detained by police.[142]
On March 16, 2021, a series ofmass shootings occurred at threespas inmetropolitanAtlanta,Georgia, United States. Eight people were killed, six of whom were Asian women. A suspect, 21-year-old Robert Aaron Long, was taken into custody later that day.[143] Several anti-Asian violence rallies have been held across the United States in 2021 in response to the recent rise ofracism against Asian Americans. Several of the rallies are named "Stop Asian Hate".[144][145][146]
Daunte Wright protests, April–December 2021 and February 2022
On April 11, 2021, at 1:48 p.m., 20-year-old Daunte Wright was shot and killed during a traffic stop by Kim Potter, an officer with the police department ofBrooklyn Center, a suburb of Minneapolis. His girlfriend, a passenger in his car, was also injured. An initially peaceful demonstration at the scene of the shooting turned violent following a strengthened police presence, and looting was reported.[147][148][149] On April 13, 2021, Potter resigned, as well as Brooklyn Center police chief Tim Gannon, who said that Potter accidentally fired her gun.[150] The next day, Potter was charged with second-degreemanslaughter.[151]
Winston Boogie Smith protests and Uptown unrest, June–November 2021
Winston Boogie Smith, a 32-year-old black man, was shot and killed by law enforcement authorities on June 3, 2021, as they attempted to apprehend him at a parking ramp in theUptown neighborhood of Minneapolis. Protests following the killing began on June 3 and continued for several days, primarily in Uptown.[152][153][154] Soon after the shooting, Smith's family demanded greater law enforcement transparency and the release of any surveillance footage that might have captured the incident.[155] Civil rights activists and Smith's friends and family disputed the law enforcement accounts of the incident. Local organization Communities United Against Police Brutality held a press conference near the shooting site on June 4 to call for officials to release video footage and other details of the shooting.[156][157] Family and friends of Smith held a peaceful vigil the evening of June 4 at the parking ramp where he was killed, and participated in a protest march on June 6.[158][152] ActivistNekima Levy Armstrong led a protest on June 8 outside the home of Minnesota's US Marshal, Ramona Dohman, calling for her resignation. Armstrong alleged that Dohman, a Trump administration appointee, had a conflict of interest due to a past working relationship with the Minnesota Bureau of Criminal Apprehension.[159]
Beginning in late 2021, protesters occupied a forested area of theOld Atlanta Prison Farm that was slated for redevelopment as a police training facility. Opponents of the facility particularly said it conflicted with their view of environmental justice and attempts to preserve the land as an urban park and conservation area,[161][162] and that they were construction of a police facility in a Black andBrown neighborhood.[163][164]
On February 2, 2022,Minneapolis Police Department officer Mark Hanneman[165] fatally shotAmir Locke, a 22-year old black man, while police officers were executing a search warrant at an apartment in downtown Minneapolis. The shooting occurred 9 seconds after police entered the apartment while Locke was lying on a couch while wrapped in a blanket and holding a gun.[166][167][168][169] Several protests were held in Minneapolis and Saint Paul over the subsequent weeks.[170][171][172] A protest over Locke's death was held inChicago on February 11.[171] In Portland, Oregon one person was killed and five others were wounded in a shooting on Saturday night during a protest in Portland against killings by police officers.[173]
InPortland, Oregon, protesters planned a demonstration for February 19 over the police killings of Amir Locke and Patrick Kimmons, who was fatally shot by Portland police in 2018. As people were gathering for a demonstration byNormandale Park in theRose City Park neighborhood, a conflict between an armed Portlander and protesters resulted in a mass shooting with four people being injured by the shooter's gunfire, with one woman succumbing to her injuries.[174][175] An armed protester returned gunfire and struck the shooter, which ended the shooting.[176][177] The deceased was identified as Brandy "June" Knightly, a 60-year-old woman, who was an active with the localBlack Lives Matter movement.[178][179][180] Racial justice advocates expressed concern over the shooting at what began as a peaceful protest gathering.[181] The shooter faced second-degree murder and other charges.[182][180]
Protests were held in several US cities in reaction to the killing of Manuel Terán, aVenezuelan-born person,[183] who was fatally shot by aGeorgia State Patrol officer on January 18, 2023, while protesting the construction of a police training facility inAtlanta, Georgia.[184] A independent autopsy in March revealed that Terán was shot fourteen times while sitting cross-legged with their hands raised.[185][186] The Stop Cop City protests that Terán was participating in were part of longstanding tensions over police killings in the United States since George Floyd's murder. Demonstrators opposed the construction of a police facility in a Black andBrown neighborhood.[163][164] An anonymous protester identified Terán as one of the only Black or Brown persons who participated in the forest protest, and his killing raised further questions of racism in law enforcement conduct.[187]
Notable protests and vigils were held inAtlanta,Bridgeport,Minneapolis,Nashville,Philadelphia, andTucson from January 20–22, 2023.[184] Some demonstrators spray painted graffiti on Bank of America buildings to protest the company's involvement in financing the facility's construction.[184] Protests in Atlanta on January 21, 2023, briefly turned violent as some demonstrators threw objects, set police car on fire, and smashed windows of bank buildings with hammers.[188] The Atlanta riot had broad participation from people across the United States. Six people—most of whom were White and from outside of the US state of Georgia[189]—were arrested and charged criminally for actions during the January 21 riot.[190][191] After arrests at a March music festival connected to the movement, defense attorneys for activists expressed concerns that police were targeting out-of-state individuals for arrest. One attorney stated that police appeared to "split detainees up into local people and out of towners." This concern is in reference to the fact that, out of 44 people detained at the festival, all 11 people released without charge were Atlanta residents.[192]
Several major cities in the United States prepared for potential unrest ahead of the scheduled January 27, 2023, official release of video that captured the arrest and police beating of Tyre Nichols inMemphis, Tennessee, on January 7, 2023. Nichols died three days later, and fiveMemphis Police Department officers have been fired and face murder and other criminal charges.[193] President Joe Biden joined Nichols' family in calling for peaceful protests.[194] Several protests at police department facilities in the United States were planned ahead of thebodycam footage and video release to the public. Several state and local governments prepared security measures, such as theGeorgia National Guard that was mobilized proactively.[195]
On September 26, 2023, peaceful protests were held inPhiladelphia, PA after a city judge dismissed murder charges against formerPhiladelphia Police Department Officer Mark Dial; Dial had shot and killed 27-year-old Eddie Irizarry during a traffic stop in August 2023.[196] Later in the evening, looting broke out across the city, leaving multiple stores inCenter City,North Philadelphia, andWest Philadelphia ransacked. Interim Philadelphia Police Commissioner John Stanford said the looting was unrelated to the earlier peaceful protests and characterized the looters as "...a bunch of criminal opportunists take advantage of a situation to make an attempt to destroy our city."[197]
An armed supporter of theBlue Lives Matter countermovement during the George Floyd protests
Unlike recent racial protests in the United States before it, the 2020 protests frequently included the slogan "defund the police", representing a call fordivestment in policing.[198] The degree of divestment advocated varied, with some protesters calling for the elimination of police departments and others for reduced budgets. Supporters of partial or complete defunding of the police argued that budgets should be directed instead towards community-driven police alternatives, investment in mental health and substance abuse treatment services, job-training programs, or other forms of investment into black urban communities. In June 2020, New York City mayor Bill De Blasio responded to calls for divestment by cutting $1billion of the New York City Police Department (NYPD)'s $6billion budget and directing it instead to city youth groups and social services, a reduction of 17 percent.[199] The cut mostly involved shifting some responsibilities to other city agencies, with the size of the force barely changing.[200]
The city council in Minneapolis voted in June to "end policing as we know it" and replace it with a "holistic" approach to public safety, but by September 2020, the pledge collapsed without implementation.[201][202] An increasing number of community groups had opposed the pledge, a poll from theMinneapolis Star-Tribune showed that a plurality of residents, including 50 percent of black people, opposed decreasing the size of the police force, and city councilors cited alarm from business owners and residents in more affluent areas of their wards who feared for their safety, as beliefs anticipating an immediate end to the police department proliferated.[202] Incremental reforms of a type that the city'sprogressive politicians had denounced were pursued in lieu of the pledge.[202] TheBlack Visions Collective, an activist group seeking police abolition, called past reforms "weak" and stated, "It is the nature of white supremacy,capitalism,patriarchy or any of these othersystems of oppression to want to do what is necessary to save themselves."[202]
Nationwide, defunding the police has not received broad support from congressional Democrats.[202] SenatorBernie Sanders, a former Democratic presidential candidate, and Democratic PresidentJoe Biden, both support police reform instead.[203][204][205] During the 2020 campaign, PresidentDonald Trump heavily criticized the "defund the police" movement;[202] Trump and his campaign, as well as Trump allies, repeatedly and falsely claimed that Biden supported police defunding.[206][207][208]
According to a report released byMovement for Black Lives, the US federal government deliberately targeted Black Lives Matter protesters with heavier penalties in an attempt to disrupt the movement.[56]
Protesters have called for the removal of statues commemorating historical figures, such asConfederate war veterans and politicians as well asChristopher Columbus, who are perceived as racist by modern standards and, according to some historians, by the standards of their time as well.[209] Often those depicted in the statues were responsible for human rights violations.[210] Additionally, many monuments to the Civil War were only put up during times of tension over civil rights long after the war ended: in the early 1900s when Jim Crow laws were being implemented and in the 1950s and 1960s during themovement against this legislation. This led some historians to conclude they were constructed to further a "white supremacist future" rather than simply honor history.[211] A number were either removed by authorities, or vandalized and toppled by protesters.[212] Statues of United States presidents, including theEmancipation Memorial featuringAbraham Lincoln, have also been vandalized and attacked by protesters.[213] Some pro-Union or anti-slavery monuments were also targeted, as they were seen to embody disrespectful attitudes towards Native Americans or the enslaved. In one case, astatue of abolitionist Hans Christian Heg was torn down.[214][215]
Writing forForeign Affairs, professorBrenda Gayle Plummer noted that "The particulars of Floyd's murder, taking place against the backdrop of the pandemic, may well have been the dam-break moment for the global protest movement. But they are only part of the story. International solidarity with the African American civil rights struggle comes not from some kind of projection or spontaneous sentiment; it was seeded by centuries of black activism abroad and foreign concern about human rights violations in the United States."[216]
Related racial unrest in the Netherlands included widespread participation in George Floyd protests. The unrest has led to a change in public opinion on Zwarte Piet, a character used in DutchSinterklaas celebrations who has been historically portrayed inblackface. Leaving the appearance of Zwarte Piet unaltered has traditionally been supported by the public but opposed by anti-racism campaigners, but a June 2020 survey saw a drop in support for leaving the character's appearance unaltered: 47 per cent of those surveyed supported the traditional appearance, compared to 71 per cent in a similar survey held in November 2019.[217] Prime ministerMark Rutte stated in a parliamentary debate on June 5, 2020, that he had changed his opinion on the issue and now has more understanding for people who consider the character's appearance to be racist.[218]
An emerging trend is to replace Zwarte Piet with Chimney Piet, to avoid the controversial blackface makeup.[219]
The 2020–21 United States racial unrest has triggered protests, political gestures and policy changes in the United Kingdom, both in solidarity with the United States and in comparable protest againstracism in the United Kingdom.[220] The debate over statues of certain historical figures has been a significant feature of the unrest in Britain, following the unauthorized removal of thestatue of Edward Colston inBristol on June 11 during a protest in the city.[221][222][223][224] The Culture SecretaryOliver Dowden wrote a three-page letter to MPs, peers and councillors arguing against the removal of statues.[225] Prime MinisterBoris Johnson condemned protesters who defaced thestatue of Winston Churchill in Parliament Square in London,[226][227] and several statues were subsequently covered up as a precaution.[228]
By mid-June, American national culture and attitude towards racial injustice began to shift, including theSenate Armed Services Committee's approval of process to rename military facilities named for Confederate generals.[20] American public opinion of racism and discrimination shifted in the wake of these protests. Polling of white Americans showed an increased belief in having received advantages due to their race and increased belief that black Americans received disproportionate force in policing.[229] Public opinion in support of theBlack Lives Matter movement greatly increased,[238][239] with a surge of "am I racist" searches[240] and a greater approval for removingConfederate statues and memorials.[241] However, support for the Black Lives Matter movement declined by August and September 2020.[242][243][244]
Faced with civil unrest, politicians fulfilled promises to removeConfederate symbols.[245]Mississippi voted to retire and replace its state flag.[246] The removal of symbols caused national debate over the appropriateness of statues of figures tied to racial injustice.[247]
Public conversations on race and power extended to other cultural practices. One debate addressed racial vocabulary. Various news organizations modified their style guides to capitalize "Black" as aproper noun in recognition of the term's shared political identity and experiences.[248][249]Merriam-Webster modified its definition of racism.[238] The major sports channelESPN began to air political commentary, reversing a longstanding mandate toseparate sports from politics.[250]
The recent scrutiny on race relations in the United States brought comparisons to theWeinstein effect in which theMe Too movement put pressure on public figures for legacies of sexual assault, harassment, and systemic sexism.[21][251][252] Similarly, the American public, under its racial injustice reckoning, pressured American industries to confront legacies of racism.[252] The resulting symbolic divestments targeted whitecultural hegemony.[20]NPR wrote that renamed landmarks and similar gestures would not provide economic opportunities or civil rights, but signaled cultural disapproval towards symbols associated with racial injustice, including the history of racism and slavery.[20]The New Yorker compared the dispersed national response to an"American Spring" on par with theArab Spring and other internationalrevolutionary waves.[21] Global protests also focused on symbols of racial injustice, withThe New Yorker also having a part on international solidarity towards police violence.[21]
Anti-racist self-education became a trend throughout June 2020 in the United States, and black anti-racist writers found new audiences. During the Floyd protests, black-owned bookstores saw an influx of interest, especially for books on social justice topics. In the span of two weeks from early to late June, books about race went from composing none to two-thirds ofThe New York Times Best Seller list. Amazon sales saw a similar pattern. In comparison, no such surge happened after prior prominent Black Lives Matter demonstrations. Online library checkouts of anti-racist literature increased tenfold by mid-June. Some municipal libraries saw waitlists in the thousands per title. Amazon's tracking of dailye-book readers andaudiobook listeners reflected the increased readership, when many of the aforementioned books entered its most-read list.[253]
American consumers sought out black-owned businesses to support. June saw record high Google searches for "black-owned businesses near me" and smartphone restaurant discovery apps added features for discovering black-owned restaurants. Businesses on social media lists saw significantly increased sales. Black-owned bookstores in particular had difficulty meeting demand.[254][255][256][257] Consumer concerns over hate speech on social media platforms caused some companies to implement temporary boycotts on advertising on certain platforms.[258] Many major American corporations pursuedanti-racism anddiversity training workshops, particularly companies seeking to be consistent with their Black Lives Matter message. Demand for these trainings had grown over time, especially since 2016, and interest in diversity training bookings spiked during this period.[259]
The unrest precipitated an unprecedented number of firearm sales in the United States.[260] Background checks for legally purchased firearms reached record highs starting in May,[261] with year-on-year numbers up 80.2 percent[262][263][264][265] and running through the rest of the summer.[266] This represented the highest monthly number of firearms transfers since the FBI began keeping records in 1998.[267]
In May 2020, firearms retailers surveyed by theNational Shooting Sports Foundation estimated that 40 percent of their sales came from first-time gun buyers, 40 percent of those first-time gun buyers were women. Gun sales have been up across the country. A rise in first-time gun buyers in liberal-leaning states like California has helped fuel the national uptick in firearms and ammunition purchases.[268][269][270] June 2020 represented the largest month of firearms purchases in United States history, with Illinois purchasing more firearms than any other state.[271]
According to the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF), in the last days of May and the first week of June 2020, there were more than 90 attempted or successful burglaries of gun stores. More than 1,000 guns were stolen in that window of time. On May 31 alone, the BATF reported 29 separate burglaries targeting licensed firearm retailers.[272][273]
^Burke, Minyvonne (May 13, 2020)."Breonna Taylor police shooting: What we know about the Kentucky woman's death".NBC News.Archived from the original on May 30, 2020. RetrievedMay 31, 2020.Her address was listed on the search warrant based on police's belief that Glover had used her apartment to receive mail, keep drugs or stash money. The warrant also stated that a car registered to Taylor had been seen parked on several occasions in front of a "drug house" known to Glover.
^Wilson, Jim (June 2, 2020)."Competing autopsies say Floyd's death was a homicide, but differ on causes".The New York Times.Archived from the original on June 2, 2020. RetrievedJune 2, 2020.The medical examiner also cited significant contributing conditions, saying that Mr. Floyd suffered from heart disease, and he was also high on fentanyl and had used methamphetamine at the time of his death.
^Katie Glueck; Adam Nagourney; Maggie Haberman (September 29, 2020)."Trump Steps Up His Assault on Biden With Scattershot Attacks, Many False".New York Times.A claim that Mr. Biden supports efforts like those to defund the police, some Democrats said, could prove to be potent with at least a slice of voters and was worth watching, even though Mr. Biden has said repeatedly that he opposes defunding the police.
^"Fact check: Political ad saying Biden wants to defund the police is misleading".Reuters. August 6, 2020.A video advertisement on Facebook from the America First Action SuperPAC misrepresents Democratic presidential candidate Joe Biden's platform for criminal justice reform, claiming that he wants to defund the police. Biden has, in fact, resisted demands from liberal activists to defund police departments, instead proposing a $300-million investment in policing, contingent on officers mirroring the diversity of their communities.
^Plummer, Brenda Gayle (June 19, 2020)."Civil Rights Has Always Been a Global Movement: How Allies Abroad Help the Fight Against Racism at Home".Foreign Affairs. Vol. 99, no. 5.ISSN0015-7120.Global reactions to the Floyd murder were not simply responses to a single event. The world already knew about antiblack racism in the United States. Voter suppression, disproportionately affecting people of color, has no parallel in other democracies. The particulars of Floyd's murder, taking place against the backdrop of the pandemic, may well have been the dam-break moment for the global protest movement. But they are only part of the story. International solidarity with the African American civil rights struggle comes not from some kind of projection or spontaneous sentiment; it was seeded by centuries of Black activism abroad and foreign concern about human rights violations in the United States.
^Wellman, D. (2007). "Unconscious Racism, Social Cognition Theory, and the Legal Intent Doctrine: The Neuron Fires Next Time".Handbooks of the Sociology of Racial and Ethnic Relations. Handbooks of Sociology and Social Research. Boston, MA: Springer. pp. 39–65.doi:10.1007/978-0-387-70845-4_4.ISBN978-0-387-70844-7.S2CID143074905.
^Journal-Constitution, Chris Joyner-The Atlanta Journal-ConstitutionMarlon A. Walker- The Atlanta."Protesters clash in Stone Mountain".The Atlanta Journal-Constitution. RetrievedSeptember 13, 2020.
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