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United States Capitol rotunda

Coordinates:38°53′23″N77°00′33″W / 38.88984°N 77.00908°W /38.88984; -77.00908
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Component of the United States Capitol

The U.S. Capitol rotunda viewed from behind theStatue of George Washington in 2005

TheUnited States Capitol building features a centralrotunda below theCapitol dome. Built between 1818 and 1824, the rotunda has been described as theCapitol's "symbolic and physical heart".

The rotunda is connected by corridors leading south to the House of Representatives and north to the Senate chambers. To the immediate south is the semi-circularNational Statuary Hall, which was the House of Representatives chamber until 1857. To the northeast is theOld Senate Chamber, used by the Senate until 1859 and by the Supreme Court until 1935.

The rotunda is 96 feet (29 m) in diameter, rises 48 feet (15 m) to the top of its original walls and 180 feet 3 inches (54.94 m) to the canopy of the dome, and is usually visited daily by thousands of people. The space is a national showcase of art, and includes numerous historical paintings and sculptures. It is also used for ceremonial or public events authorized by concurrent resolution of both houses of congress, including thelying in state of honored dead.

Design and construction

[edit]
TheCapitol dome topped by theStatue of Freedom
Frieze of American History, byConstantino Brumidi, in the Capitol rotunda
Many large paintings are exhibited in the rotunda

William Thornton, a physician and architect, was the winner of the contest to design the Capitol in 1793. Thornton had first conceived the idea of a central rotunda. However, due to lack of funds or resources, oft-interrupted construction, and theBritish attack on Washington during theWar of 1812, work on the rotunda did not begin until 1818. The rotunda was completed in 1824 underArchitect of the CapitolCharles Bulfinch, as part of a series of new buildings and projects in preparation for the final visit ofMarquis de Lafayette in 1824. The rotunda was designed in theneoclassical style and was intended to evoke the design of thePantheon.[1]

Thesandstone rotunda walls rise 48 feet (15 m) above the floor. Everything above this, including the Capitol dome, was designed in 1854 byThomas U. Walter, the fourth Architect of the Capitol. Walter had also designed the Capitol's north and south extensions. Work on the dome began in 1856, and in 1859, Walter redesigned the rotunda to consist of an inner and outer dome, with a canopy suspended between them that would be visible through anoculus at the top of the inner dome. In 1862, Walter asked painterConstantino Brumidi to design "a picture 65 feet (20 m) in diameter, painted in fresco, on the concave canopy over the eye of the New Dome of the U.S. Capitol". At this time, Brumidi may have added awatercolor canopy design over Walter's tentative 1859 sketch. The dome was being finished in the middle of theAmerican Civil War and was constructed from fireproofcast iron. During the Civil War, the rotunda was used as amilitary hospital forUnion soldiers. The dome was finally completed in 1866.[2]

The crypt

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Originally the crypt had an open ceiling into the rotunda. Visitors can still see the holes in the stone circle that marked the rim of the open space in the rotunda floor. Underneath the floor of the crypt lies a tomb that was the intended burial place forGeorge Washington. After a lengthy battle with his estate and the commonwealth of Virginia, however, plans for him to be buried in the crypt were abandoned.[3]

Renovation

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The Capitol dome and rotunda under renovation in May 2016

In January 2013, the Architect of the Capitol announced a four-year, $10 million project to repair and conserve the Capitol Dome's exterior and the Capitol rotunda. The proposal required the stripping of lead paint from the interior of the dome, repair to the ironwork, repainting of the interior of the dome, rehabilitation of the interstitial space between the dome and rotunda, and installation of new lighting in the interstitial space and the rotunda. The dome and rotunda, which were last conserved in 1960, were showing significant signs of rust and disrepair. There was a danger that decorative ironwork could have fallen from the rotunda to the space below, and that weather-related problems could damage the artwork in the rotunda. Without immediate repair, safety netting was installed, temporarily blocking the rotunda's artwork from view.[4]

Historical paintings

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Eightniches in the rotunda hold large, framedhistorical paintings. All areoil-on-canvas and measure 12 by 18 feet (3.7 by 5.5 metres). Four of these are scenes from theAmerican Revolution, painted byJohn Trumbull, who was commissioned by Congress to do the work in 1817. These areDeclaration of Independence,Surrender of General Burgoyne,Surrender of Lord Cornwallis, andGeneral George Washington Resigning His Commission. These were placed between 1819 and 1824. Between 1840 and 1855, four more paintings were added. These depicted the exploration and colonization of America and were all done by different artists. These paintings areLanding of Columbus byJohn Vanderlyn,Discovery of the Mississippi byWilliam Henry Powell,Baptism of Pocahontas byJohn Gadsby Chapman, andEmbarkation of the Pilgrims byRobert Walter Weir.[citation needed]

PaintingArtistDatesDescriptionNotes
Declaration of Independence
John TrumbullCommissioned 1817, purchased 1819, placed 1826[5]John Adams,Roger Sherman,Robert R. Livingston,Benjamin Franklin, and the principal author,Thomas Jefferson — members of theCommittee of Five, who drafted the Declaration of Independence, which was presented to theSecond Continental Congress andPresidentJohn Hancock on June 28, 1776[5] atIndependence Hall inPhiladelphia.[5]

The first painting Trumbull completed for the rotunda and probably the most widely recognized, the iconicDeclaration of Independence is somewhat historically inaccurate and anachronistic. Of the 56 signers, 42 are represented. The rest are absent, possibly because they were not present at the adoption of the declaration or had died by the time of Trumbull's painting. Four are included who did not sign, but whom Trumbull found worthy of inclusion:George Clinton,Robert R. Livingston,Thomas Willing, andJohn Dickinson.[6] A reproduction appears on theUnited States two-dollar bill.[7]

Surrender of General Burgoyne
Commissioned 1817, purchased 1822, placed 1826British soldiers underGeneralJohn Burgoyne surrender after the American victory at theBattle of Saratoga in 1777. The central figure, from theContinental Army, isGeneralHoratio Gates, who refused to accept the traditional sword of surrender that Burgoyne offered. Instead, treating his former foe as a gentleman, General Gates invited General Burgoyne into his tent. The other Americans, shown to the right, are officers serving in the Continental Army.Trumbull planned this outdoor scene to contrast withDeclaration of Independence (above), displayed beside it on the wall of the U.S. Capitol rotunda.[8] Both paintings show large groups of people, but one is an indoor scene, while the other is an outdoor scene of similar perspective.

The battle was a key victory for the Americans, prevented the division ofNew England, and securedFrench military assistance to the Americans.

Surrender of Lord Cornwallis
commissioned 1817, placed 1820A combined American-French force led by George Washington, theMarquis de Lafayette, andComte de Rochambeau accept the final surrender of British troops under Lord Cornwallis after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781. American GeneralBenjamin Lincoln is portrayed at the center of the painting riding a white horse, with French officers on the left and Americans on the right, led by Washington on the brown horse. The British were represented by officers, but Lord Cornwallis himself was not present and was represented instead by Charles O'Hara.The scene here depicts the same event as the "Surrender of Cornwallis" panel of the "Frieze of American History". Trumbull was proud of the fact that he had painted portraits of the French officers while in France and included a smallself-portrait of himself under the American flag on the right side of the painting.[9] As noted above, Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself; Major General Lincoln accepted the sword in Washington's place. The surrender led to the cessation of major Revolutionary War hostilities and British recognition of American independence in the1783 Treaty of Paris.
General George Washington Resigning His Commission
commissioned 1817, placed 1824George Washington addressesCongress toresign his commission as commander-in-chief of theContinental Army, on December 23, 1783. Washington is depicted along with twoaides-de-camp, as he addresses the president of the Congress. Also shown in the painting areThomas Mifflin,Elbridge Gerry, and three future U.S. presidents:Thomas Jefferson,James Monroe, andJames Madison. His wife,Martha Washington, and her three grandchildren, are shown watching from the gallery section (balcony area at right), although they were not in fact present at Washington's resignation.[10]This celebrated incident established a strong tradition ofcivilian control of the military in the United States and the rejection ofmilitary dictatorship in favor ofliberal democracy. The U.S. Congress, at the time, was meeting at theMaryland State House inAnnapolis.
Landing of Columbus
John Vanderlyncommissioned 1836/1837, placed 1847In the foreground,Christopher Columbus raises the royal banner to claim the land for Kingdom of Castile, and he stands bareheaded with his hat at his feet in honor of the sanctity of the event. The captains of the shipsNiña andPinta follow, carrying the banner of theCatholic Monarchs,Isabella I of Castile andFerdinand II of Aragon. The crew displays a range of emotions, and some search for gold in the sand. Nearby, natives watch from behind a tree at the right.[11]Columbus landed in theWest Indies, onSan Salvador Island (Guanahani), on October 12, 1492.
Discovery of the Mississippi
William Henry Powellcommissioned 1847, purchased 1855At the center of the canvas, Spanishnavigator andconquistadorHernando de Soto rides a white horse. De Soto and his troops approach Native Americans in front oftepees, with a chief holding aceremonial pipe. The foreground is filled by weapons and soldiers to represent the devastating battle at Mauvila (orMabila), in which de Soto suffered aPyrrhic victory overChoctaws underTuscaloosa. To the right, amonk prays as a largecrucifix is set into the ground.[12]Discovery of the Mississippi was the last painting to be commissioned by Congress for the rotunda. De Soto is thought to have become the first European to see theMississippi River in 1541.
Baptism of Pocahontas
John Gadsby Chapmancommissioned 1837, placed 1840Dressed in white,Pocahontas kneels, surrounded by family members, including her father,Chief Powhatan, and several Jamestown colonists. Her brother Nantequas turns away from the ceremony. The baptism occurred before her marriage to the tobacco planterJohn Rolfe, who stands behind her.Pocahontas wasbaptized (under the name "Rebecca") by theAnglican priestAlexander Whitaker inJamestown, Virginia. This event is believed to have taken place in 1613, and the marriage between Rolfe and Pocahontas helped to establish peaceful relations between the Jamestown colonists and the Tidewater tribes.[13]
Embarkation of the Pilgrims
Robert Walter Weircommissioned 1837, placed 1844ThePilgrims appear on the deck of the shipSpeedwell as they departDelfshaven inSouth Holland on July 22, 1620.William Brewster, holding the Bible, and pastorJohn Robinson leadGovernor Carver,William Bradford,Miles Standish, and their families in prayer. Therainbow, at the left side of the painting, symbolizes hope and divine protection.[14]The Pilgrims traveled aboard theSpeedwell toSouthampton. There they met additional colonists and transferred to theMayflower.

Apotheosis of Washington

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The Apotheosis of Washington, as seen looking up from the rotunda
Main article:The Apotheosis of Washington

The Apotheosis of Washington is a largefresco by Greek-ItalianConstantino Brumidi, visible through theoculus of the dome of the rotunda. The fresco depictsGeorge Washington sittingexalted amongst the heavens. It is suspended 180 feet (55 m) above the rotunda floor and covers an area of 4,664 square feet (433.3 m2).[15][16][17]

Frieze of American History

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TheFrieze of American History is painted to appear as a carved stonebas-relieffrieze but is actually atrompe-l'œil fresco cycle depicting 19 scenes from American history. The "frieze" occupies a band immediately below the 36 windows. Brumidi designed the frieze and prepared a sketch in 1859 but did not begin painting until 1878. Brumidi painted seven and a half scenes. While working onWilliam Penn and the Indians, Brumidi fell off thescaffolding and held on to a rail for 15 minutes until he was rescued. He died a few months later in 1880. After Brumidi's death,Filippo Costaggini was commissioned to complete the eight and a half remaining scenes in Brumidi's sketches. He finished in 1889 and left a 31-foot (9 m) gap due to an error in Brumidi's original design. In 1951,Allyn Cox completed the frieze.[citation needed]

Except for the last three panels named by Allyn Cox, the scenes have no particular titles and many variant titles have been given. The names given here are the names used by the Architect of the Capitol, which uses the names that Brumidi used most frequently in his letters and that were used in Edward Clark and by newspaper articles. The 19 panels are:

SceneArtistYearDescription
America and History
Constantino Brumidi1878This is the first panel and the only allegorical one, portraying apersonification of America, wearing aliberty cap, with spear and shield in the center, surrounded by other allegorical figures. To the right is aNative American maiden with a bow and arrows, representing the wildNorth American continent. At America's feet is a femalepersonification of History, with a stone tablet to record events. To the left of History is an eagle, perched on afasces, theancient Roman bundle ofbirch rods symbolizingauthority. To the left of America is another eagle, carrying theolive branch of peace. To the center-left in the background is a man in same pose as theprospector at the end of "Discovery of Gold in California"; this is because Brumidi planned to have the scene connect with his planned last one.
Landing of Columbus
Christopher Columbus is depicted arriving in the Americas in the first of four scenes of the Spanish conquest. Columbus disembarks off a plank from theSanta María. His crew, armed with weapons, stays aboard; one crew member has aspyglass. Native Americans are portrayed greeting Columbus. Indian women and children are shown, along with native warriors to the right. The Columbus figure may have been based on Luigi Persico statue of Columbus, which was at the time of the painting the on the east central steps of the Capitol.
Cortez and Montezuma at Mexican Temple
This panel shows the SpanishconquistadorHernán Cortés entering anAztectemple, beingwelcomed by Moctezuma II. At the beginning of theSpanish conquest of the Aztec Empire,Moctezuma and the Aztecs honored Cortés as a god, believing that he was the returning godQuetzalcoatl. TheAztec calendar stone andcult images are based on sketches drawn by Brumidi inMexico City.
Pizarro Going to Peru
Spanish conquistadorFrancisco Pizarro is depicted leading his horse through the jungle in search ofEl Dorado, the mythical land of gold, in this representation of theSpanish conquest of the Inca Empire.
Burial of DeSoto
This panel depicts the burial of Spanish explorerHernando de Soto in theMississippi River after his death from afever. De Soto led the largest European expedition of both 15th and 16th centuries through theSoutheast andMidwest searching for gold, silver, and other valuables.
Captain Smith and Pocahontas
Pocahontas is portrayed savingCaptain John Smith, one of the founders ofJamestown, Virginia, from being clubbed to death.
Landing of the Pilgrims
Pilgrims led byWilliam Brewster give thanks to God for their safe voyage aboard theMayflower in this scene depictingPlymouth Colony.
William Penn and the Indians
Constantino Brumidi
Completed byFilippo Costaggini
1880Quaker leader andProvince of Pennsylvania founderWilliam Penn is depicted withLenape (Delaware) Native Americans under theelm tree atShackamaxon. This is the last panel on which Brumidi worked.
Colonization of New England
This panel showsNew England settlers busilylogging,sawing, and usinglumber to construct a building. This is the first scene painted entirely byFilippo Costaggini.
Oglethorpe and the Indians
James Oglethorpe, founder ofGeorgia Colony and firstGeorgia governor, is shown with theMuskogee (Creek) leaders inSavannah, Georgia. TheMuskogee present Oglethorpe with abuffalo skin with an eagle in the center, a symbol of friendship and trust.
Battle of Lexington
This panel depicts the "shot heard 'round the world" at theBattle of Lexington, the first major battle of the American Revolutionary War.MajorJohn Pitcairn is shown on horseback at center, withBritish Army orRoyal Marines troops to the right and Lexingtonmilitiamen at left.
Reading of the Declaration of Independence
Idealized depiction ofJohn Adams,Thomas Jefferson, andBenjamin Franklin, authors of theDeclaration of Independence, reading the declaration to celebrating colonists.
Surrender of Cornwallis
Depiction ofGeorge Washington on horseback receiving the ceremonial sword of surrender fromCharles O'Hara, who representedLord Cornwallis after the final British defeat at theBattle of Yorktown. In reality, it is thought that Washington declined O'Hara's sword because according to the custom of the time it would only be proper for Washington to receive the sword from Cornwallis himself;Major GeneralBenjamin Lincoln instead accepted the sword.
Death of Tecumseh
This panel depicts the death ofShawnee chief and Indian Confederation leaderTecumseh at theBattle of the Thames inUpper Canada during theWar of 1812 (partially an extension ofTecumseh's War).
American Army Entering the City of Mexico
U.S. Army troops led byWinfield Scott enterMexico City after thefall of Mexico City, which ended theMexican–American War with a decisive U.S. victory. The 1848Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, which provided for the massiveMexican Cession of territory in what is now theWestern United States.
Discovery of Gold in California
1889Prospectorsdig andpan for gold with picks, shovels, and other tools in this depiction of theCalifornia Gold Rush. In the center, three men (one possibly representingJohn Sutter) examine a prospector's pan. This was the last scene designed by Brumidi and painted by Costaggini.
Peace at the End of the Civil War
Allyn CoxThis scene, the first of Cox's three panels, depicts aConfederate soldier and aUnion soldier shaking hands at the end of theAmerican Civil War, symbolizing reconciliation and reunification. Thecotton plant and theNorthern pine tree symbolize theSouth and theNorth.
Naval Gun Crew in the Spanish–American War
A group ofUnited States Navy sailors in a gun crew are depicted in anaval battle during theSpanish–American War. and the United States won a victory over Spain in the war. The 1898Treaty of Paris provided for Cuba's independence from Spain and the U.S. acquisition ofPuerto Rico,Guam, and thePhilippines.
The Birth of Aviation
1951This scene depicts theWright brothers' first flight atKitty Hawk in 1903. TheWright Flyer is shown just off the ground, with Orville Wright in the plane and Wilbur Wright running alongside to steady the wing. To the left areLeonardo da Vinci,Samuel Pierpont Langley, andOctave Chanute, other aviation pioneers, holding models of otherearly flying machines. An eagle holds an olive branch in the bottom right.

Statues

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Floor plan showing locations of rotunda paintings, statues and busts in 1978 (prior to the addition of the Truman, Eisenhower, Ford, and Reagan statues, the King bust, and the Women's Suffrage Monument)

From the Statuary Hall Collection

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Among the group of eleven statues currently encircling the rotunda against the wall at floor level are seven from theNational Statuary Hall Collection:

These seven statues representing the presidents will remain in the rotunda indefinitely or until an act of Congress.

Abraham Lincoln (1871, marble) byVinnie Ream

George Washington

[edit]

A statue ofGeorge Washington – a copy after French neo-classical sculptorJean-Antoine Houdon's 1790 full-length marble in theVirginia State Capitol – holds a prominent place.William James Hubard created a plaster copy after Houdon, that stood in the Rotunda from the late-1850s to 1934. It is now in theSmithsonian American Art Museum.[20] The present bronze copy replaced Hubard's plaster copy in 1934.[21]

James Garfield

[edit]
James Garfield byCharles Niehaus

James Garfield was the last American president to be born in a log cabin. Sculptor Niehaus returned to America in 1881 and by virtue of being a native Ohioan was commissioned to sculpt a monument to the recently assassinated PresidentJames Garfield, who was also from Ohio.[citation needed]

Bust of Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Main article:Martin Luther King Jr. (Wilson sculpture)
Martin Luther King, Jr., is one of two African-Americans honored with a bust in the United States Capitol

The bust of his head and shoulders is 36 inches (91 cm) high and stands on a pyramidal Belgian black marble base that is 66 inches (168 cm) high. Because the bust would be such an important and visible work of art, the Joint Committee on the Library decided to have a national competition to select a sculptor.[citation needed]

On December 21, 1982, the Congress passed House Concurrent Resolution 153, which directed the procurement of a marble bust "to serve to memorialize King's contributions on such matters as the historic legislation of the 1960s affecting civil rights and the right to vote". SenatorCharles Mathias, Jr., chairman of theJoint Committee on the Library, the congressional committee overseeing the procurement, said at the unveiling that "Martin Luther King takes his rightful place among the heroes of this nation."[citation needed]

John Woodrow Wilson, the artist, was awarded a $50,000 commission to cast the model in bronze. The bust was unveiled in the Rotunda on January 16, 1986, the fifty-seventh anniversary of King's birth, by his wifeCoretta Scott King, their four children, and Dr. King's sisterChristine King Farris.[22]

Women's suffrage

[edit]

This group portrait monument is known formally as thePortrait Monument to Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, pioneers of thewomen's suffrage movement in the United States. Their efforts, and the work of later suffrage activists likeAlice Paul, eventually led to the passage of the19th Amendment in 1920. The work was sculpted byAdelaide Johnson (1859–1955) from a 16,000-pound (7,300 kg) block ofmarble inCarrara,Italy. The portraits are copies of the individual busts she carved for the Court of Honor of the Woman's Building at theWorld's Columbian Exposition in 1893. The detailed busts are surrounded by rough-hewn marble at the top of the sculpture. This part of the statue, according to some, is left unfinished representing the unfinished work of women's rights. Contrary to a popular story, the intention was not that it be completed upon the ascension of the first female President — the rough-hewn section is too small to carry a proportional bust. The monument was presented to the Capitol as a gift from the women of the United States by the National Woman's Party and was accepted on behalf of Congress by the Joint Committee on the Library on February 10, 1921. The unveiling ceremony was held in the Rotunda on February 15, 1921, the 101st anniversary of the birth of Susan B. Anthony, and was attended by representatives of over 70 women's organizations. Shortly after its unveiling, however, the statue was moved into the Capitol Crypt. It remained on display there for 75 years, until HCR 216 ordered it moved to the Rotunda. The statue was placed in its current location, in the Rotunda, in May 1997.[23]

Other statuary and artifacts

[edit]

In addition to the National Statuary Hall Collection and the memorial statuary, there are a number of other pieces in the Rotunda. Next to the south entrance, opposite the statue of George Washington, isa bronze statue ofThomas Jefferson with the Declaration of Independence. Sculpted byDavid d'Angers, it was donated byUriah P. Levy and is the only work of art in the Capitol given by a private donor.[24]

At the west entrance, are marble statues of GeneralUlysses S. Grant and PresidentAbraham Lincoln. TheLincoln statue was a commissioned by Congress and designed byVinnie Ream.The statue of Grant was sculpted byFranklin Simmons and was a gift to Congress by theGrand Army of the Republic.[citation needed]

Lying in state and honor

[edit]
Lying in state in theCapitol rotunda
Thaddeus Stevens lying in state on August 13, 1868. The plaster statue ofAbraham Lincoln behind the casket is credited toHenry Jackson Ellicott.
GeneralJohn J. Pershing saluting the casket of theUnknown Soldier ofWorld War I on November 9, 1921.
Vice PresidentDick Cheney and members of Congress view the lying in state ofGerald Ford on December 30, 2006.
Lying in state ofGeorge H. W. Bush in December 2018
Lying in state ofJimmy Carter in January 2025
Further information:State funerals in the United States

The main difference between lying in state and lying in honor is whether the person was an elected official or military officer versus being a private citizen. The designated guard of honor that keeps watch over the casket also differs. When a person lies in state, a guard of honor from theUnited States Armed Forces watches over the casket; when a person lies in honor, theUnited States Capitol Police watches as a civilian guard of honor over the casket.[citation needed]

Lain in state

[edit]

Government officials and military officers to havelain in state[broken anchor] in the Capitol rotunda are as follows:[25]

Ruth Bader Ginsburg,Elijah Cummings andDon Young have lain in state on the grounds of theUnited States Capitol inside ofNational Statuary Hall.[28][29]

Lain in honor

[edit]

Private citizens to havelain in honor in the United States Capitol Rotunda are as follows:[25]

Other notable individuals, several of them being thechief justice of the United States, have lain in state in theUnited States Supreme Court Building while other individuals such asRonald H. Brown, have lain in state in theHerbert C. Hoover Building.[34]

References

[edit]
  1. ^"Capitol Rotunda".Architect of the Capitol. RetrievedJanuary 20, 2025.
  2. ^"Capitol Dome".Architect of the Capitol. RetrievedJanuary 20, 2025.
  3. ^West Moore, Joseph (1884).Picturesque Washington. p. 92.
  4. ^Neibauer, Michael. "U.S. Capitol Dome Restoration Kicks Off With Contractor Search."Washington Business Journal. January 31, 2013.Archived June 20, 2017, at theWayback Machine Accessed February 4, 2013.
  5. ^abc"Declaration of Independence. Architect of the Capitol".Archived from the original on February 14, 2021. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  6. ^"The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull". AmericanRevolution.ORG.
  7. ^"Facts About $2 Notes." Bureau of Engraving and Printing, United States Department of the Treasury.[1]Archived October 7, 2006, at theWayback Machine
  8. ^"Surrender of General Burgoyne".Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  9. ^"Surrender of Cornwallis".Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  10. ^"Washington's Resignation".Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  11. ^"Landing of Columbus".Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  12. ^"Discovery of the Mississippi".Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  13. ^"Baptism of Pocahontas | Architect of the Capitol".
  14. ^"Embarkation of the Pilgrims".Archived from the original on February 9, 2021. RetrievedJune 29, 2006.
  15. ^Anthony Grafton; Glenn W. Most; Salvatore Settis, eds. (2010).The Classical Tradition(PDF).Harvard University Press. p. 764.ISBN 978-0-674-03572-0. Archived fromthe original on March 19, 2022.Likewise still visible, in the Senate wing of the U.S. Capitol Building in Washington, D.C., is the decorative program conceived and executed in the mid-19th century by Constantino Brumidi, which comprises one of the most creative modern combinations of Pompeian compositional style with images of national import. Beginning in 1856, Brumidi, an Italian painter well versed in the classical tradition, engaged a large workforce of decorative fresco painters to execute along the corridors and in the committee chambers of the Senate wing his designs combining illusionistic architecture and intricate ornamentation in Fourth Style format to frame significant scenes from American history often modeled upon the work of such Neoclassical painters as Benjamin West. Although some critics have characterized the installation's heavy-duty Victorian classicism as retrograde, it does appear symbolically reflective of the eminence of the senior American legislative body.
  16. ^Barber, Sally (December 1, 2020).Michigan Myths and Legends: The True Stories behind History's Mysteries. Myths and Mysteries Series. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 148.ISBN 978-1-4930-4009-4.
  17. ^U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee(PDF). Vol. 108. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office (published June 14, 2004). 2004. pp. 6–10.OCLC 1158205916. ark:/13960/t1fj71m36. Archived from the original on April 13, 2016.Excerpt describing Constantino Brumidi's contributions to the decorations in the U.S. Capitol.
  18. ^Camia, Catalina (May 3, 2011)."Gerald Ford honored with statue in U.S. Capitol".USA Today. RetrievedJune 11, 2013.
  19. ^"Harry S. Truman Statue, U.S. Capitol for Missouri | AOC".
  20. ^George Washington (sculpture)Archived February 2, 2016, at theWayback Machine, from Smithsonian Institution Research Information System.
  21. ^George Washington (sculpture)Archived February 2, 2016, at theWayback Machine, from SIRIS.
  22. ^"Martin Luther King, Jr".Archived from the original on June 28, 2006. RetrievedJune 30, 2006.
  23. ^"Portrait Monument to Suffrage Pioneers | AOC".
  24. ^Usofsky, Melvin I. (Summer 2002). "The Levy Family and Monticello".Virginia Quarterly Review:395–412.
  25. ^ab""Those Who Have Lain in State" The Architect of the Capitol".Archived from the original on August 17, 2012. RetrievedNovember 17, 2011.
  26. ^"Bob Dole to lie in state at Capitol as nation honors senator".Associated Press. December 6, 2021. RetrievedDecember 6, 2021.
  27. ^"Sen. Harry Reid to lie in state in U.S. Capitol Rotunda".NBC News. January 3, 2022. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2022.
  28. ^"Individuals Who Have Lain in State or in Honor | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives".history.house.gov. RetrievedJanuary 5, 2022.
  29. ^Marcos, Christina (March 21, 2022)."Rep. Don Young to lie in state at the Capitol next week".The Hill. RetrievedMarch 21, 2022.
  30. ^"Brian Sicknick: Officer killed in Capitol riot to lie in honour".BBC News. January 30, 2021.
  31. ^Freking, Kevin (April 6, 2021)."Capitol police officer to lie in honor at rotunda April 13".Associated Press. RetrievedApril 6, 2021.
  32. ^Cathey, Libby (July 14, 2022)."Hershel 'Woody' Williams, WWII Medal of Honor recipient, lies in honor at US Capitol".ABC News. RetrievedJuly 14, 2022.
  33. ^Shane, Leo III (April 16, 2024)."Korean War hero Ralph Puckett to lie in honor at US Capitol".Military Times. RetrievedApril 19, 2024.
  34. ^""The Catafalque" The Architect of the Capitol".Archived from the original on November 10, 2011. RetrievedNovember 17, 2011.

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