| United States Army Rangers | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Active | 17th century – present |
| Country |  United States of America |
| Allegiance | United States of America |
| Branch |  United States Army |
| Type | Light infantry |
| Role | Special operations |
| Garrison/HQ |
|
| Mottos | Sua Sponte (Of Their Own Accord): 75th Ranger Regiment Rangers Lead the Way: Army Ranger-qualified soldiers |
| Engagements | |
| Insignia | |
| NATO Map Symbol (1998) | -_Infantry_-_Airborne_Ranger_(NATO_APP-6A).svg) |
| NATO Map Symbol (2017) | -_Infantry_-_Rangers_-_Airborne_(NATO_APP-6D).svg) |
TheUnited States Army Rangers areU.S. Army personnel who have served in any unit which has held the official designation of "Ranger".[1][2] The term is commonly used to include graduates of theRanger School, even if they have never served in a "Ranger" unit, because Army regulations and special qualification identifier (SQI) codes provide that the only requirement to earn the "Title: Ranger" is that a soldier "must successfully complete the appropriate training at the Infantry School."[1][3]
In a broader and less formal sense, the term "ranger" has been used, officially and unofficially, inNorth America since the 17th century, to describe specializedlight infantry in small, independent units—usuallycompanies. The first units to be officially designated Rangers were companies recruited in theNew England Colonies to fight againstNative Americans inKing Philip's War. Following that time, the term became more common in official usage, during theFrench and Indian Wars of the 18th century. TheU.S. military has had "Ranger" companies since theAmerican Revolutionary War.British Army units designated as "Rangers" have often also had historical links of some kind toBritish North America.
The75th Ranger Regiment is an eliteairbornelight infantry combat formation within theUnited States Army Special Operations Command (USASOC). The sixbattalions of the modern Rangers have been deployed inKorea,Vietnam,Grenada,Panama,Afghanistan andIraq. The Ranger Regiment traces its lineage to three of six battalions raised inWorld War II, and to the 5307th Composite Unit (Provisional)—known as "Merrill's Marauders", and then reflagged as the 475th Infantry, then later as the 75th Infantry.
The Ranger Training Brigade (RTB)—headquartered atFort Benning—is an organization under theUnited States Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) and is separate from the 75th Ranger Regiment. It has been in service in various forms since World War II. The Ranger Training Brigade administersRanger School, the satisfactory completion of which is required to earn the title Ranger and to wear theRanger Tab.
Rangers played a crucial role in the 17th and 18th-century conflicts between American colonists and Native American tribes. British regular troops were unfamiliar with frontier warfare, leading to the development of Ranger companies to specialize in such tactics. Rangers were full-time soldiers employed by colonial governments to patrol between fixed frontier fortifications in reconnaissance providing early warning of raids. In offensive operations, they were scouts and guides, locating villages and other targets for taskforces drawn from themilitia or other colonial troops.
InColonial America, "The earliest mention of Ranger operations comes fromCapt. John "Samuel" Smith", who wrote in 1622, "When I had ten men able to go abroad, our common wealth was very strong: with such a number I ranged that unknown country 14 weeks."[4] Robert Black also stated that,
In 1622, after theBerkeley Plantation Massacre ... grim-faced men went forth to search out the Indian enemy. They were militia—citizen soldiers—but they were learning to blend the methods of Indian and European warfare ... As they went in search of the enemy, the wordsrange, ranging and Ranger were frequently used ... The American Ranger had been born.[5]
The father of American ranging isColonel Benjamin Church (c. 1639–1718).[6] He was the captain of the first Ranger force in America (1676).[6]: 33 Church was commissioned by the Governor of thePlymouth ColonyJosiah Winslow to form the first ranger company forKing Philip's War. He later employed the company to raidAcadia duringKing William's War andQueen Anne's War.
Benjamin Church designed his force primarily to emulate Native American patterns of war. Toward this end, Church endeavored to learn to fight like Native Americans from Native Americans. Americans became rangers exclusively under the tutelage of the Native American allies. (Until the end of the colonial period, rangers depended on Native Americans as both allies and teachers.)[6]: 34–35
Church developed a special full-time unit mixing white colonists selected for frontier skills with friendly Native Americans to carry out offensive strikes against hostile Native Americans in terrain where normal militia units were ineffective. In 1716, his memoirs, entitledEntertaining Passages relating to Philip's War, was published and is considered by some to constitute the first American military manual.[6]: 33–35
Under Church served the father and grandfather of two famous rangers of the eighteenth century:John Lovewell andJohn Gorham respectively.[6]: 38 John Lovewell served duringDummer's War (also known as Lovewell's War). He lived in present-dayNashua, New Hampshire. He fought inDummer's War as amilitia captain, leading three expeditions against theAbenaki tribe. John Lovewell became the most famous Ranger of the eighteenth century.[6]: 50
Many Colonial officers would take the philosophies of Benjamin Church's ranging and form their own Ranger units.DuringKing George's War,John Gorham established "Gorham's Rangers". Gorham's company fought on the frontier atAcadia andNova Scotia. Gorham was commissioned a captain in theBritish Army in recognition of his outstanding service. He was the first of three prominent American rangers–himself, his younger brotherJoseph Gorham andRobert Rogers—to earn such commissions in the British Army. (Many others, such asGeorge Washington, were unsuccessful in their attempts to achieve a British rank.)[6]: 76
Rogers' Rangers was established in 1751[7] byMajor Robert Rogers, who organized nine Ranger companies in the American colonies. Roger's Island, in modern day Fort Edward, NY, is considered the "spiritual home" of theUnited States Special Operations Forces, particularly the United States Army Rangers. These early American lightinfantry units, organized during theFrench and Indian War, bore the name "Rangers" and were the forerunners of the modern Army Rangers. Major Rogers drafted the first currently-known set of standard orders for rangers. These rules,Robert Rogers' 28 "Rules of Ranging", are still provided to all new Army Rangers upon graduation from training, and served as one of the first modern manuals forasymmetric warfare.
Fearing that Rogers was a spy, Washington refused to accept Rogers help. An incensed Rogers instead joined forces with the Loyalists, raised theQueen's Rangers, and fought for the Crown, giving historical confirmation to Washington's concerns about the depth of his patriotism. While serving with the British, Col. Rogers was further responsible for capturing America's most famous spy inNathan Hale.
After ColonelRobert Rogers left theQueen's Rangers, he travelled toNova Scotia, where he raisedKing's Rangers, in 1779. The regiment was disbanded in 1783.[8]
In 1775, theContinental Congress later formed eight companies of elite light infantry to fight in the Revolutionary War, several notable Rangers-led Continental units such asJonathan Moulton,Moses Hazen,Simeon Thayer,Nathaniel Hutchins, andIsrael Putnam. In 1777, this force commanded byDaniel Morgan, was known as The Corps of Rangers.Francis Marion, "The Swamp Fox", organized another famous Revolutionary War Ranger element known as "Marion's Partisans".[9] Perhaps the most famous Ranger unit in the Revolutionary War wasButler's Rangers, fromupstate New York.Continental Army Rangers officers such asJohn Stark, commanded the 1st New Hampshire Regiment, which gained fame at theBattles of Bunker Hill andBennington.[10][9]Ethan Allen and hisGreen Mountain Boys inVermont were also designated as a ranger unit.
Later on during the war, General Washington ordered Lieutenant ColonelThomas Knowlton to select an elite group of men for reconnaissance missions. This unit was known asKnowlton's Rangers, and is credited as the first official Ranger unit (by name) for the United States. This unit carried out intelligence functions rather than combat functions in most cases, and as such are not generally considered the historical parent of the modern day Army Rangers.
In June 1775Ethan Allen andSeth Warner had theContinental Congress create a Continental Ranger Regiment including many of the famedGreen Mountain Boys. Warner was elected the Regiment's Colonel with the Rangers forming part of theContinental Army'sInvasion of Quebec in 1775. The Regiment was disbanded in 1779.[11]
Francis Marion, the "Swamp Fox" Revolutionary commander of South Carolina, developed irregular methods of warfare during his guerrilla period in South Carolina. He is credited in the lineage of the Army Rangers, as isGeorge Rogers Clark who led an irregular force of Kentucky/Virginia militiamen to capture the British forts at Vincennes, Indiana and Kaskaskia, Illinois.
In January 1812 the United States authorized six companies ofUnited States Rangers who weremounted infantry with the function of protecting the Western frontier. Five of these companies were raised in Ohio, Indiana, Illinois and Kentucky. A sixth was in Middle Tennessee, organized by Capt. David Mason.[12] The next year, 10 new companies were raised. By December 1813 theArmy Register listed officers of 12 companies of Rangers.[13] The Ranger companies were discharged in June 1815.
During theBlack Hawk War, in 1832, theBattalion of Mounted Rangers, an early version of thecavalry in theU.S. Army was created out of frontiersmen who enlisted for one year and provided their own rifles and horses. The battalion was organized into six companies of 100 men each that was led by MajorHenry Dodge. After their enlistment expired there was no creation of a second battalion.[14] Instead, the battalion was reorganized into the1st Dragoon Regiment.
Several units that were named and functioned similarly to Rangers fought in theAmerican Civil War between 1861 and 1865, such as theLoudoun Rangers that consisted ofQuaker and German farmers from northernLoudoun County.[15] They were founded by Captain Samuel C. Means, a Virginian refugee who was approached by Washington to form two detachments on 20 June 1862.[15] The Loudoun Rangers conducted periodic raids in Loudoun, Clarke and Jefferson counties. Military historian Darl L. Stephenson stated that a unit called theBlazer's Scouts were also a precursor to Army Rangers during the Civil War.[16] Aside from conducting similar irregular warfare on Confederate forces in Richmond, Mississippi and Tennessee, its members were also descendants of the first ranger groups, organized by Robert Rogers in the French and Indian War.[16] The Blazer's Scouts were instrumental in fighting off other irregular forces such as partisan bushwhackers andMosby's Rangers, another unit of Rangers that fought for the Confederacy.[17][18]
In WWII, GeneralLucian Truscott of the U.S. Army, a General Staff submitted a proposal toGeneral George Marshall conceived under the guidance of then Army Chief of Staff, General George C. Marshall, that selectively trained Ranger soldiers were recruited for the newly established special operations ArmyRanger Battalion.[6]: 35 Five Ranger Battalions would be organized in the European Theatre including the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th; the 6th would be organized in the Pacific Theatre. The 7th, 8th, 9th, and 10th Ranger Battalions were "Ghost" formations, which were part of the deception plan known as "Operation Quicksilver."
On 19 June 1942 the1st Ranger Battalion was sanctioned, recruited, and began training inCarrickfergus, Northern Ireland.[19] Eighty percent of the original Rangers came from the34th Infantry Division.
A select fifty or so of the first U.S. Rangers were dispersed through theBritish Commandos for theDieppe Raid in August 1942; these were the first American soldiers to see ground combat in the European theater.
Together with the ensuing3rd and4th Ranger Battalions they fought in North Africa and Italy commanded by ColonelWilliam Orlando Darby until theBattle of Cisterna (29 January 1944) when most of the Rangers of the 1st and 3rd Battalions were captured. Of the 767 men in the battalions 761 were killed or captured. The remaining Rangers were absorbed into the Canadian-AmericanFirst Special Service Force under Brigadier GeneralRobert T. Frederick. They were then instrumental in operations in and around the Anzio beachhead that followedOperation Shingle.[20]
The29th Ranger Battalion was a temporary unit made of selected volunteers from the29th Infantry Division that was in existence from December 1942 to November 1943.
Before the5th Ranger Battalion landing on Dog White sector on Omaha Beach, during theInvasion of Normandy, the2nd Ranger Battalion scaled the 90-foot (27 m) cliffs ofPointe du Hoc, a few miles to the west, to destroy a five-gun battery of captured FrenchCanon de 155 mm GPF guns. The gun positions were empty on the day and the weapons had been removed some time before to allow the construction of casements in their place. (One of the gun positions was destroyed by the RAF in May—prior to D-day—leaving five missing guns).[21] Under constant fire during their climb, they encountered only a small company ofGermans on the cliffs and subsequently discovered a group of field artillery weapons in trees some 1,000 yards (910 m) to the rear. The guns were disabled and destroyed, and the Rangers then cut and held the main road for two days before being relieved. All whilst being reinforced by members of the 5th Ranger Battalion who arrived at 6pm on 6 June from Omaha Beach. More 5th Ranger units arrived by sea on 7 June when some of their wounded along with German prisoners were taken away to the waiting ships.[22]
Two separate Ranger units fought the war in the Pacific Theater. The98th Field Artillery Battalion was formed on 16 December 1940 and activated atFort Lewis in January 1941. On 26 September 1944, they were converted fromfield artillery to light infantry and became6th Ranger Battalion. 6th Ranger Battalion led the invasion of thePhilippines and executed theraid on the Cabanatuan POW camp.[23][24] They continued fighting in the Philippines until they were deactivated on 30 December 1945, in Japan.
After thefirst Quebec Conference, the 5307th Composite Unit (provisional) was formed withFrank Merrill as the commander, its 2,997 officers and men became popularly known asMerrill's Marauders. They began training in India on 31 October 1943. Much of the Marauders training was based onMajor General Orde Wingate of the British Army who specialized in deep penetration raids behind Japanese lines. The 5307th Composite Group was composed of the six color-coded combat teams that would become part of modern Ranger heraldry, they fought against the Japanese during theBurma Campaign. In February 1944, the Marauders began a 1,000-mile (1,600 km) march over theHimalayan mountain range and through theBurmesejungle to strike behind the Japanese lines. By March, they had managed to cut off Japanese forces inMaingkwan and cut their supply lines in theHukawng Valley. On 17 May, the Marauders and Chinese forces captured theMyitkyina airfield, the only all-weather airfield in Burma. For their actions, every member of the unit received theBronze Star.[25]
On 6 June 1944, during the assault landing on Dog White sector ofOmaha Beach as part of the invasion of Normandy, then-Brigadier GeneralNorman Cota (assistant division commander of the 29th Infantry Division) approached Major Max Schneider, CO of the 5th Ranger Battalion and asked "What outfit is this?", Schneider answered "5th Rangers, Sir!" To this, Cota replied "Well, goddamnit, if you're Rangers, lead the way!" From this, the Ranger motto—"Rangers lead the way!"—was born.[26]
At the outbreak of theKorean War, a unique Ranger unit was formed. Led bySecond LieutenantRalph Puckett, theEighth Army Ranger Company was created in August 1950. It served as the role model for the rest of the soon to be formed Ranger units. Instead of being organized into self-contained battalions, the Ranger units of the Korean and Vietnam eras were organized into companies and then attached to larger units, to serve as organic special operations units.
In total, sixteen additional Ranger companies were formed in the next seven months: Eighth Army Raider Company andFirst through Fifteenth Ranger Company. The Army Chief of Staff assigned the Ranger training program atFort Benning to ColonelJohn Gibson Van Houten. The program eventually split to include a training program located in Korea.3rd Ranger Company and the 7th Ranger Company were tasked to train new Rangers.[27]
The next four Ranger companies were formed 28 October 1950. Soldiers from the 505th Airborne Regiment and the82nd Airborne's 80th Anti-aircraft Artillery Battalion volunteered and, after initially being designated the 4th Ranger Company, became the2nd Ranger Company—the only all-black Ranger unit in United States history. After the four companies had begun their training, they were joined by the 5th–8th Ranger companies on 20 November 1950.
During the course of the war, the Rangers patrolled and probed, scouted and destroyed, attacked and ambushed the Communist Chinese and North Korean enemy. The 1st Rangers destroyed the12th North Korean Division headquarters in a daring night raid. The 2nd and 4th Rangers made a combat airborne assault nearMunsan whereLife Magazine reported that Allied troops were now patrolling north of the 38th Parallel. Crucially, the 2nd Rangers plugged the gap made by the retreating Allied forces, the 5th Ranger Company helped stop the Chinese 5th Phase Offensive. As in World War II, after the Korean War, the Rangers were disbanded.
Long Range Reconnaissance Patrol (LRRP) and Long Range Patrol companies (commonly known asLurps) were formed by the U.S. Army in the early 1960s in West Germany to provide small, heavily armedreconnaissance teams to patrol deep in enemy-held territory in case of war with theSoviet Union and itsWarsaw Pact allies.[28][29]
In Vietnam LRRP platoons and companies were attached to every brigade and division where they perfected the art of long-range patrolling.[28] Since satellite communications were a thing of the future, one of the most daringlong-range penetration operations of theVietnam War was launched on 19 April 1968, by members of the1st Air Cavalry Division's,Company E, 52nd Infantry (LRP), (redesignated Co. H, Ranger), against theNVA when they seized"Signal Hill" the name attributed to the peak ofDong Re Lao Mountain, a densely forested 4,879-foot (1,487 m) mountain, midway inA Shau Valley, so the 1st and 3rd Brigades, slugging it out hidden deep behind the towering wall of mountains, could communicate with Camp Evans near the coast or with approaching aircraft.[30]
On 1 January 1969, under the new U.S. Army Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS), these units were redesignated "Ranger" in South Vietnam within the 75th Infantry Regiment (Ranger) and all replacement personnel were mandatory airborne qualified.[31][32] Fifteen companies of Rangers were raised from LRRP units, which had been performing missions in Europe since the early 1960s and in Vietnam since 1966. The genealogy of this new Regiment was linked to Merrill's Marauders.[33] The Rangers were organized as independent companies: A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, K, L, M, N, O and P, with one notable exception, since 1816, U.S. Army units have not included a Juliet or "J" company, (the reason for this is because the letter 'J' looked too similar to the letter 'I' in Old English script).[34] Companies A and B were respectively assigned to V Corps at Fort Hood, Texas, and VII Corps at Fort Lewis, Washington.[32]
In addition to scouting and reconnoitering roles for their parent formations, Ranger units provided terrain-assessment and tactical or special security missions; undertook recovery operations to locate and retrieveprisoners of war; captured enemy soldiers for interrogation and intelligence-gathering purposes; tappedNorth Vietnamese Army andVietcong wire communications lines in their established base areas along theHo Chi Minh trail; and mined enemy trails as well as motor-vehicle transport routes.[35] To provide tactical skills and patrol expertise all LRRP/Ranger team leaders and most assistant team leaders were graduates of the 5th Special Forces GroupRecondo School at Nha Trang Vietnam.[28]
After the Vietnam War, division and brigade commanders determined that the U.S. Army needed an elite, rapidly deployable light infantry, so on 31 January 1974 GeneralCreighton Abrams asked General Kenneth C. Leuer to activate, organize, train and command the first battalion sized Ranger unit sinceWorld War II. Initially, the 1st Ranger Battalion was constituted; because of its success, eight months later, 1 October 1974, the 2nd Ranger Battalion was constituted, and in 1984 the 3rd Ranger Battalion and their regimental headquarters were created.[36] In 1986, the75th Ranger Regiment was formed and their military lineage formally authorized. The regiment, comprising three battalions, is the premier light infantry unit of the U.S. Army, a combination of special operations and elite airborne light infantry. The regiment is a flexible, highly trained and rapid light infantry unit specialized to be employed against any special operations targets. All Rangers—whether they are in the 75th Ranger Regiment, or Ranger School, or both—are taught to live by theRanger Creed. Primary tasks include:direct action, national and international emergency crisis response, airfield seizure,airborne &air assault operations,special reconnaissance,intelligence &counter intelligence,combat search and rescue,personnel recovery &hostage rescue, joint special operations, andcounter terrorism.[37]
The 4th, 5th, and 6th Ranger Battalions were re-activated as the Ranger Training Brigade, the cadre of instructors of the contemporary Ranger School; moreover, because they are parts of aTRADOC school, the 4th, 5th, and 6th battalions are not a part of the 75th Ranger Regiment.
The Rangers have participated in numerous operations throughout modern history. In 1980, the Rangers were involved withOperation Eagle Claw, the 1980 second rescue attempt of American hostages in Tehran, Iran.[38] In 1983, the 1st and 2nd Ranger Battalions conductedOperation Urgent Fury in Grenada. All three Ranger battalions, with a headquarters element, participated in the U.S. invasion of Panama (Operation Just Cause) in 1989. In 1991 Bravo Company, the first platoon and Anti-Tank section from Alpha Company, 1st Battalion was deployed in thePersian Gulf War (OperationsDesert Storm andDesert Shield). Bravo Company, 3rd Ranger Battalion was the base unit ofTask Force Ranger inOperation Gothic Serpent, in Somalia in 1993, concurrent withOperation Restore Hope. In 1994, soldiers from the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd Ranger Battalionsdeployed to Haiti (before the operation's cancellation. The force was recalled 5 miles (8.0 km) from the Haitian coast.). The 3rd Ranger Battalion supported the initial war effort in Afghanistan, in 2001. The Ranger Regiment has been involved in multiple deployments in support ofOperation Iraqi Freedom since 2003.
In response to the 11 September terrorist strikes, the United States launched theWar on Terror with the invasion of Afghanistan in October 2001. Special operations units such as the Rangers, along with someCIA officers andNavy SEALs were the first U.S. forces on Afghan soil duringOperation Enduring Freedom. This was the first large Ranger operation since theBattle of Mogadishu.
The Rangers met with success during the invasion aimed at overthrowing theTaliban government, in which they participated in two operations to secure strategic areas inKandahar Province in Southern Afghanistan.
The first operation,Operation Rhino, was designed to take control of a landing strip from the Taliban that would be useful for future missions. The Rangers faced little opposition during their attack on the airfield and didn't suffer any casualties during the mission.[39] However, two Rangers from another group who were assigned to provide rescue support from a location in Pakistan died when their helicopter crashed.[40] The seized landing strip would later become known as Camp Rhino.[39]
The second operation after seizing the airstrip was a supporting mission to assistDelta Force in an operation to raid a Taliban compound, known as Objective Gecko, in which the Taliban leader,Mullah Omar, was rumoured to be hiding. The Rangers set up blocking positions while Delta Force secured the compound. There were no Taliban inside the compound itself, but both the Rangers and Delta Force were ambushed by a group of Taliban fighters as they prepared to leave the area. During the ensuing firefight, one soldier reportedly had his foot blown off by an RPG.[39]
These two operations have been the subject of intense debate, with critics contending that they put the soldiers at unnecessary risk and had no clear strategic value or intelligence gains. There are even some who suggest that politicians in Washington ordered these operations purely for political gain, using soldiers as pawns to advance their own interests.[41]
The following year, the Rangers also participated in the biggest firefight ofOperation Anaconda in 2002 at Takur Ghar.[42]
In 2003, when the United States invaded Iraq, the Rangers were among those sent in. During the beginning of the war, they faced some of Iraq's eliteRepublican Guard units.[43] Rangers were also involved in the rescue of American prisoner of warPOWPrivate First ClassJessica Lynch. The 75th Ranger Regiment has been one of the few units to have members continuously deployed in Iraq and Afghanistan.[44]
In 1967 theIndiana National Guard formed two Long Range Patrol Companies[45][46] followed by theMichigan National Guard in 1968[47][48] using leftover personnel from National GuardAirborne Infantry Battalions.[49][50] Under the Combat Arms Regimental System (CARS) order of 1969, all LRP/LRRP were redesignated Ranger Companies[51] throughTO&E 7-157[52] (E, G, and later H),[53] active component Ranger Companies were consolidated into 75th Infantry Regiment,[54] while the only change in National Guard designations[55] were from LRP to Ranger.[56] Three more National guard Ranger Companies were later formed[57] along with unit consolidations in Indiana[58][59] and Michigan.[48] Overall there were eight companies spanning their twenty-year history. There were a total of seven National Guard Ranger companies during the Vietnam conflict but not more than five during any given time. Co D (Ranger)151st Infantry was the only reserve component Infantry unit to see combat in Vietnam[60][61] and emerged as one of the most decorated Infantry companies throughout the war.[62][63][64] At close of the Vietnam conflict, the Abrams Charter reorganized the Active Component Ranger Companies into Ranger Battalions while only three independent Ranger Companies remained throughout the US Army's arsenal and resided solely in the National Guard using Vietnam era TO&E 7-157.[48][56][65] In the late 1970s the number shrunk to two companies after deactivation of the famed D co (Ranger) 151st Infantry.[66][67] Upon the Deactivation ofTexas National Guard's36th Airborne Infantry Brigade,[49] the TO&E 7-157 and Ranger designation from a Company inPuerto Rico National Guard was transferred to an Airborne Infantry Company in Texas.[68][69] During much of the 1980s the National Guard's only two Ranger Companies were F co (Ranger) 425th Infantry and G co (Ranger) 143rd Infantry.[70][71][72][73] These two ranger units were aligned withI Corps andIII Corps respectively while continuing to follow TO&E 7-157[74] during training with foreign special operations units[75][48] and while participating in large scale NATO exercises in Europe.[76][77] During this time the Active Component were also separately developing theLong Range Surveillance (LRS) doctrine through Provisional companies in the1st Infantry Division,9th Infantry Division, and82nd Airborne Division. In 1984 the Army adopted LRS doctrine and in 1985 the Active component and National Guard began forming aLRS detachment (LRSD) for every maneuver Division and aLRS company (LRSC) for every Corps, essentially stripping the ranger designations from the last two National Guard companies. In 1987 F/425 continued withI Corps, G/143 withIII Corps, both as LRSCs,[56][78][48][79] and D/151 returned as Trp F 1st 238 Cavalry (LRSU).[80] In 2016 the 151st LRSD, the final National Guard LRSU withRanger lineage, was redesignated into a light infantry company,[81] ending the final chapter on National Guard Ranger/LRRP Companies and their unique legacy.
All National Guard Ranger company veterans and their successors are recognized for active membership into the Long Range Reconnaissance Association (LRRA);[82] D co (Ranger) 151st Infantry an their successors are recognized for regular membership into the 75th Ranger Regiment Association (75RRA) due to their D/75 combat affiliation during the Vietnam Conflict;.[83] However, the US Army Ranger Association (USARA) usesThe Institute of Heraldry (an Army regalia, insignia, and symbolism authority,[84][85][86] not a lineage authority like theCMH[87][88]) instead of Official DA Organizational Authority (OA) letters[89] demonstrating assigned TOE 7-157G and 7-157H (Abn Inf Ranger Co)[53] as their rational for eligibility, and only recognizes E co (Ranger) 65th Infantry, D co (Ranger) 151st Infantry, and their predecessors as National Guard unit eligibility for regular membership.[90]
On July 5, 2022, theHouse Armed Services Committee directed theSecretary of the Army to submit a report no later than March 1, 2023 on assessing the feasibility of establishing Ranger Battalion in the National Guard, which included the required resources and timeline for activating the unit. Additionally, the committee requested to assess the feasibility of the Army National Guard and the 75th Ranger Regiment for allowing physically and mentally qualified service members within the National Guard to apply forRanger Assessment and Selection Program (RASP). The committee recognized that the National Guard currently maintains twoSpecial Forces Groups as a relief for active component Special Forces. The idea for creation of a National Guard Ranger Battalion is intended to provide increased dwell times for the active 75th Ranger Regiment and enhance the readiness and capacity of the nation’s premier light infantry unit.[91][92][93] Discussions over the renewed concept have surged on public social media platforms and public US Army platforms since then.[94]
| Ranger Company | Home Station | Activated | Deactivated | Black | Lineage[98] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Co E (Ranger)151st Infantry[99][100][45][46] | Muncie, | 1 Dec 1967 | 1 Mar 1971 |  | Redesignated from Co A 1st 151st Infantry (Airborne) Consolidated with Co D (Ranger) 151st Infantry[59][81] 7-157G TO&E and Ranger designation transferred to Co E (Ranger) 65th Infantry |
| Co E (Ranger)425th Infantry[101][102][47][48] | Pontiac, | 1 Feb 1968 | 1 Feb 1972 |  | Redesignated from Co B 1st 225th Infantry (Airborne) Consolidated with Co F (Ranger) 425th Infantry[103][104] 7-157G TO&E and Ranger designation transferred to Co A (Ranger) 259th Infantry[48] |
| Co E (Ranger)200th Infantry[105][106][107][72] | Mobile, | 1 Dec 1969 | 1 Feb 1972 | Unknown | Converted from 778th Maint. Co (Lt Equip)(Direct Spt) Consolidated with Co A 1st20th Special Forces Group[103] |
| Co A (Ranger) 259th Infantry[108][109][57][110][111][72] | New Castle, | 1 Nov 1971 | 1 Jun 1974 |  | Converted from 1049th Trans Co (Acft Maint)(Gen Spt) Federal recognition withdrawn in 1974 |
| Co D (Ranger)151st Infantry[99][100][45][112][113][64][114][67][72] | Greenfield & | 1 Dec 1967 | 1 Mar 1977 | | Consolidated from Co B & C 1st 151st Infantry (Airborne) Converted to Trp A 1st 238 CAV and Co C 2nd 151st Infantry. 1977-1986 Reorganized and redesignated to Trp F 1st238th Cav (LRSU) 1986-89[80][115] as 50% transfers were from Trp A and incorporating a historical trace. Converted to 151st Infantry (LRSD) 1989-2007[116][81] Converted to Trp C 2nd152nd Cavalry (LRS) 2007-2016 Converted to Co D 151st Infantry 2016-2019[117] Redesignated Co C2nd 134th Infantry (Airborne) 2019–present[118] |
| Co E (Ranger)65th Infantry[66][109][72] | Vega Baja (until '76) | 1 Apr 1971 | 29 Feb 1980 |    | Converted from 755th Trans Co (Md Cgo Trk) Federal recognition withdrawn in 1980. 7-157H TO&E and Ranger designation transferred to Co G (Ranger) 143rd Infantry[119][68] |
| Co F (Ranger) 425th Infantry[101][106][47][48][104][72] | Detroit (until '72) | 1 Feb 1968 | 1 Sep 1987 |   | Redesignated from Co C 1st 225th Infantry (Airborne) Reorganized to Co F 425th Infantry (LRRP) 1985-1987[120] Reorganized to Co F 425th Infantry (LRS), 1987-2011[121][104][122] Consolidated into Co A 1st125th Infantry 2011–present |
| Co G (Ranger)143rd Infantry[123][119][68][69][124][72] | Houston & | 1 Apr 1980 | 1 Sep 1987 |   | Redesignated from Co A 2nd 143rd Infantry (Airborne) Reorganized to Co G 143rd Infantry (LRRP), 1987-1988[121] Reorganized to Co G 143rd Infantry (LRS), 1988-2001[125][126][77][127] Converted to Trp G124th Cavalry (BRT) 2001-2008 Redesignated to Trp C (DRT) 1st112th Cavalry (RSTA) 2008–present |
Ranger training began in September 1950 at Fort Benning, Georgia "with the formation and training of 17 Airborne Companies by the Ranger Training Command".[129] The first class graduated from Ranger training in November 1950."[130] The United States Army's Infantry School officially established the Ranger Department in December 1951. Under the Ranger Department, the first Ranger School Class was conducted in January–March 1952, with a graduation date of 1 March 1952. Its duration was 59 days.[131]: 28–29 At the time, Ranger training was voluntary.
In 1966, a panel headed by GeneralRalph E. Haines, Jr. recommended making Ranger training mandatory for allRegular Army officers upon commissioning. "On 16 August 1966, the Chief of Staff of the Army, General Harold K. Johnson, directed it so." This policy was implemented in July 1967. It was rescinded on 21 June 1972 byGeneral William Westmoreland. Once again, Ranger training was voluntary.[131]: 28–29 In August 1987, the Ranger Department was split from the Infantry School and the Ranger Training Brigade was established, commanded by Brigadier General (R) James Emory Mace.
The Ranger Companies that made up the Ranger Department became the current training units—the 4th, 5th and 6th Ranger Training Battalions.[131]: 29 These units conduct the United States Army's Ranger School at various locations: at Fort Benning,Georgia; at Camp Frank Merrill, nearDahlonega, Georgia; and atCamp James Rudder atEglin Air Force Base's Auxiliary Field No. 6/Biancur Field, in northwest Florida. As of 2011, the school is 61 days in duration.
In August 2015, two women graduated from Ranger School; they were the "first females to successfully complete the notoriously gruelling program".[132]
Organizations both use and define the term "Ranger" in different ways. For example, the annualBest Ranger Competition, hosted by the Ranger Training Brigade, the title "Best Ranger" can be won by any Ranger qualified entrants from any unit in the U.S. military. For an individual to be inducted into the U.S. Army Ranger Association's "Ranger Hall of Fame" they "must have served in a Ranger unit in combat or be a successful graduate of the U.S. Army Ranger School." The Ranger Association further clarifies the type of unit: "A Ranger unit is defined as those Army units recognized in Ranger lineage or history."[3] Acceptance into the U.S. Army Ranger Association is limited to "Rangers that have earned the U.S. Army Ranger tab, WWII Rangers, Korean War Rangers, Vietnam War Rangers, all Rangers that participated in Operations Urgent Fury, Just Cause, Desert Storm, Restore Hope, Enduring Freedom, and all Rangers who have served honorably for at least one year in a recognized Ranger unit."[134]
The U.S. Army Ranger Hall of Honor was established in 1952. It is hosted at theNational Infantry Museum in Columbus, Georgia, which also hosts theU.S. Army Officer Candidate School Hall of Honor.[135]
The Ranger of Hall of Fame features a digital kiosk with over 200 biographies and portraits of inductees.[135]
The 75th Ranger Regiment has been credited with numerous campaigns from World War II onwards. In World War II, they participated in 16 major campaigns, spearheading the campaigns in French Morocco, Sicily, Naples-Foggia, Anzio and Leyte. During the Vietnam War, they received campaign participation streamers for every campaign in the war.
In modern times, the regiment received streamers with arrowheads (denoting conflicts they spearheaded) for Grenada and Panama.
The Rangers have earned sixPresidential Unit Citations, nineValorous Unit Awards, and fourMeritorious Unit Commendations, the most recent of which were earned in Vietnam andHaditha, Iraq.
Rangers of D co151st Infantry,Indiana National Guard were decorated 538 times in Vietnam. They received 19Silver Stars, 88Bronze Stars wV device, 123Bronze Stars for service, 1Soldiers Medal, 101Purple Hearts, 111Air Medal, 29Army Commendation Medals withV device, and 3campaign streamers during the 11-month deployment toSouth Vietnam in 1969. No other singleArmy Infantrycompany was as decorated during a one-year period throughout the entireVietnam war than the "Indiana Rangers"[113]
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Source:SOCOM 2013 Fact Book | ||
