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United Provinces of New Granada Provincias Unidas de la Nueva Granada (Spanish) | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1811–1816 | |||||||||||
.svg) United Provinces of New Granada (in red) | |||||||||||
| Capital | Tunja | ||||||||||
| Common languages | Spanish (de facto) | ||||||||||
| Religion | Roman Catholic | ||||||||||
| Government | Revolutionary republic | ||||||||||
| FirstPresident | |||||||||||
| History | |||||||||||
• Independence declared | July 20, 1811 | ||||||||||
• First Congress of New Granada | 1811 | ||||||||||
• Act of Federation | November 27, 1811 | ||||||||||
| September 3, 1816 | |||||||||||
| Currency | Real | ||||||||||
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TheUnited Provinces of New Granada was a country inSouth America from 1810 to 1816, a period known in Colombian history asla Patria Boba ("the Foolish Fatherland"). It was formed from areas of theNew Kingdom of Granada, roughly corresponding to the territory of modern-day Colombia. The government was afederation with aparliamentary system, consisting of a weak executive and strong congress. The country was reconquered by Spain in 1816.
After two attempts at establishing a congress, the State ofCundinamarca managed to convene a Congress of the United Provinces, which met in late 1811. It issued an Act of Federation on November 27, 1811, which allowed Congress to establish a separate executive branch, if it felt it was required. An executive, consisting of a triumvirate, was created in 1814 after a royalist army fromPasto andPopayán defeated one from Cundinamarca (which had not accepted the Union and, in fact, had even sent troops against it). Congress nominatedManuel Rodríguez Torices, President of the State ofCartagena;José Manuel Restrepo,Antioquia'sSecretary of State; andCustodio García Rovira, Governor of the province ofSocorro. At the time of the nomination, the nominated officials were exercising their jobs, so they were temporarily replaced by members of Congress:Joaquín Camacho, Representative for theTunja Province,José María del Castillo y Rada andJosé Fernández Madrid, both Representatives for theCartagena Province.[1] The triumvirate was inaugurated on October 5, 1814.
On January 12, 1815, Congress arrived inSanta Fe de Bogotá, after its army, headed bySimón Bolívar, had forced Cundinamarca into the Union in December 1814. The interim triumvirate was replaced on January 21, 1815, by the original nominated members, with the exception of Joaquín Camacho, who had turned down the nomination. The first president of the triumvirate wasJosé Miguel Pey de Andrade, who at the moment was serving as the governor of Bogotá. On August 17, García Rovira, who had presented his resignation as President of the Triumvirate to Congress on July 11, was replaced byAntonio Villavicencio.
The Act was ratified by the provinces ofAntioquia,Cartagena,Neiva,Pamplona andTunja. Under the Act of Federation each province was free to write its own constitution and form its own government. Other regions of theNew Kingdom of Granada established their own governments and confederations (for example, the Confederated Cities of the Cauca Valley, 1811–1812) or remained royalist.[2]
At the beginning of the revolution, the largerViceroyalty of New Granada consisted of 22 provinces. The provinces were under the jurisdiction of twoaudiencias.
TheRoyal Audiencia of Quito, whose president had executive powers, had jurisdiction over the provinces ofQuito,Cuenca,Loja,Ibarra,Riobamba,Pasto,Popayán,Buenaventura and parts of theCauca River Valley. These provinces were located in what are now theRepublic of Ecuador and the southern part ofColombia.
TheRoyal Audiencia of Santa Fe de Bogotá, had jurisdiction over the provinces ofPanamá andVeragua in what is now theRepublic of Panama, and the provinces ofAntioquia,Cartagena de Indias,Casanare,Citará,Mariquita,Neiva,Nóvita,Pamplona,Riohacha,Santafé,Santa Marta,El Socorro, andTunja. The Audiencia of Quito, despite anattempt at establishing a junta between 1809 and 1812, remained a Royalist stronghold throughout the wars of independence.
The territory of theCaptaincy General of Venezuela had been part of the viceroyalty, but had become independent of it when the captaincy general was established in 1776, and therefore, never became part of the United Provinces. The Captaincy General had jurisdiction over the provinces ofCoro,Cumaná,Guayana,Maracaibo,Venezuela or Caracas (central Venezuela), andMargarita Island, and it had its ownaudiencia andsuperintendency based in Caracas. After the Revolution the captaincy general established itself as arepublic.
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