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United Party Verenigde Party (Afrikaans)
Abbreviation	UP
Leader	J.B.M. Hertzog J.C. Smuts J.G.N. Strauss De Villiers Graaff
Founded	1934
Dissolved	1977
Preceded by	National Party South African Party
Merged into	New Republic Party
Ideology	Classical liberalism[1] Conservatism Pro-Commonwealth Constitutional monarchism Coloured people's rights
Political position	Centre-right
Politics of South Africa Political parties Elections

TheUnited Party was aSouth African political party that was the ruling party from its formation in 1934 until 1948. Formed from the parties of Prime MinistersJ. B. M. Hertzog andJan Smuts, the United Party bridgedwhite English-speakers,Afrikaners andColoureds. It was considered more liberal on race relations than theNational Party, which strongly supported the preservation ofwhite supremacy. The United Party lost the1948 general election to the National Party which subsequently implementedapartheid. The United Party never held power again and dissolved in 1977, with remnants forming theNew Republic Party and other smaller groups.

The United Party was formed by a merger of the majority of Prime MinisterJ. B. M. Hertzog'sNational Party with the rivalSouth African Party ofJan Smuts, along with remnants of theUnionist Party. Its full name was theUnited National South African Party, but it was generally called the "United Party". The party drew support from several different parts of South African society, including white English-speakers,Afrikaners andColoureds.^[2]

Hertzog led the party until 1939, when he refused to commit South Africa to theBritish Empire's war effort againstNazi Germany afterWorld War II broke out. Most Afrikaners were hostile to the British and sympathetic towards Nazi Germany, and Hertzog felt that supporting Britain during the conflict would be unacceptable to Afrikaner opinion. He also claimed to not see much benefit for South Africa taking part in a war that Hertzog claimed was essentially a European affair. The majority of the United Party caucus were of a different mind, however, and Hertzog resigned. Smuts succeeded him and led the party and the country throughout World War II and the immediate post-war years.^[3]

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Smuts and the United Party lost the 1948 election to the National Party. It never held power again.J. G. N. Strauss succeeded Smuts in 1950, and was in turn replaced by Sirde Villiers Graaff in 1956 until 1977. Attrition characterised his leadership years, as the party slowly declined because of electoralgerrymandering, changes to South Africa's voting laws, including the removal of the 'Coloureds' – South Africans of mixed ancestry, who had been staunch United Party supporters – from the electoral rolls, and defections to other parties such as theProgressive Party, which was formed in 1959 by liberal former UP members that sought a stronger opposition to apartheid. Despite this, the party remained relatively stable until the 1970s.

TheNational Conservative Party (Afrikaans:Nasionale Konserwatiewe Party) existed in South Africa between 1954 and 1957. It was led byBailey Bekker, after he and others split from the United Party. Five United Party members were expelled after the 1953 parliamentary session, including Bekker and Abraham Jonker, after they had criticised the party's approach to theCape Qualified Franchise which allowed someCape Coloureds to vote in South African elections alongside Whites. They believed the party should compromise with the government and allow a separate electoral roll. They were conservative in outlook and regarded the United Party's new leaderJGN Strauss as taking it leftwards. They, and two other members, founded theNational Conservative Party in 1954. The party did not prosper and dissolved in 1957 before the next election, with its members joining the National Party or rejoining the United Party, or retiring from politics.

There was much division in the party, between liberals andconservatives. Divisions came to a head in 1972 whenHarry Schwarz, leader of the liberal "Young Turks" within the party, wrestled the leadership of the party in the Transvaal from Marais Steyn. His victory was a visible sign of strength from the liberals within the party. On 4 January 1974, he met withMangosuthu Buthelezi and signed a five-point plan for racial peace in South Africa, which came to be known as theMahlabatini Declaration of Faith. It was the first occasion in apartheid South Africa's history where the principles of peaceful transition and equality had been enshrined in a document which had been jointly signed by acknowledged black and white political leaders in South Africa. The declaration, however provoked an angry response from the conservative "Old Guard" in the party, including the party's leader.

In 1975 Harry Schwarz and three other Members ofParliament (MPs) were expelled from the United Party. Further resignations followed, which included two senators, ten members of the Transvaal Provincial Council, 14 out of the 36 Johannesburg City Councillors and four Randburg City Councillors. This made it the official opposition in the Transvaal Provincial Council. They formed theReform Party which elected Schwarz as leader. Schwarz's breakaway led to the demise of the United Party and realigned opposition politics in South Africa. The Reform Party soon merged with the Progressive Party to form theProgressive Reform Party (PRP).

In 1977, after merging with theDemocratic Party, which had been formed by moderate NP dissidents, the United Party was renamed theNew Republic Party. A significant number of its parliamentarians refused to remain with the renamed party. Some joined the anti-apartheid PRP (now called theProgressive Federal Party). Six MPs were expelled from the United Party for refusing to accept the plan to form the NRP and formed theSouth African Party which joined the ruling National Party three years later.Elections in late 1977 left the New Republic Party gutted, with only 10 parliamentary seats, down from the 41 held by the United Party.

The United Party did not articulate a position on race relations and tacitly supportedsegregation in general, though Smuts suggested that if black politicians promote "civilised" conduct, black South Africans might someday share power with the white minority. The lack of clear policy on race relations contributed to the United Party's loss in the1948 election. The United Party was considered more liberal on the issue than the Nationalist Party, which supported the preservation ofwhite supremacy at all costs.

The United Party was against apartheid as a system, but also favoured the continuation ofwhite minority rule, akin to the political arrangements inRhodesia at the time. During the late 1960s, the party tried to gain support by its resistance to the National Party's politics on giving land to theBantustans, insisting on a single citizenship for all South Africans. By the 1970s, the UP advocated federalism and a gradual retreat from official segregation and discrimination.

The party supported links with theCommonwealth of Nations, and unsuccessfully campaigned against the establishment of a republic in the whites-onlyreferendum held on 5 October 1960.

By the late 1970s, the breakaway and successor groups of the United Party – the Progressive Federal Party, New Republic Party and South African Party – were more or less committed to a multiracial federation as a solution to the racial question. The ruling National Party's reform program underPW Botha initially attracted some liberal support while provoking divisions within its ranks. By 1987, the NRP was in decline and its base absorbed by parties formed by NP dissidents; these merged with the PFP in 1989 to form theDemocratic Party which is now theDemocratic Alliance, thus reuniting the currents that originated in the United Party.

Election	Party candidate	Votes	%	Result
State President elected by a joint sitting of both houses of Parliament
1961	SupportedHenry Fagan (NU)	71	33.81%	LostN
1967	Pieter Voltelyn Graham van der Byl	52	24.19%	LostN

Election	Party leader	Votes	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1938	J. B. M. Hertzog	446,032	53.81%	111 / 150	25	1st	Majority government
1943	Jan Smuts	435,297	49.68%	89 / 150	22	1st	Majority government
1948		524,230	49.16%	65 / 150	24	2nd	Opposition
1953	J. G. N. Strauss	576,474	47.65%	57 / 156	8	2nd	Opposition
1958	De Villiers Graaff	503,648	43.57%	53 / 156	4	2nd	Opposition
1961		288,217	35.88%	49 / 156	4	2nd	Opposition
1966		486,629	37.37%	39 / 166	10	2nd	Opposition
1970		561,647	37.23%	47 / 166	8	2nd	Opposition
1974		363,459	32.70%	41 / 171	6	2nd	Opposition

Election	Party leader	%	Seats	+/–	Position	Result
1939	J. B. M. Hertzog	45.45%	20 / 44	20	1st	Governing minority
1948	Jan Smuts	34.09%	15 / 44	5	1st	Opposition
1955	J. G. N. Strauss	8.99%	8 / 89	7	2nd	Opposition
1960	De Villiers Graaff	27.78%	15 / 54	7	2nd	Opposition
1965		24.53%	13 / 53	2	2nd	Opposition
1970		24.07%	13 / 54		2nd	Opposition
1974		22.22%	12 / 54	1	2nd	Opposition

• List of political parties in South Africa

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• "Revisiting Urban African Policy and the Reforms of the Smuts Government, 1939–48", by Gary Baines

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