 Seal of the United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 14,300[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
 United States ( Oklahoma) | |
| Languages | |
| English,Cherokee | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Southern Baptist), Kituwah, Four Mothers Society | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| otherCherokee tribes |
TheUnited Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians in Oklahoma (ᎠᏂᎩᏚᏩᎩ ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ orAnigiduwagi Aniyvwiya, abbreviated United Keetoowah Band or UKB) is afederally recognized tribe ofCherokeeNative Americans headquartered inTahlequah, Oklahoma. According to the UKB website, its members are mostly descendants of "Old Settlers" or "Western Cherokees," those Cherokees who migrated from the Southeast to present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817. Some reports estimate that Old Settlers began migrating west by 1800, before theforced relocation of Cherokees by the United States in the late 1830s under theIndian Removal Act.
Although politically the UKB is not associated with the Trail of Tears, many of the members have direct ancestors who completed the journey in 1838-39.
Today the UKB has over 14,300 citizens, with 13,300 living within the state ofOklahoma. Jeff Wacoche is the current Chief.[2]
As of 2025[update], the current administration is:[3]
Tribal officers hold four-year terms while tribal district representatives are elected to two-year terms. The election calendars parallel the United States' national election calendar (Mid-terms and Presidential).
The tribe owns and operates Keetoowah Construction in Tahlequah and the Keetoowah Cherokee Treatment Center inTulsa, Oklahoma.[1] They have an arts and crafts gallery which showcases United Keetoowah Band citizens' work.
They owned and operated the Keetoowah Cherokee Casino in Tahlequah from 1986 to 2013.[4] The UKB issue their owntribal vehicle tags. Their estimated annual economic impact is $267 million.[1] They host an annual homecoming festival over the first weekend of October.[5]
The wordKeetoowah (Kituwa) is the name of an ancientCherokee mother town andearthworkmound in the eastern homeland of the Cherokees. Kituwah also is considered by Cherokees to be their original name.[6] The UKB's original land claims include all or parts of Alabama, the Carolinas, Georgia, Kentucky, Tennessee, Virginia, and West Virginia. Following the western movement of the Cherokees, UKB traditional territories include the above-mentioned states with the addition of Arkansas, Illinois, Kansas, Missouri, Oklahoma, and Texas.
The UKB members are composed primarily of descendants of the "Old Settlers," Cherokees who settled in present-day Arkansas and Oklahoma around 1817.[7] They were well established before most of the Cherokees were forcibly relocated by the United States government from the Southeast toIndian Territory in what became known as the 1838Trail of Tears.[6]
By the 1880s, all Cherokee people faced increased pressure by the US government for assimilation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Cherokees and other Native American children were sent toIndian boarding schools away from home for their education: they were expected to speak only English, were generally prohibited from speaking their own languages, and were expected to adopt Christianity rather than practice native spirituality. The US federal government unilaterally closed and seized Cherokee and other Native American governmental and public institutions through the 1898Curtis Act, theDawes Act and the 1906Five Civilized Tribes Act. Under this legislation, they broke up communal tribal holdings and allotted plots of land to individual households, intended to be developed according to the European-American model of subsistence farming.[8]
TheDawes Commission was tasked to extinguish Native American land claims and break up tribal governments by allotting what was considered communal tribal lands. By assigning plots to individual households among theFive Civilized Tribes, they intended to encourage the European-American model of subsistence farming. Afterward the US government appointed certain Cherokee chiefs to administer tribal lands and holdings, rather than allowing the people to continue with their practice of hereditary chiefs.
Under theCurtis Act of 1898, the government of theCherokee Nation was intended to be dissolved in 1906, in spite of the resistance of many of its members. However, the Five Tribes Act of 1906 provided "the tribal existence and present tribal governments of [the Five Tribes] are hereby continued in full force and effect for all purposes authorized by law," leaving behind a weakened government.[9] The only remnant left was the office of the Principal Chief, held byWilliam Charles Rogers. He had been deposed in 1905 by the National Council for cooperating in the tribe's dissolution. He was replaced with Frank J. Boudinot (who was also the leader of theKeetoowah Nighthawk Society).
The next year, the US government re-appointed Rogers and directed him to manage land sales. He held office until 1914. After that the US government did not appoint a chief and the position was dormant.[10]
Prior to World War II, the administration of PresidentFranklin D. Roosevelt worked to strengthen Native American tribes by encouraging them to reconstitute their governments and adopt an electoral process. Congress passed theIndian Reorganization Act (1934). The state legislature passed theOklahoma Indian Welfare Act (OIWA, 1936); both were considered part of theIndian New Deal to support tribes' reorganizing their governments. Cherokees began to organize on their own terms. In the meantime, thePresident of the United States officially appointed Principal Chiefs for the Cherokees; these appointments were made through the Department of Interior'sBureau of Indian Affairs.
The UKB ratified their constitution and by-laws on October 3, 1950.[11] The tribe was federally recognized in 1950 under the Oklahoma Indian Welfare Act. Early elected leaders of the UKB were Levi Gritts, followed by John Hitcher, and the Reverend Jim Pickup, who served in the post-World War II era.[12]
The UKB have struggled to maintain use and education in theCherokee language.[13] As of 2018, only 101 people in the UKB were counted as being fluent,[14] with most speakers either in the grandparent generation or older.[a] In 2019, the Tri-Council of Cherokee tribes declared a state of emergency for the language due to the threat of it going extinct, and called for the enhancement of revitalization programs.[16]
After the intended federal dissolution of theOld Cherokee Nation under the Dawes Commission and allotments, Native American land claims in Indian Territory were extinguished and Oklahoma was admitted as a state. Indians listed on theDawes Commission rolls and other rolls were effectively left without political representation.[17] However, a 1906 Act of Congress officially continued the Cherokee Nation in limited form.[18] Whether the modern Cherokee Nation is the continuation of the Old Cherokee Nation is a point of contention between it and the UKB.[19]
In the late 1940s, the United Keetoowah Band's claim to recognition as a tribe was probed according to criteria influenced byJohn Collier, who led the Bureau of Indian Affairs, andFelix S. Cohen. WriterD'Arcy McNickle argued that the Cherokee Nation no longer existed in any form except to sign over Indian lands. He suggested that the UKB be granted federal acknowledgment based on its authenticity and connection to the traditional ways, including maintenance of the language and ceremonies.[citation needed]
After 1947, the UKB was the federally recognized organization by which all the Cherokee people received federal assistance and were dealt with on federal programs. The UKB was able to secure federal funds for the Cherokee Nation Complex, which today houses the government of theCherokee Nation of Oklahoma (CNO), also federally recognized in the late 20th century. The UKB also started the Cherokee National Holiday, in conjunction with the Principal Chief's office. The Cherokee Nation Housing Authority was begun using UKB's federally recognized status.[20]
Even the casino enterprises, which have for decades given the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma a motive to try to destroy or "de-recognize" the UKB and its membership, emerged from precedent set by the cooperation of the UKB.[17]
TheCherokee Nation received approval of their constitution and federal recognition in 1975. The two nations pursued independent paths; the CNO had many more members and asserted political power in the region. The CNO evicted the UKB from the offices at the tribal complex in Tahlequah, which had originally been acquired through the United Keetoowah Band'sgovernment-to-government relationship with theUnited States.[21]
The CNO administrations ofWilma Mankiller andChad "Corntassel" Smith have had many conflicts with UKB leadership. Smith was a member of the UKB, but due to these issues, the tribe revoked his membership in 2005.[citation needed]
The United Keetoowah Band maintains aone-quarter-blood requirement for members.[1] It requires all members to have verifiable Cherokee descent either from a person or people on theDawes Rolls or theUKB Base Roll of 1949.[22]
Beginning in the 1970s, the UKB made some people honorary, adopted and associate members, to recognize their services to the nation. This continued an older practice of Keetoowah adoption or naturalization of captives and friends dating to the 19th century. Former PresidentBill Clinton is a notable associate member. Given the problems in the 21st century of persons trying to gain benefits by claiming distant Cherokee or UKB ancestry, the tribe no longer practices honorary membership.
Ward Churchill, a former Professor of Ethnic Studies at theUniversity of Colorado, had long claimed to be of Cherokee descent and made his reputation on promoting Native American issues and an activist Native American view. He was revealed to have no such ancestry. Then he claimed to be an honorary associate member in the UKB, but the tribe has rejected this claim as fraudulent.[23]
In the late 20th century, several tribes began to develop gaming facilities on their own sovereign or trust lands, and in consultation with affected states. Such enterprises have raised revenues often used for development and welfare.
The State of Oklahoma has sued the UKB in federal court for operating what it describes as illegal gaming facilities, as they are not onBureau of Indian Affairs-approved tribal trust lands. According to briefs submitted by the Cherokee Nation, the UKB own no tribal lands in federal trust. The lawsuit is pending in the federal courts in Oklahoma. It has been remanded to theNational Indian Gaming Commission for review.[24]
During the State of Oklahoma lawsuit pertaining to the UKB's alleged illegal casino operations for a casino that the tribe has been operating for approximately 19 years, the UKB was accused of attempting to sue the Cherokee Nation.[25] The Cherokee Nation said the UKB had sued to demand cession of tribal land allotments to them in order to build casinos. These lawsuits were dismissed.[citation needed]
The UKB has sued the United States for a share of the proceeds under HR-3534, a bill that required the United States to compensate the Cherokee Nation and two other Oklahoma tribes for claims to the disclaimed drybed lands of theArkansas River. The legislation set aside ten percent of each tribe's share of the settlement for other claimant tribes; it afforded other claimant tribes an opportunity to file claims within 180 days of the legislation. The UKB filed suit against the United States in the Court of Claims. The Cherokee Nation moved to intervene and to dismiss the UKB suit. It contended that the Cherokee Nation is an indispensable party and that it cannot be joined in the litigation because of its sovereign immunity. The Court of Claims granted both of the Cherokee Nation's motions.
On April 14, 2006, on appeal, the United States sided with the UKB against the Cherokee Nation's request for dismissal. The Court of Federal Claims heard the appeal on November 8, 2006.[26]
In June 2004, the UKB requested that the BIA take into trust land which the tribe owned on a fee basis, a 76-acre (31 ha) Community Services Parcel. The case has been studied and the request was originally denied, but the UKB appealed. In May 2011, the BIA finally announced its decision to take into trust for the UKB 76 acres (31 ha) of land in Tahlequah. This land includes several of its community centers and the sacred dance ground. The tribe will no longer be landless.[27]
In April, 2019, the tribe charteredBacone College inMuskogee, Oklahoma as itstribal college.[28]