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Withdrawal of theUnited Kingdom from theEuropean Union Glossary of terms
Background European Communities Act 1975 EC membership referendum UK rebate Bruges speech No. No. No. Maastricht Rebels Black Wednesday European Union (Amendment) Act 2008 European Union Act 2011 UK opt-outs from EU legislation Euroscepticism in the UK UK opinion polling on EU membership Campaigns for a referendum People's Pledge Labour for a Referendum Bloomberg speech In or Out 2013–14 EU (Referendum) Bill (unsuccessful) 2014 European Parliament election 2014 UK Parliament by-elections Clacton Heywood and Middleton Rochester and Strood 2015 UK general election 2015–16 EU membership renegotiation
2016 referendum EU Referendum Act (Gibraltar) EU Referendum (Date of Referendum etc.) Regulations EU Referendum (Conduct) Regulations Issues Endorsements Opinion polling UK Government pro-EU leaflet Campaigns Leave campaigns Vote Leave (official) Business for Britain Conservatives for Britain BeLeave Leave.EU Bpoplive The Freedom Association Better Off Out Grassroots Out Labour Leave Get Britain Out Bruges Group Campaign for an Independent Britain Brexit: The Movie Remain campaigns Britain Stronger in Europe (official) Labour In for Britain European Movement UK Britain in Europe British Influence Business for New Europe Nucleus Project Fear Outcome Results Causes for result International reactions Immediate aftermath 2016 Conservative Party election 2016 Labour Party election 2016 UKIP election Department for Exiting the EU Department for International Trade Allegations of unlawful campaigning Alleged Russian interference
Notice of withdrawal Article 50 process Miller case (Article 50) EU (Notification of Withdrawal) Act 2017 Brexit plan Repeal Bill plan 2017 UK general election
Negotiations Negotiation positions EU negotiation mandate Chequers agreement Timeline:2017,2018,2019 2019 European Parliament election 2019 UK general election
Withdrawal agreement Brexit divorce bill Fish for finance Irish backstop No-deal Brexit Northern Ireland Protocol Northern Ireland Protocol Bill Windsor Framework
Legislation Withdrawal Act 2018 (Gibraltar) Nuclear Safeguards Act 2018 Cooper–Letwin Act Benn Act 2019 suspension of rebel Conservative MPs Public Vote Bill (not passed) Terms of Withdrawal Bills (not passed) Scottish EU Continuity Bill (blocked) Withdrawal Agreement Act (Gibraltar) Scottish EU Continuity Act Internal Market Act EU (Future Relationship) Act Retained EU Law (Revocation and Reform) Act
Impact Impact on the Irish border Good Friday Agreement Impact on the EU Economic effects Effects on Gibraltar Scientific cooperation Effects on popular culture Retained EU law 2021 Jersey dispute
EU–UK relations Relations pre- and post-Brexit EU–UK trade negotiation EU–UK Trade and Cooperation Agreement (TCA) Partnership Council Partnership Assembly Relations with EU member states Austria Belgium Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Akrotiri and Dhekelia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Ireland–UK border British–Irish Council North/South Ministerial Council Italy Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Slovakia Spain Status of Gibraltar Gibraltar–Spain border Sweden Conjectured EEA membership
Opposition Post-referendum opinion polling New initiatives Change Britain More United Open Britain The New European Unite to Remain Led By Donkeys Revoke Article 50 petition Postcards from the 48% Proposed second Scottish independence referendum Calls for asecond referendum People's Vote Britain for Europe European Movement UK For our Future's Sake Healthier IN the EU InFacts Open Britain Our Future Our Choice Scientists for EU Other organisations Best for Britain Bollocks to Brexit Change UK Liberal Democrats Right to Vote
Timeline Bloomberg speech Jan 2013 Referendum Bill blocked Jan 2014 European Parliament election May 2014 2015 general election May 2015 Renegotiation begins Jun 2015 Referendum Act passed Dec 2015 Renegotiation concluded Feb 2016 Referendum held Jun 2016 David Cameron resigns asPM Jul 2016 Theresa Maybecomes PM Jul 2016 Article 50 judgement Jan 2017 Brexit plan presented Feb 2017 Notification Act passed Mar 2017 Article 50 invoked Mar 2017 Repeal Bill plan presented Mar 2017 2017 general election Jun 2017 Brexit negotiations begin Jun 2017 Withdrawal Act passed Jun 2018 Chequers plan presented Jul 2018 Withdrawal agreement plan presented July 2018 Withdrawal agreement released Nov 2018 Scottish Continuity Bill blocked Dec 2018 Meaningful votes Jan–Mar 2019 Brexit delayed until 12 April Mar 2019 Cooper–Letwin Act passed Apr 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 October Apr 2019 European Parliament election May 2019 Theresa May resigns asPM Jul 2019 Boris Johnsonbecomes PM Jul 2019 Prorogation andannulment Aug–Sep 2019 Benn Act passed Sep 2019 Withdrawal agreementrevised Oct 2019 Brexit delayed until 31 January Oct 2019 2019 general election Dec 2019 Agreement Act passed Jan 2020 UK leaves the European Union Jan 2020 Implementation period begins Jan 2020 UK–EU trade deal agreed Dec 2020 Future Relationship Act passed Dec 2020 Scottish Continuity Act passed Dec 2020 Implementation period ends Dec 2020 New EU–UK relationship begins Jan 2021 UK–EU trade deal ratified Apr 2021 Windsor Framework released Feb 2023 Windsor framework adopted Mar 2023
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Unite to Remain (Welsh:Uno i Aros)^[1] was a campaign andelectoral pact during the2019 general election. It involved three parties thatsupported remaining in the European Union: theLiberal Democrats, theGreen Party of England and Wales, and, in Wales,Plaid Cymru. Its stated goal was to avoid thespoiler effect and maximise the number of MPs elected who would oppose Brexit.

In 49 constituencies in England and 11 in Wales, the pact led to only one of these parties standing a candidate. Of the 60 constituencies, 43 had Liberal Democrat candidates only, 10 had Green Party candidates only, and 7 had Plaid Cymru candidates only.^{[2][3][4][5][6]} The seats covered by the pact included some defended by a Unite to Remain party, as well as target seats held by theConservative orLabour parties.

Nine Unite to Remain candidates were elected (5 Liberal Democrats, 3 Plaid Cymru, 1 Green), which represented one gain and one loss compared to the 2017 general election results.

Though there was no formal pact, the August 2019Brecon and Radnorshire by-election saw the Greens and Plaid Cymru stand aside for the Liberal Democrat candidateJane Dodds,^[7] who defeated the Conservative candidate by a small margin.^[8] This arrangement was mooted as being the basis for a wider-ranging "Remain Alliance".^[9]

The Unite to Remain group which brokered the pact was formed by the outgoing MP forSouth Cambridgeshire,Heidi Allen and former Liberal Democrat TreasurerPeter Dunphy in July 2019.^[10][11] The alliance approached the Labour party at an early stage, but were rebuffed.^[12] The Labour peerJim Knight was one of the directors of Unite to Remain.^[13] The group was registered as a "non-party campaigner" with theElectoral Commission in November 2019.^[14]

Seats were selected based on a targeted pooling of resources and only with the consent of local parties.^{[citation needed]} All the parties also supportelectoral reform.^[12] Liberal Democrat activists in constituencies where their party stood aside were encouraged to either campaign for the Unite to Remain candidate there, or to campaign in a nearby seat.^[15]

On 13 November 2019, Unite to Remain and theRenew Party announced that Renew would not contest any of the 60 Unite to Remain target seats.^[16]

Incumbents marked in italics didnot stand for re-election in that constituency.

Darker rows indicate constituencies where the Unite to Remain party won the previous election (the2017 general election or the2019 Brecon and Radnorshire by-election). The pact also covers three seats where, during the 2017–2019 Parliament, incumbent MPsdefected from other parties to the Liberal Democrats.

PsephologistJohn Curtice stated that the pact could be critical in "half a dozen" seats that could have otherwise been won by the Conservatives.^[25]

An analysis published in theFinancial Times attempted to evaluate the potential impact of the pact. This analysis applieduniform regional swing based on polling (as of early November) to the2017 result to estimate the parties' standings in the seats before the pact, then assumed that voters for parties standing aside would transfer their support as per the pact. The analysis found that in 18 seats the Unite to Remain party would not need the pact in order to win, in 39 the pact would be insufficient to secure victory, and in two (Brecon and Radnorshire andWinchester) the pact would make the critical difference between winning and losing for the Unite to Remain party.^[26]

In addition to the Unite to Remain pact, the Liberal Democrats did not stand candidates against the following anti-Brexit or "soft Brexit" supporting incumbents:

• Dominic Grieve (independent),Beaconsfield^[27]
• Gavin Shuker (independent),Luton South^[28]
• Anna Soubry (The Independent Group for Change),Broxtowe^[29]

All failed to be elected.

InCanterbury, the original Liberal Democrat candidate (Tim Walker) stood down in aid of the Labour incumbentRosie Duffield, but the Lib Dems stood a replacement candidate.^[30] Duffield retained her seat.

In Northern Ireland,Sinn Féin, theSDLP and theGreen Party in Northern Ireland all stood aside in certain constituencies to increase the chances of anti-Brexit candidates.^[31]

• 2019 United Kingdom general election#Electoral pacts and unilateral decisions
• Liberal Democrat–Green Party alliance

• Official website (Archived site, 13 December 2019)

• 2019 United Kingdom general election
• Brexit
• Defunct political party alliances in the United Kingdom
• European Union–related advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
• Green Party of England and Wales
• Liberal Democrats (UK)
• Plaid Cymru
• Political advocacy groups in the United Kingdom
• Pro-Europeanism in the United Kingdom

• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Use British English from November 2019
• All Wikipedia articles written in British English
• Use dmy dates from November 2019
• Articles containing Welsh-language text
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• Articles with unsourced statements from March 2021
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