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Unified Northern Alphabet

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Latin-based alphabet

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The Latin-based Unified Northern Alphabet, 1932

TheUnified Northern Alphabet (UNA) (Russian:Единый северный алфавит,romanized: Edinyy severnyy alfavit) was a set ofLatin alphabets created during theLatinisation in the Soviet Union for the"small" languages of northern Russia and used for about five years during the 1930s.

Systematic work on the development of writing in the languages of the peoples of the North began in 1926, when the Northern Faculty (known asthe Institute of the Peoples of the North (IPN) since 1930) of theLeningrad Oriental Institute [ru] was established.

Alphabets were initially planned forChukchi,Even,Evenki,Gilyak,Itelmen,Ket,Koryak,Mansi,Nanai,Nenets,Kildin Sámi,Selkup,Siberian Yupik andUdihe.

Alphabet

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Alphabet of 1932:^[1]

A a	Bʙ	C c	Ꞓ ꞓ	D d	Ʒ ʒ	Ɜ ɜ	E e	Ə ə	Æ æ
F f	G g	H h	Ꜧ ꜧ	I i	Ь ь	J j	K k	L l	Ł ł
M m	N n	Ŋ ŋ	O o	Ɵ ɵ	P p	Q q	R r	Ɍ ɍ	S s
Ꞩ ꞩ	T t	U u	V v	W w	X x	Y y	Z z	Ƶ ƶ

Letters in use across different languages

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The descending tail or hook beneath the letters may look like acedilla,comma,ogonek, or extendedserif, depending on the typeface.

Letter	Trans.^[1]	Kildin Sámi (a)^[2]	Kildin Sámi (b)^[1]	Nenets	Selkup	Mansi	Khanty	Evenki	Even	Nanai	Udihe	Itelmen	Chukchi	Koryak	Yupik	Aleut	Ket	Gilyak
A a	a	A a	A a Ā ā	A a Ā ā	A a Ā ā	A a	A a	A a Ā ā	A a Ā ā	A a Ā ā	A a Ā ā	A a	A a Ā ā	A a	A a	A a	A a	A a
B ʙ	b	B ʙ	B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦	B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦	B ʙ	—	—	B b	B ʙ	B ʙ	B ʙ	B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦	—	—	B ʙ B̦ ʙ̦	B ʙ	B ʙ	B ʙ
C c	c (ts)	C c		C c Ç ç	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	C c Ç ç	—	—	C c	C c	—	—
Ꞓ ꞓ (Є є)	č	Ꞓ ꞓ		—	Ꞓ ꞓ	—	Ꞓ ꞓ	Ꞓ ꞓ	Ꞓ ꞓ	Ꞓ ꞓ	Ꞓ ꞓ	—	Ꞓ ꞓ	Ꞓ ꞓ	—	—	—	Ꞓ ꞓ
D d	d	D d D̦ d̦		D d D̦ d̦	D d	—	—	D d	D d	D d	D d	D d D̦ d̦	D d	—	D d	D d	D d	D d D̦ d̦
Ʒ ʒ	dž	Ʒ ʒ		—	—	—	—	Ʒ ʒ	Ʒ ʒ	Ʒ ʒ	Ʒ ʒ	—	—	—	—	Ʒ ʒ	—	—
Ɜ ɜ	dz	Ɜ ɜ		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
E e	e	E e		E e Ē ē	E e	E e	E e	E e	E e	E e	E e Ē ē	E e	E e Ē ē	E e	E e	E e	E e	E e
Ə ə	ə	Ə ə		Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə	—	Ə ə	Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə	Ə ə Ə̄ ə̄	Ə ə	Ə ə	Ə ə	Ə ə	Ə ə
Æ æ	ä	—	Æ æ	—	Æ æ	—	—	—	—	—	Æ æ	—	—	—	—	—	Æ æ	—
F f	f	F f		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	F f	F f	—	—	F f	F f	—	F f
G g	g	G g Ģ ģ	G g	G g	G g	G g	—	G g	G g	G g	G g	G g Ģ ģ	G g	G g	G g	G g	G g	G g
H h	h	H h		H h	—	H h	H h	H h	H h	H h	H h	H h	—	—	H h	H h	H h	H h
Ꜧ ꜧ	γ	—		Ꜧ ꜧ	—	Ꜧ ꜧ	Ꜧ ꜧ	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Ꜧ ꜧ	Ꜧ ꜧ
I i	i	I i	I i Ī ī	I i Ī ī	I i	I i	I i	I i	I i	I i Ī ī	I i Ī ī	I i	I i Ī ī	I i	I i	I i	I i	I i
Ь ь	y	Ь ь		Ь ь Ь̄ ь̄	Ь ь	Ь ь	Ь ь	—	—	—	—	Ь ь	Ь ь Ь̄ ь̄	Ь ь	Ь ь	Ь ь	Ь ь	—
J j	j	J j		J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j	J j
K k	k	K k Ķ ķ		K k	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k Ķ ķ	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k	K k Kʻ kʻ
L l	l	L l Ļ ļ		L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l	L l	L l	L l	L l Ļ ļ	L l	L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l Ļ ļ	L l
Ł ł	tl	—		—	—	—	Ł ł Ł̦ ł̦		—	—	—	—	Ł ł	—	—	Ł ł	Ł ł	—
M m	m	M m M̦ m̦		M m M̦ m̦	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m M̦ m̦	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m	M m
N n	n	N n Ņ ņ		N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ	N n	N n Ņ ņ	N n Ņ ņ
Ŋ ŋ	ng	Ŋ ŋ		Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ	Ŋ ŋ
O o	o	O o	O o Ō ō	O o Ō ō	O o	O o	O o	O o Ō ō	O o Ō ō	O o Ō ō	O o Ō ō	O o	O o Ō ō	O o	O o	O o	O o	O o
Ɵ ɵ	ö	—		—	Ɵ ɵ	—	Ɵ ɵ	—	—	—	Ɵ ɵ	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
P p	p	P p P̦ p̦		P p P̦ p̦	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p P̦ p̦	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p	P p Pʻ pʻ
Q q	q	—		—	Q q	—	Q q	—	—	—	—	Q q	Q q	Q q	Q q	Q q	Q q	Q q Qʻ qʻ
R r	r	R r Ŗ ŗ		R r Ŗ ŗ	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r Ŗ ŗ	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r	R r Rʻ rʻ
Ɍ ɍ	ř	—		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Ɍ ɍ	—	—
S s	s	S s Ș ș		S s Ș ș	S s	S s	S s Ș ș	S s	S s	S s	S s	S s Ș ș	S s	S s	S s Ș ș	S s	S s Ș ș	S s
Ꞩ ꞩ	š	Ꞩ ꞩ		—	Ꞩ ꞩ	Ꞩ ꞩ	Ꞩ ꞩ	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
T t	t	T t Ț ț		T t Ț ț	T t	T t Ț ț	T t Ț ț	T t	T t	T t	T t	T t Ț ț	T t	T t Ț ț	T t	T t	T t Ț ț	T t Ț ț Tʻ tʻ
U u	u	U u	U u Ū ū	U u Ū ū	U u	U u	U u	U u	U u	U u Ū ū	U u Ū ū	U u	U u Ū ū	U u	U u	U u	U u	U u
V v	v	V v V̦ v̦		—	—	V v	—	—	—	—	—	V v V̦ v̦	V v	V v	V v	V v	—	V v
W w	w	—		W w	W w	—	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	W w	—
X x	x	—	X x	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	X x	X x	—	—	X x	X x	—	X x
Y y	ü	—		—	Y y	—	Y y	—	—	—	Y y	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Z z	z	Z z Z̦ z̦	Z z	Z z Z̦ z̦	Z z	—	—	—	—	—	Z z	Z z Z̦ z̦	—	—	Z z	—	—	Z z
Ƶ ƶ	ž	Ƶ ƶ		—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	Ƶ ƶ	—	—

Further development

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From 1932, textbooks were published in the UNA. The UNA was used for fifteen out of the sixteen planned languages—all exceptAleut.

After 1937, the UNA was abandoned, and those languages that were to continue to have an official writing system were to adopt Cyrillic. In practice, this spelt the end of writing for many of these minority languages; this halted their written use for decades to come.

Reading

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Grenoble, L. A. (2003). Language policy in the Soviet Union (Vol. 3). Springer Science & Business Media.
Partanen, N.; M. Rießler (2019).An OCR system for the Unified Northern Alphabet. ACL Anthology.

References

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^^a ^b ^cЯ. П. Алькор (Кошкин), И. Д. Давыдов (1932).Материалы I всероссийской конференции по развитию языков и письменнсти народов Севера. — М.-Л.: Учпедгиз. (RSL,archive.org)
^P. N. Ƶuļov (1934)Kniga logkəm guejka: vesmus pieļ. Leningrat rațkmuꞩ Uꞓpedgizəst.

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