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Unification Church

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
International new religious movement
Not to be confused withUnitarianism,Universalism, orUnity Church.
"Moonies" redirects here. For other uses, seeMoonie (disambiguation).

Family Federation for World Peace and Unification
(Unification Church)
세계평화통일가정연합
Official emblem
AbbreviationFFWPU, UC
ClassificationNew religious movement
ScriptureBible
Divine Principle
Acting LeaderHak Ja Han
RegionWorldwide
Headquarters12F Dowon Building
292-20 Dohwa-dong
Mapo-gu
Seoul, South Korea[1]
FounderSun Myung Moon
OriginMay 1, 1954
Seoul, South Korea
Other names
  • Unification Movement
  • Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (세계기독교통일신령협회)
  • Unificationists
  • Moonies
  • Moon sect
Official websitefamilyfed.org
Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han, founders of the Unification Church
Sun Myung Moon and Hak Ja Han, founders of the Unification Church

TheUnification Church (Korean:통일교;RR:Tongilgyo) is anew religious movement, whose members are calledUnificationists or sometimes informallyMoonies.

It was founded in 1954 bySun Myung Moon inSeoul, South Korea, as theHoly Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC;세계기독교통일신령협회); in 1994, the organization changed its name to theFamily Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU;세계평화통일가정연합). It has a presence in approximately 100 countries around the world.[2] Its leaders are Moon (prior to his death) and his wife,Hak Ja Han, whom their followers honor with the title "True Parents".[3]

The bookDivine Principle informs the beliefs of the Unification Church. Moonconsidered himself theSecond Coming of Christ, appointed to complete the missionJesus Christ was unable to because of his crucifixion: beginning a new ideal family,[4] and a larger human lineage, free fromsin.[5] The Unification Church is well known for itsmass weddings, known asBlessing ceremonies.[6] Its members have founded, owned and supportedrelated organizations in business,[7] education,[8] politics[9] and more.[10]Its involvement in politics includesanti-communism and support forKorean reunification.[11][12][13] The group has been accused of excessive financial exploitation of its members.[2] It has been criticized for its teachings and for its social and political influence, with critics calling it adangerous cult,[14][15] a political powerhouse and a business empire.[16][17]

Popular terminologies

[edit]
Main article:Moonie (nickname)

Moon did not originally intend to found a separate organization or denomination,[18] and did not give his group of followers its official name, Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (세계 기독교 통일 신령 협회;Segye Gidoggyo Tong-il Sinryeong Hyeobhoe), until 1954.[19] The informal name "Unification Church" (통일교;Tongilgyo) has been commonly used by members, the public and the news media.[20] By 2018, the term "Unification Movement" was also widely used.[21]

Moonie, the colloquial term for members,[22] was first used in 1974 by some American media outlets.[23] In the 1980s and 1990s, theUnification Church of the United States undertook an extensivepublic relations campaign against the use of the word by thenews media.[24][25]

Many Unification Church members consider the word "Moonie" derogatory, despite originally being received neutrally.[26] In other contexts, it is not always considered pejorative,[27][28] as Unification Church members have used the word – including the president of theUnification Theological Seminary David Kim,[29]Bo Hi Pak, Moon's aide and president ofLittle Angels Children's Folk Ballet of Korea,[30] and Moon himself.[31]

Moon and his wife, Hak Ja Han, are regarded by Unificationists as "True Father" and "True Mother," respectively, and as "True Parents" collectively.

History

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Emblem of the HSA-UWC

Background and origins

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On February 25, 1920, Moon was born Mun Yong-myeong in Sangsa-ri (상사리;上思里), Deogun-myon (덕언면),Jeongju-gun,North P'yŏng'anProvince, at a time whenKorea was under Japanese rule. His birthday was recorded as January 6 by the traditionallunar calendar (February 25, 1920, according to theGregorian Calendar).[32] Around 1930, his family, who followed traditionalConfucianist beliefs, converted toChristianity and joined aPresbyterian Church, where he later taughtSunday school.[33]

In 1945, Moon attended the Israel Monastery (Israel Jesus Church near Seoul) with his wife, Choi Sun-Kil (최선길;崔先吉;Choe Seon-gil), to learn the teachings ofKim Baek-moon [ko], including his bookThe Fundamental Principles of Christianity (基督敎根本原理 drafted March 2, 1946, published March 2, 1958).[34][35][36] AfterWorld War II and the Japanese rule ended in 1945, Moon began preaching.[33] In 1946, Moon traveled alone toPyongyang inCommunist-ruled North Korea.[37] He was arrested on allegations of spying for South Korea and given a five-year sentence to the Hŭngnamlabor camp.[38]

Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (1954–1994)

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Moon founded the Holy Spirit Association for the Unification of World Christianity (HSA-UWC) inSeoul on May 1, 1954. It expanded rapidly in South Korea and, by the end of 1955, had 30 centers nationwide.[19] The HSA-UWC expanded throughout the world, with most members living in South Korea, Japan, the Philippines and other nations inEast Asia.[39][19] In the 1970s, American HSA-UWC members were noted for raising money for Unification Church projects.[40]

In 1955 the HSA-UWC founded The Collegiate Association for the Research of Principles (CARP;대학원리연구회). According to CARP's website, its goal is to promote "intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view".[41][42] J. Isamu Yamamoto states inUnification Church: "At times, CARP has been very subtle about its association with the Unification Church; however, the link between the two has always been strong since the purpose of both is to spread Moon's teachings."[43]

The HSA-UWC also sent missionaries to Europe. They enteredCzechoslovakia in 1968 and remained underground until the 1990s.[44] Unification movement activity in South America began in the 1970s with missionary work. Later, the HSA-UWC made large investments in civic organizations and business projects, including an international newspaper.[45]

Starting in the 1990s, the HSA-UWC expanded in Russia and other former communist nations.Hak Ja Han, Moon's wife, made a radio broadcast to the nation from theState Kremlin Palace.[46] As of 1994, the HSA-UWC had about 5,000 members in Russia.[47] About 500 Russian students had been sent to the US to participate in 40-day workshops.[48]

Moon moved to the United States in 1971, although he remained a citizen of the Republic of Korea. In the 1970s, he gave a series of public speeches in the United States, including one inMadison Square Garden in New York City in 1974; two in 1976 inYankee Stadium in New York City; and one on the grounds of theWashington Monument in Washington, D.C., where he spoke on "God's Hope for America" to 300,000 people. In 1975, the HSA-UWC held one of thelargest peaceful gatherings in history, with 1.2 million people inYeouido, South Korea.[49]

In the 1970s, the Unification Church, along with some other new religious movements, became a target of theanti-cult movement. Activists have accused the movement of having "brainwashed" its members.[50][51] In 1976, American Unification Church presidentNeil Albert Salonen met with SenatorBob Dole to defend the HSA-UWC against charges made by its critics, including the parents of some members.[52]

The Unification Church's involvement in the seafood industry began at the direction of Moon, who ordered an expansion into "the oceanic providence". In 1976 and 1977 the Church invested nearly a million dollars into the United States seafood industry.[53] Moon delivered a speech in 1980 entitled "The Way of Tuna," in which he claimed that "After we build the boats, we catch the fish and process them for the market, and then have a distribution network. This is not just on the drawing board; I have already done it." and declared himself the "king of the ocean." He also suggested that they could get around the recently imposed 200 nautical milesexclusive economic zone by marrying American and Japanese members, allowing the Japanese ones to become American citizens, because once married, "we are not foreigners; therefore Japanese brothers, particularly those matched to Americans, are becoming ..... leaders for fishing and distribution." He also declared that "Gloucester is almost a Moonie town now!"[53]

In 1976 UC members foundedNews World Communications, an internationalnews mediacorporation.[54] Its first two newspapers,The News World (later renamed theNew York City Tribune) and the Spanish-languageNoticias del Mundo, were published in New York from 1976 until the early 1990s. In 1982The New York Times describedNews World as "the newspaper unit of the Unification Church".[55] Moon's son,Hyun Jin Moon, is its chairman of the board.[56] News World Communications ownsUnited Press International,The World and I,Tiempos del Mundo (Latin America),The Segye Ilbo (South Korea),The Sekai Nippo (Japan), theZambezi Times (South Africa),The Middle East Times (Egypt).[57] Until 2008 it published the Washington, D.C.–based newsmagazineInsight on the News.[54] Until 2010, it ownedThe Washington Times. On November 2, 2010, Sun Myung Moon and a group of formerTimes editors purchased the paper from News World.[58]

Starting in the 1980s, Moon instructed HSA-UWC members to take part in a program called "Home Church" in which they reached out to neighbors and community members through public service.[59]

In April 1990, Moon visited theSoviet Union and met with PresidentMikhail Gorbachev. Moon expressed support for the political and economic transformations underway in the Soviet Union. At the same time, the movement was expanding into formerly communist nations.[60]

TheWomen's Federation for World Peace(세계평화여성연합, WFWP) was founded in 1992 by Hak Ja Han. Its stated purpose is to encourage women to work more actively to promote peace in their communities and society. It has members in 143 countries.[61][62][63]

Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (1994–present)

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On May 1, 1994 (the 40th anniversary of the founding of the HSA-UWC), Moon declared that the era of the HSA-UWC had ended and inaugurated a new organization: the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification (FFWPU) would include HSA-UWC members and members of other religious organizations working toward common goals, especially on issues of sexual morality and reconciliation between people of different religions, nations and races. The FFWPU co-sponsored Blessing ceremonies in which thousands of couples from other churches and religions were given the marriage blessing previously given only to HSA-UWC members.[64]

In the 1980s and 1990s, the Church's businesses expanded greatly and encountered significant success, leading to it becoming wealthy despite its declining number of members.[7] In 1991 Moon announced that members should return to their hometowns, to undertake apostolic work there.Massimo Introvigne, who has studied the Unification Church and othernew religious movements, said that this confirmed that full-time membership was no longer considered crucial to church members.[65]

In 1994,The New York Times recognized the movement's political influence, saying it was "a theocratic powerhouse that is pouring foreign fortunes into conservative causes in the United States".[66] In 1998, the Egyptian newspaperAl-Ahram criticized Moon's "ultra-right leanings" and suggested a personal relationship with conservative Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu.[67]

In 1995, former U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush and his wife,Barbara Bush, spoke at an FFWPU event in theTokyo Dome.[68] Bush told the gathering: "If as president I could have done one thing to have helped the country more, it would have been to do a better job in finding a way, either through speaking out or through raising a moral standard, to strengthen the American family."[69]Hak Ja Han, the main speaker, credited her husband with bringing about theFall of Communism and declared that he must save America from "the destruction of the family and moral decay."[70]

In 2000, Moon founded the World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations (WANGO), which describes itself as "a global organization whose mission is to serve its member organizations, strengthen and encourage the non-governmental sector as a whole, increase public understanding of the non-governmental community, and provide the mechanism and support needed forNGOs to connect, partner and multiply their contributions to solve humanity's basic problems." It has been criticized for promoting conservatism in contrast to some of the ideals of theUnited Nations.[71][72][73]

In 2003, Korean FFWPU members started apolitical party in South Korea, "The Party for God, Peace, Unification, and Home" (천주평화통일가정당). An inauguration declaration stated the new party would focus on preparing forKorean reunification by educating the public about God and peace. An FFWPU official said that similar political parties would be started in Japan and the United States.[74] Since 2003, the FFWPU-related Universal Peace Federation's Middle East Peace Initiative has been organizing group tours of Israel andPalestine to promote understanding, respect and reconciliation among Jews, Muslims and Christians.[75][76]

Moon's death and divisions within the Unification Church

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On August 15, 2012, Moon was reported to be gravely ill and was put on a respirator at the intensive care unit of St. Mary's Hospital atThe Catholic University of Korea in Seoul. He was admitted on August 14, 2012, after suffering frompneumonia earlier in the month.[77] He died there on September 3.[78]

Soon after Moon's death theGlobal Peace Foundation, which had been founded in 2009 by Moon and Han's sonHyun Jin Moon and church leaderChung Hwan Kwak, distanced itself from the FFWPU, which is led by Han. In 2017 they also founded theFamily Peace Association.

In 2014 Moon and Han's younger sonsHyung Jin Moon andKook-jin Moon founded theRod of Iron Ministries (also known as the World Peace and Unification Sanctuary Church). It has been controversial for its advocacy of private ownership of firearms and for its support of theJanuary 6 United States Capitol protest.[79][80] The Unification Church has been struggling with severe financial difficulties following the death of Sun Myung Moon.[81]

On September 23, 2025, church leader Han Hak-ja, Moon's widow, was arrested on charges on bribery charges which involved the payment of two Chanel bags and a diamond necklace, together worth 80 million won ($57,900; £42,500) to former South Korean first ladyKim Keon Hee.[82]

Beliefs

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Moon's theological system, Divine Principle, was, he claimed, revealed to him over a period of nine years after he claimed Jesus appeared to him on Easter Sunday 1935 on the mountainside and asked him to continue the work that he could not finish while he was on earth, due to the "tragedy" of his crucifixion.[83] It was first published asWolli Wonbon (원리 원본;原理原本,'Original Text of the Divine Principle') in 1945. The earliest manuscript was lost in North Korea during theKorean War. A second, expanded version,Wonli Hesol (원리 해설;原理解說), orExplanation of the Divine Principle, was published in 1957. TheDivine Principle  [ko] orExposition of the Divine Principle (원리강론;原理講論;Wolli Gangnon) is the main theological textbook of the church. It was co-written by Sun Myung Moon and early disciple Hyo Won'eu and first published in 1966. A translation entitledDivine Principle was published in English in 1973.[84] TheDivine Principle lays out the core of Unification Church theology and is held by its believers to have the status of holy scripture. Following the format ofsystematic theology, it includesGod's purpose in creating human beings, thefall of man and restoration – the process through history by which God is working to remove the ill effects of the fall and restore humanity back to the relationship and position that God originally intended.[85] David Václavík and Dušan Lužný described the details of those three points as follows:

  1. Principle of Creation: This first principle states that God created the world in his image. All of reality is then composed of bipolarities. The basic bipolarity is expressed by the termssung-sang (성상;性相,'inner character' – the inner, invisible aspect of the created world) andhyung-sang (형상;形相,'outer form' – the outer, visible aspect of the created world). In addition to this, there is another bipolarity, denoted by the termsyin andyang. The first-mentioned bipolarity ofsung-sang andhyung-sang reflects the relationship between soul (mind) and matter (body), while yin-yang reflects the relationship between femininity and masculinity. Hierarchy, described by the first principle (the basis of the four positions) then guarantees order in the world – God or higher purpose is placed highest, in the middle are man and woman, and finally, children are placed as the result. As Václavík and Lužný further characterize the doctrine, "God is an absolute reality transcending time and space. The fundamental energy of God's being is also eternal. By the action of this energy, entities enter into a relationship with each other, the basis of which is the activity of giving and receiving. The goal is to achieve a balanced and harmonious relationship of giving and receiving, i.e., love." According to the teachings of the Church, the highest level of relationship is the relationship with God. By properly developing the relationship of giving and receiving, it should be possible to achieve union with God. The goal of creation is then the realization of the kingdom of heaven, which can be achieved by fulfilling the three biblical blessings. Principle describes three blessings as follows. The first blessing concerns the nature of man: God created man in his own image. The second blessing was to be fulfilled through Adam and Eve by establishing an ideal family that was pure and loving, but they failed to do so. The third blessing concerns man's position as a mediator between God and nature. Man is to master nature in order to perfect himself and nature itself and thus create the kingdom of heaven. Principle then describes three stages of growth of everything including man, namely, origin (formation), growth, and completion.[86]
  2. The Fall of Man: according to the teaching of the Church, there was no fulfillment of God's plan. God endowed man with free will and responsibility. Like everything in the universe, Adam and Eve went through three phases of development (origin, growth, and completion). This part describes that, before completion could occur, the orientation of the give-and-take relationship was reversed when Eve established asexual relationship with Satan. Thus occurred the fall of man and the creation of a world "with Satan at the center, and all men have become children of Satan." According to this belief, the world is from that time dominated by Satan's lineage through the human race, and men with evil natures transmit evil. Through their children, they then create evil families and thus an evil world.[86]
  3. The principle of restoration: According to the teaching of the Church, the primary purpose of creation was to build the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. This means that God will eventually save this sinful world and restore it to its original, sinless state. This is the basis of the principle of restoration. This is the perspective through which the Unification Church views the entire history of humanity. For the church, history is the history of restoration and of God's efforts to save fallen men. At the end of this history, the Last Days are to come. Restoration teaches, that God has tried to end the sinful world and restore the original good world several times in human history. However, men have failed in their responsibility and thwarted God's will. Doctrine claims that God made several such attempts: in the case of Noah, God first destroyed the sinful world with a flood, yet Noah's second-born son Ham sinned again. Another attempt to restore the original sinless world was the coming of Jesus Christ when God sent the Messiah to establish the perfect family and thus create the Kingdom of Heaven on earth. Jesus did not fulfill this mission because he was crucified. Václavík and Lužný summarize: "According to the doctrine of the Unification Church, we are currently living in the period of the Last Days, that is, the period of the Second Coming of Christ. However, today's situation is very different from previous ones. For Christ will be successful at His Second Coming – God will send the 'True Parents of humanity' and through them fulfill the purpose of creation. During the previous two thousand years, God has prepared, according to the principle of restoration, a suitable democratic, social, and legal environment that will protect Christ at the Second Coming."[86]

Followers take as a starting point the truth of the Christian Old and New Testaments, with theDivine Principle an additional text that intends to interpret and "fulfill" the purpose of those older texts.[85] Moon was intent on replacing worldwide forms of Christianity with his new unified vision of it,[38] Moon being a self-declaredmessiah. Moon's followers regard him as a separate person from Jesus but with a mission to basically continue and complete Jesus's work in a new way, according to thePrinciple.[5] The Unification Church regards a person's destination after death as being dependent on how much one's work during this life corresponds to its teachings. Moon's followers believe inApocatastasis, that everyone will eventually receivesalvation.[87]

In 1977, Frederick Sontag analyzed the teachings of the Divine Principle and summarized it in 12 concise points:[88]

  1. God: Divine Principle teaches, that there is one living, eternal, and true God, a person beyond space and time, who has a perfect reason, emotion, and will, whose deepest heart essence is love, which includes both masculinity and femininity, a person who is the source of all truth, beauty, and goodness, and who is the creator and sustainer of man, the universe and all things visible and invisible. Man and the universe reflect his personality, character, and purpose.
  2. Man: Man was then created by God as a unique creature, made in his image as his children, like him in personality and character, and created with the capacity to respond to his love, to be a source of his joy, and to share his creativity.
  3. God's desire for man and creation: To the relationship between God and Man, teaching states that God's desire for man and creation is eternal and unchanging, God wants men and women to fulfill three things: First, each should grow to perfection so as to become one with God in heart, will, and action, so that their mind and body are united in perfect harmony centered on God's love; second, to be united with God as husband and wife and give birth to God's sinless children, thereby establishing a sinless family and ultimately a sinless world; third, to become masters of the created world, establishing loving dominion with him in a mutual relationship of giving and receiving. None of this happened because of human sin. Therefore, God's present desire is to solve the sin problem and restore all these things, which will bring about the earthly and heavenly kingdom of God.
  4. Sin: TheDivine Principle describes the origin of sin and the process of the fall of man. The first man and woman (Adam and Eve), before they became perfect, were tempted by the archangel Lucifer to illicit love. Because of this, Adam and Eve willfully turned away from God's will and purpose, bringing spiritual death to themselves and the human race. As a result of this Fall, Satan usurped the position of the true father of mankind, so that all humans since then have been born in sin both physically and spiritually and have sinful tendencies. Therefore, human beings tend to resist God and his will and live in ignorance as to their true nature and parentage and all that they have lost thereby. Thus God suffers for lost children and a lost world and has had to constantly struggle to restore them to himself. Creation groans to give birth while waiting to be reunited through the true children of God.
  5. Christology: According to theDivine Principle, fallen humanity can only be restored to God through Christ (the Messiah) who comes as the new Adam to become the new head of the human race through whom humanity can be reborn into the family of God. In order for God to send the Messiah, mankind must fulfill certain conditions that restore, what was lost because of the Fall.
  6. History: TheDivine Principle describes, that restoration is accomplished through the payment of the indemnity for a sin. Human history is then a record of God's and man's efforts to make this indemnity over time so that the conditions can be met and God can send the Messiah who comes to begin the final process of restoration. If some efforts fail in fulfilling the conditions of indemnity, they must be repeated, usually by another person after a period of time. This, according to theDivine Principle, is why history shows cyclical patterns. History culminates with the coming of the Messiah, which ends the old age and begins a new age.
  7. Resurrection: TheDivine Principle explains resurrection as the process of restoration to spiritual life and spiritual maturity, ultimately uniting a person with God. It is the transition from spiritual death to spiritual life. This should be accomplished in part by human effort (through prayer, good works, etc.) with the help of the saints in the spirit world and completed by God's effort to bring man to new birth through Christ (the Messiah).
  8. Predestination: According to theDivine Principle, God has predestined absolutely that all men will be restored to him and has chosen all men for salvation, but he has also given man a portion of responsibility (to be fulfilled by man's free will) for the fulfillment of his original will and his will to bring about restoration. This responsibility remains permanently with man. God has predestined and called certain persons and groups of people to certain responsibilities. If these fail, others must fill their role and greater compensation must be made.
  9. Jesus: TheDivine Principle teaches that Jesus of Nazareth came as the Christ, the second Adam, the only begotten Son of God. He became one with God, spoke God's words, and did God's works, thus showing God to men. However, people eventually rejected and crucified him, preventing him from building God's kingdom on earth. TheDivine Principle teaches that Jesus overcame Satan in the crucifixion and resurrection, making spiritual salvation possible for those who are born again through him and the Holy Spirit. The restoration of the Kingdom of God on earth awaits the Second Coming of Christ.
  10. The Bible: TheDivine Principle offers an explanation of the Scriptures of the Old and New Testaments. Both should be the record of God's progressive revelation to mankind. The purpose of the Bible, according to the Divine Principle, is to bring humanity to Christ and reveal to mankind the heart of God. TheDivine Principle supports the Bible, as the truth is unique, eternal, and unchanging, so any new messages from God will be consistent with the Bible and will contain deeper explanations. TheDivine Principle describes the current time as the last days when the new truth must be communicated by God (in the book 'God's Principle') so that mankind will be able to finish what is still unfinished.
  11. The ultimate renewal: According to theDivine Principle, a proper understanding of theology focuses simultaneously on man's relationship with God (vertical) and man's relationship with his neighbor (horizontal). Man's sin has disrupted both of these relationships and thus caused all the problems in the world. These problems will be solved through the restoration of man to God through Christ, as well as through such measures as establishing appropriate moral standards and practices, forming true families uniting all peoples and races (Oriental, Western, and African), resolving the tension between science and religion, correcting economic, racial, political, and educational injustices, and overcoming God-denying ideologies such as Communism.
  12. The Second Coming (Eschatology): TheDivine Principle teaches that Christ's Second Coming will occur in this age, which would be similar to the time of his First Coming. Christ should come as before, that is, as a man in the flesh. By marrying his bride in the flesh, he will establish a family and thus become the True Parents of all mankind. Through accepting the 'True Parents' (참부모) (the Second Coming of Christ), obeying them, and following them, the original sin of mankind would be removed and people can eventually become perfect. In this way, true families fulfilling God's ideal will begin, and the Kingdom of God's will should be established both on earth and in heaven. According to the Divine Principle, this day is now at hand in the person of Sun Myung Moon.

Traditions

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Blessing ceremony

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Main article:Blessing ceremony of the Unification Church
The first Blessing ceremony outside of Korea was a mass wedding in Madison Square Garden, New York City, on July 1, 1982.

The Unification Church is well known for its Blessing tradition: amass wedding ceremony (합동결혼식) andwedding vow renewal ceremony. It is given to engaged or married couples. According to the Church's belief in aserpent seed interpretation oforiginal sin and theFall of Man,Eve was sexually seduced bySatan (the serpent) and thus the humanbloodline is sinful due to being directly descended from Satan.[89][90] Through the Blessing, members believe, the couple is removed from the lineage of sinful humanity and restored back into God's sinless lineage.

The first Blessing ceremony was held in 1961 for 36 couples in Seoul, South Korea by the Moons shortly after their own marriage in 1960. All the couples were members of the church. Moon matched all of the couples except 12 who were already married to each other before joining the church.[91] This was Moon's second marriage. In 1945 he marriedSun Kil Choi. They had a son in 1946 and divorced in 1954.[92]

Later Blessing ceremonies were larger in scale but followed the same pattern. All participants were HSA-UWC members and Moon matched most of the couples. In 1982 the first large-scale Blessing (of 2,000 couples) outside of Korea took place in Madison Square Garden, New York City.[93] In 1988, Moon matched 2,500 Korean members with Japanese members for a Blessing ceremony held in Korea, partly in order to promote unity between the two nations.[94]

Moon's practice of matching couples was very unusual in both Christian tradition and modern Western culture and attracted much attention and controversy.[95] The Blessing ceremonies have attracted a lot of attention in the press and in the public imagination, often being labeled "mass weddings."[96] However, in most cases, the Blessing ceremony is not a legalwedding ceremony. Some couples are already married and those that are engaged are later legally married according to the laws of their own countries.[97]The New York Times referred to a 1997 ceremony for 28,000 couples as a "marriage affirmation ceremony," adding: "The real weddings were held later in separate legal ceremonies."[98]

Mary Farrell Bednarowski says that marriage is "really the onlysacrament" in the Unification movement. Unificationists therefore view singleness as "not a state to be sought or cultivated" but as preparation for marriage. Pre-marital celibacy and marital faithfulness are emphasized.[6] Adherents may be taught to "abstain from intimate relations for a specified time after marriage."[99] The church does not give its marriage blessing to same-sex couples.[100]Moon has emphasized the similarity between Unification views of sexuality and evangelical Christianity, "reaching out to conservative Christians in this country in the last few years by emphasizing shared goals like support for sexual abstinence outside of marriage, and opposition to homosexuality."[101] Since 2001 couples Blessed by Moon have been able to arrange marriages for their own children, without his direct guidance. Also, some Unification Church members have married partners who are not church members.[102]

Holy days

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Holy Days of the Unification Church:[103]

  • True God's Day (하나님의 날, established January 1, 1968) – always January 1 until 2009, then according to the lunar calendar – January 23, 2012
  • True Parents' Birthday (참부모성탄 or 기원절, January 6, 1920 – January 6, 1943) – Anniversary of the Coronation Ceremony for the Kingship of God (2001), January 6, until 2009, then according to the lunar calendar – January 28, 2012
  • True Parents' Day (참부모의 날, established March 1, 1960, according to the lunar calendar) – January 28, 2012
  • Day of All True Things (참만물의날, established May 1, 1963, according to the lunar calendar) – June 20, 2012
  • Chil Il Jeol (칠일절) – Declaration Day of God's Eternal Blessing(하나님 축복영원 선포일, Founded July 1, 1991) – always July 1 until 2009, then according to the lunar calendar – August 18, 2012
  • Chil Pal Cheol (칠팔절) or Declaration of the Realm of the Cosmic Sabbath for the Parents of Heaven and Earth (천지부모 천주안식권 선포일) – founded July 7, 1997, according to the lunar calendar – August 24, 2012
  • True Children's Day (참자녀의 날, established on October 1, 1960, according to the lunar calendar) – November 14, 2012
  • Foundation Day for the Nation of Heaven and Earth (천주통일국 개천일, founded October 3, 1988) – always October 3 until 2009, then November 16, 2012, according to the lunar calendar

Scholarly studies

[edit]

In the early 1960s,John Lofland lived with HSA-UWCmissionaryYoung Oon Kim and a small group of American members and studied their promotional andproselytization activities. Lofland noted that most of their efforts were ineffective and that most of the people who joined did so because of personal relationships with other members—often family relationships. Lofland published his findings in 1964 as a doctoral thesis entitled "The World Savers: A Field Study of Cult Processes," and in a 1966 book byPrentice-Hall,Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith.[104][105][106][107]

In 1977,Frederick Sontag, a professor of philosophy atPomona College and a minister in theUnited Church of Christ,[108] spent 10 months visiting HSA-UWC members in North America, Europe and Asia, as well as interviewing Moon at his home inNew York State. He reported his findings and observations inSun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, published byAbingdon Press. The book also provides an overview of theDivine Principle.[109] In an interview withUPI, Sontag compared the HSA-UWC with theChurch of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and said that he expects its practices to conform more to mainstream American society as its members become more mature. He added that he did not want to be considered anapologist but that a close look at HSA-UWC'stheology is important: "They raise some incredibly interesting issues."[110]

In 1984,Eileen Barker publishedThe Making of a Moonie based on her seven-year study of HSA-UWC members in the United Kingdom and the United States.[111] In 2006,Laurence Iannaccone ofGeorge Mason University, a specialist inthe economics of religion, wrote thatThe Making of a Moonie was "one of the most comprehensive and influential studies" of the process of conversion tonew religious movements.[112] Australian psychologist Len Oakes and British psychiatry professorAnthony Storr, who have written rather critically aboutcults,gurus,new religious movements, and their leaders have praisedThe Making of a Moonie.[113][114] It was given the Distinguished Book Award in 1985 by theSociety for the Scientific Study of Religion.[115] In 1997 Barker reported that Unificationists had mostly undergone a transformation in theirworldview frommillennialism toutopianism.[116]

In 1998,Irving Louis Horowitz, a sociologist, questioned the relationship between the HSA-UWC and scholars whom it paid to conduct research on its behalf.[117]

Relations with other religions

[edit]

Judaism

[edit]

Unificationism holds that the Jewish people as a whole were prepared by God to receive the Messiah in the person ofJesus of Nazareth, withJohn the Baptist tasked from birth with the mission to lead the Jewish people to Jesus, but failed in his mission. According to theDivine Principle, the Jews went through a "course of indemnity" due to the failure of John the Baptist to recognize Jesus as the Messiah, in spite of publicly testifying to him at the Jordan River, whilst receiving the baptism.[118]

In 1976, theAmerican Jewish Committee released a report by Rabbi A. James Rudin which stated that theDivine Principle contained "pejorative language,stereotyped imagery, and accusations ofcollective sin and guilt".[119] In a news conference that was presented by the AJC and representatives of Catholic and Protestant churches, panelists stated that the text "contained over 125anti-Jewish references". They also cited Moon's recent and public condemnation of "antisemitic and anti-Christian attitudes," and called upon him to make a "comprehensive and systematic removal" of antisemitic and anti-Christian references in theDivine Principle as a demonstration of good faith.[120]

In 1977, the HSA-UWC issued a rebuttal to the report, stating that it was neither comprehensive nor reconciliatory, instead, it had a "hateful tone" and it was filled with "sweeping denunciations". It denied that theDivine Principle teaches antisemitism and gave detailed responses to 17 specific allegations which were contained in the AJC's report, stating that the allegations were distortions of teachings and obscurations of the real content of passages or the passages were accurate summaries of Jewish scriptures or New Testament passages.[121]

In 1984,Mose Durst, then the president of theUnification Church of the United States as well as a convert fromJudaism,[122] said that the Jewish community had been "hateful" in its response to the growth of the Unification movement and he also placed blame on the community's "insecurity" and Unification Church members' "youthful zeal and ignorance". Rudin, then the national interreligious affairs director of the American Jewish Committee, said that Durst's remarks were inaccurate and unfair and he also said that "hateful is a harsh word to use."[123] In the same year, Durst wrote in hisautobiography: "Our relations with the Jewish community have been the most painful to me personally. I say this with a heavy heart since I was raised in the Jewish faith and am proud of my heritage."[124]

In 1989, Unification Church leaders Peter Ross andAndrew Wilson issued "Guidelines for Members of The Unification Church in Relations with the Jewish People" which stated: "In the past there have been serious misunderstandings betweenJudaism and the Unification Church. In order to clarify these difficulties and guide Unification Church members in their relations with Jews, the Unification Church suggests the following guidelines."[125] In 2008, theEncyclopaedia Judaica described the statements and guidelines arising from mutual contacts as "excellent".[126]

Christianity

[edit]

Protestant commentators have criticized Unification Church teachings as being contrary to the Protestant doctrine ofsalvation by faith alone.[127] In their influential bookThe Kingdom of the Cults (first published in 1965),Walter Ralston Martin andRavi K. Zacharias disagreed with theDivine Principle on the issues ofChristology, thevirgin birth of Jesus, the movement's belief thatJesus should have married, the necessity of thecrucifixion of Jesus, and a literalresurrection of Jesus, as well as a literalSecond Coming.[128]

In 1974 Moon founded theUnification Theological Seminary, inBarrytown, New York, in part to improve relations of the movement with other churches. Professors from other denominations, including aMethodist minister, aPresbyterian and aRoman Catholic priest, as well as arabbi, were hired to teach religious studies to the students, who were being trained as leaders in the movement.[129][130][131][132][133]

In 1977, Unification memberJonathan Wells, who later became well known as the author of the popularIntelligent Design bookIcons of Evolution, defended Unification theology against what he said were unfair criticisms by theNational Council of Churches.[134] That same yearFrederick Sontag, a professor of philosophy atPomona College and a minister in theUnited Church of Christ,[108] publishedSun Myung Moon and the Unification Church which gave an overview of the movement and urged Christians to take it more seriously.[109][110][135]

In the 1980s the Unification Church sent thousands of American ministers from other churches on trips to Japan and South Korea to inform them about Unification teachings. At least one minister was dismissed by his congregation for taking part.[136] In 1994 the church had about 5,000 members in Russia and came under criticism from theRussian Orthodox Church.[47] In 1997, the Russian government passed a law requiring the movement and other non-Russian religions to register their congregations and submit to tight controls.[137]

In 1982, Moon was imprisoned in the United States after being found guilty by a jury of willfully filing false Federalincome tax returns andconspiracy. (See:United States v. Sun Myung Moon) HSA-UWC members launched a public relations campaign. Booklets, letters and videotapes were mailed to approximately 300,000 Christian leaders in the United States. Many of them signed petitions protesting the government's case.[138] TheAmerican Baptist Churches in the U.S.A., theNational Council of Churches, theNational Black Catholic Clergy Caucus and theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference filed briefs in support of Moon.[139]

In 1995 the Unification Movement related organization theWomen's Federation for World Peace indirectly contributed$3.5 million to help BaptistLiberty University which at that time was in financial difficulty. This was reported in the United States news media as an example of closer relationships between the movement and conservative Christian congregations.[140]

Islam

[edit]

TheDivine Principle lists theMuslim world as one of the world's four major divisions (the others beingEast Asia,Hindu andChristendom).[141] Unification movement support forIslamistanti-communists came to public attention in 1987 when church memberLee Shapiro was killed inAfghanistan during theSoviet–Afghan War while filming a documentary.[142][143] The resistance group they were traveling with reported that they had been ambushed by military forces of theSoviet Union or theAfghan government. However, the details have been questioned, partly because of the poor reputation of the group's leader,Gulbuddin Hekmatyar.[144][145]

The Muslim advocacy groupCouncil on American–Islamic Relations listedThe Washington Times among media outlets it said "regularly demonstrates or supports Islamophobic themes."[146] In 1998, the Egyptian newspaperAl-Ahram wrote that its editorial policy was "rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."[147] In 1997, theWashington Report on Middle East Affairs (which is critical of United States and Israeli policies), praisedThe Washington Times and theTimes' sister publicationThe Middle East Times (along withThe Christian Science Monitor owned by theChurch of Christ, Scientist) for their objective and informative coverage of Islam and the Middle East, while criticizing theTimes generally pro-Israel editorial policy. TheReport suggested that these newspapers, being owned by religious organizations, were less influenced by pro-Israel pressure groups in the United States.[148]

In 2000 the FFWPU co-sponsored theMillion Family March, a rally inWashington, D.C., to celebratefamily unity andracial andreligious harmony, along with theNation of Islam.[149]Louis Farrakhan, the leader of the Nation of Islam, was the main speaker at the event which was held on October 16, 2000; the fifth anniversary of theMillion Man March, which was also organized by Farrakhan.[150] Unification Church leaderDan Fefferman wrote to his colleagues acknowledging that Farrakhan's and Moon's views differed on multiple issues but shared a view of a "God-centered family."[151] In 2007 Rev and Mrs Moon sent greetings to Farrakhan while he was recovering from cancer, saying: "We send love and greetings to Minister Farrakhan and Mother Khadijah."[152]

In the 1990s and 2000s, the Unification Movement made public statements claiming communications with the spirits of religious leaders includingMuhammad and alsoConfucius, theBuddha,Jesus andAugustine, as well as political leaders such asKarl Marx,Friedrich Engels,Lenin,Joseph Stalin,Leon Trotsky,Mao Zedong and many more. This was reported to have distanced the movement from Islam as well as from mainstream Christianity.[153]

From 2001 to 2009 the Unification movement owned theAmerican Life TV Network (now known as Youtoo TV),[154] which in 2007 broadcastGeorge Clooney's documentaryA Journey to Darfur, which was harshly critical of Islamists inDarfur, theRepublic of Sudan.[155][156][157] It released the film onDVD in 2008 and announced that proceeds from its sale would be donated to theInternational Rescue Committee.[158]

In his 2009 autobiography, Moon praised Islam and expressed the hope that there would be more understanding between different religious communities.[159] In 2011, representatives of the Unification Church took part in an international seminar which was held inTaiwan by theMuslim World League. The stated purpose of the seminar was to encourage interfaith dialogue and discourage people from resorting toterrorism.[160]

Interfaith activities

[edit]

In 2009 the FFWPU held an interfaith event in theCongress of the Republic of Peru.[161] Former president of the CongressMarcial Ayaipoma[162] and other notable politicians were called "Ambassadors for Peace" of the Unification Church.[163][164][165][166] In 2010, the church built a large interfaith temple inSeoul.[167] AuthorDeepak Chopra was thekeynote speaker at an interfaith event of the Unification Church co-hosted with the United Nations at theheadquarters of the United Nations.[168] In 2011, an interfaith event was held at theNational Assembly of Thailand, thePresident of the National Assembly of Thailand attended the event.[169]

In 2012, the Unification movement affiliated-Universal Peace Federation held an interfaith dialogue in Italy that was co-sponsored by the United Nations.[170] That year, the Universal Peace Federation held an interfaith program for representatives of 12 various religions and confessions in the hall of theUnited Nations General Assembly. ThePresident of the United Nations General Assembly,[171] theDeputy Secretary-General of the United Nations,[172][173] thePermanent Observer of the Holy See to the United Nations[174] and other UN officials spoke.[175]

Science

[edit]

TheDivine Principle calls for the unification of science and religion: "Religion and science, each in their own spheres, have been the methods of searching for truth in order to conquer ignorance and attain knowledge. Eventually, the way of religion and the way of science should be integrated and their problems resolved in one united undertaking; the two aspects of truth, internal and external, should develop in full consonance."

In the 1970s and 1980s, the Unification Movement sponsored the International Conference on the Unity of the Sciences (ICUS),[176] in order to promote the concept of the unity of science and religion.[177][178] American news media have suggested that the conferences were also an attempt to improve the often controversial public image of the church.[179][180] The first conference, held in 1972, had 20 participants; while the largest conference, inSeoul, South Korea in 1982, had 808 participants from over 100 countries.[181] Participants in one or more of the conferences included Nobel laureatesJohn Eccles (Physiology or Medicine 1963, who chaired the 1976 conference)[176] andEugene Wigner (Physics 1963).[182]

The relationship between the Unification Movement and science again came to public attention in 2002 with the publication ofIcons of Evolution, a popular book critical of the teaching ofevolution written by memberJonathan Wells. Wells is a graduate of theUnification Theological Seminary and has been active with theDiscovery Institute as an advocate forintelligent design.[183][184][185]

Political activism

[edit]
Main article:Unification Church and politics

Anti-communism

[edit]

In the 1940s, Moon cooperated withCommunist Party members in support of theKorean independence movement againstImperial Japan. After theKorean War (1950–1953), he became an outspokenanti-communist.[159] Moon viewed theCold War between liberal democracy and communism as the final conflict betweenGod andSatan, with divided Korea as its primaryfront line.[186] Soon after its founding, the Unification movement began supporting anti-communist organizations, including theWorld League for Freedom and Democracy founded in 1966 inTaipei,Republic of China (Taiwan), byChiang Kai-shek,[187] and theKorean Culture and Freedom Foundation, an internationalpublic diplomacy organization which also sponsored Radio Free Asia.[188]

The Unification movement was criticized for its anti-communist activism by themainstream media and thealternative press, many of whose members said that it could lead toWorld War III and anuclear holocaust. The movement's anti-communist activities received financial support from Japanese millionaire and activistRyōichi Sasakawa.[189][190][11]

In 1972, Moon predicted the decline ofcommunism, based on the teachings of theDivine Principle: "After 7,000 biblical years – 6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion – communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself for approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the borderline and afterward, communism will decline; in the 70th year, it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it."[191]

In 1973, Moon called for an "automatictheocracy" to replace communism and solve "every political and economic situation in every field."[192] In 1975, Moon spoke at a government-sponsored rally against potential North Korean military aggression on the islandYeouido in Seoul to an audience of around 1 million.[193]

In 1976, Moon establishedNews World Communications, an international news media conglomerate that publishesThe Washington Times newspaper inWashington, D.C., and newspapers in South Korea, Japan and South America, partly in order to promote politicalconservatism. According toThe Washington Post, "theTimes was established by Moon to combat communism and be a conservative alternative to what he perceived as the liberal bias ofThe Washington Post."[194]Bo Hi Pak, called Moon's "right-hand man," was the founding president and the founding chairman of the board.[195] Moon askedRichard L. Rubenstein, a rabbi and college professor, to join its board of directors.[196]The Washington Times has often been noted for its generally pro-Israel editorial policies.[148] In 2002, during the 20th anniversary party for theTimes, Moon said: "TheWashington Times will become the instrument in spreading the truth aboutGod to the world."[194]

In 1980, members founded CAUSA International, an anti-communist educational organization based inNew York City.[197] In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States, it sponsored educational conferences forevangelical andfundamentalist Christian leaders[198] as well as seminars and conferences forSenate staffers,Hispanic Americans and conservative activists.[199] In 1986, CAUSA International sponsored the documentary filmNicaragua Was Our Home, about theMiskito Indians ofNicaragua and their persecution at the hands of the Nicaraguan government. It was filmed and produced by USA-UWC memberLee Shapiro, who later died while filming with anti-Soviet forces during theSoviet–Afghan War.[200][201][202][203] At this time CAUSA International also directly assisted theUnited States Central Intelligence Agency in supplyingthe Contras, in addition to paying for flights by rebel leaders. CAUSA's aid to the Contras escalated after Congress cut off CIA funding for them. According to contemporary CIA reports, supplies for the anti-Sandinista forces and their families came from a variety of sources in the US ranging from Moon's Unification Church to U.S. politicians, evangelical groups and former military officers.[204][205][206][207]

In 1980, members in Washington, D.C., disrupted a protest rally against the United Statesmilitary draft.[208] In 1981, theAppellate Division ofNew York StateSupreme Court ruled that the HSA–UWC was not entitled toproperty taxexemptions on itsNew York City properties since its primary purpose was political, notreligious.[209] In 1982, this ruling was overturned by the New York State Supreme Court itself, which ruled that it should be considered a religious organization for tax purposes.[210]

In 1983, some American members joined a public protest against theSoviet Union in response to its shooting down ofKorean Airlines Flight 007.[211] In 1984, the HSA–UWC founded the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, a Washington, D.C.think tank that underwrites conservative-oriented research and seminars atStanford University, theUniversity of Chicago and other institutions.[212] In the same year, memberDan Fefferman founded theInternational Coalition for Religious Freedom (ICRF Japanese name: 国際宗教自由連合[213]) inVirginia, which is active in protesting what it considers to be threats toreligious freedom by governmental agencies.[214]

In August 1985, theProfessors World Peace Academy, an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference inGeneva to debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire."[215] After thedissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991 the Unification movement promoted extensive missionary work in Russia and other former Soviet nations.[216]

Korean unification

[edit]

In 1991, Moon met withKim Il Sung, the North Korean president, to discuss ways to achieve peace on theKorean Peninsula, as well as oninternational relations, tourism and other topics.[217] In 1992, Kim gave his first and only interview with the Western news media toWashington Times reporterJosette Sheeran, who later became executive director of theUnited Nations World Food Programme.[218] In 1994, Moon was officially invited to Kim's funeral, in spite of the absence ofdiplomatic relations between North Korea and South Korea.[219]

In 1998, Unification movement-related businesses launched operations in North Korea with the approval of the government of South Korea, which had prohibited business relationships between North and South before.[220] In 2000, the church-associated business groupTongil Group foundedPyeonghwa Motors in the North Korean port ofNampo, in cooperation with the North Korean government.[221]

During the presidency ofGeorge W. Bush,Dong Moon Joo, a Unification movement member and then president ofThe Washington Times, undertook unofficial diplomatic missions to North Korea in an effort to improve its relationship with the United States.[222] Joo was born in North Korea and is a citizen of the United States.[223]

In 2003, Korean Unification Movement members started apolitical party in South Korea. It was named The Party for God, Peace, Unification and Home. In its inauguration declaration, the new party said it would focus on preparing forKorean reunification by educating the public about God and peace.[74] Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of theUnification Ministry of the Republic of Korea.[224] Church member Jae-jung Lee was a Unification Minister of South Korea.[225]

In 2010, in Pyongyang, to mark the 20th anniversary of Moon's visit to Kim Il Sung,de jurehead of stateKim Yong-nam hosted Moon's sonHyung Jin Moon, then the president of the Unification Church, in hisofficial residence.[226][227] At that time, Hyung Jin Moon donated 600 tons of flour to the children ofJeongju, the birthplace of Sun Myung Moon.[228][229]

In 2012, Moon was posthumously awarded North Korea'sNational Reunification Prize.[230] On the first anniversary of Moon's death,North Korean chairmanKim Jong Un expressed condolences to Han and the family, saying: "Kim Jong Un prayed for the repose of Moon, who worked hard for national concord, prosperity and reunification and world peace."[231]

In 2017, the Unification Church sponsored the International Association of Parliamentarians for Peace (IAPP) – headed by former prime minister ofNepalMadhav Kumar Nepal and former minister of peace and reconstructionEk Nath Dhakal – visited Pyongyang and had constructive talks with theKorean Workers' Party.[232] In 2020 the movement held an in-person and virtual rally for Korean unification which drew about one million attendees.[233]

Other political positions

[edit]
Main article:Unification Church and politics

Moon was a member of the Honorary Committee of theUnification Ministry of the Republic of Korea.[224] The church member Jae-jung Lee had been once a unification minister of South Korea.[225] Another,Ek Nath Dhakal, is a member of theNepalese Constituent Assembly,[234] and the first Minister for Co-operatives and Poverty Alleviation Ministry of the Government of Nepal.[235] In 2016, a study sponsored by theUnification Theological Seminary found that American members were divided in their choices in the2016 United States presidential election, with the largest bloc supporting SenatorBernie Sanders.[236]

Hak Ja Han has been acting as a leader and public spokesperson for the movement. In 2019, she spoke at a rally in Japan and called for greater understanding and cooperation between thePacific Rim nations.[237] In 2020, she spoke at a UPF-sponsored in-person and virtual rally for Korean unification, which drew about one million attendees.[233] In 2020 formerSecretary General of the United NationsBan Ki-moon received theSunhak Peace Prize, which is sponsored by the Unification Church and an award of$1,000,000.[238][239]

In 2021,Donald Trump andShinzo Abe gave speeches at the Rally of Hope event hosted by an affiliate of the Unification Church.[240][241][242][243][244] As of August 2022[update], five ministers of theCabinet of Japan had relationships with the Unification Church, including theMinister of Health, Labour, and Welfare and the head of theMinistry of Internal Affairs and Communications.[245]

Criticism

[edit]

Criticisms of Moon

[edit]

Moon's claim to be theMessiah and theSecond Coming of Christ has been rejected by both Jewish and Christian scholars.[246][247] Protestant commentators have criticized Moon's teachings as being contrary to the Protestant doctrine ofsalvation by faith alone.[248][249] In their influential bookThe Kingdom of the Cults (first published in 1965),Walter Ralston Martin andRavi K. Zacharias disagreed with theDivine Principle on the issues of thedivinity of Christ, thevirgin birth of Jesus, Moon's belief thatJesus should have married, the necessity of thecrucifixion of Jesus, a literalresurrection of Jesus, as well as a literalsecond coming of Jesus.[250]

Commentators have criticized theDivine Principle for saying that theFirst World War, theSecond World War, theHolocaust, and theCold War served as indemnity conditions to prepare the world for the establishment of theKingdom of God.[251]

In 1998, journalistPeter Maass, writing forThe New Yorker, reported that some Unification members complained about Blessing being given to non-members who had not gone through the same course that members had.[252] In 2000, Moon was criticized, including by some members of his church, for his support ofNation of Islam leaderLouis Farrakhan'sMillion Family March.[151]

Moon was also criticized for his relationship with Jewish scholarRichard L. Rubenstein, an advocate of the "death of God theology" of the 1960s.[253] Rubenstein was a defender of the Unification Church and served on its advisory council,[254] as well as on the board of directors of the church-ownedWashington Times newspaper.[196] In the 1990s, he served as president of theUniversity of Bridgeport, which was then affiliated with the church.[255]

In 1998, the Egyptian newspaperAl-Ahram criticized Moon's possible relationship with Israeli Prime MinisterBenjamin Netanyahu and wrote that theWashington Times editorial policy was "rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."[256][148]

Moon has been accused of advocating a worldwide "automatic theocracy",[192] based on a poorly translated speech.[257]

He has also been criticized for advising his followers to become "crazy for God."[258][259]

Theological disputes with Christianity

[edit]

Fall of Man and view of Jesus

[edit]

Central to Unification teachings is the concept that theFall of Man was caused by the literalmating of Eve and Satan in theGarden of Eden, which contaminated the whole human race with sin. According to the religion, humanity can only be restored toGod through a messiah who comes as a newAdam: a new head of the human race, replacing the sinful parents and siring new children free from Satanic influence. In the Unification Church, Jesus is this messiah, just as he is a messianic figure in more mainstream Christianity;[260] however, since Jesus was prematurely killed before he could start a new sinless family, Moon claims he himself was called upon by God to fulfill Jesus' unresolved mission.[5]

In 1980, Unification theologianYoung Oon Kim wrote:

Unification theology teaches that Jesus came to establish thekingdom of Heaven on Earth. AsSt. Paul wrote, Jesus was to be the new Adam restoring the lost garden of Eden. For this purpose he chose twelve apostles, symbolizing the original twelve tribes of Israel, and sent out seventy disciples, symbolizing all the nations of the world. Like John the Baptist, Jesus proclaimed that the long-awaited kingdom of heaven was at hand (Matt. 4:17). Jesus was appointed God's earthly representative in order to subjugate Satan, cleanse men of original sin, and free them from the power of evil. Christ's mission involved liberation from sin and raising mankind to the perfection stage. His purpose was to bring about the kingdom of heaven in our world with the help of men filled with divine truth and love. Jesus' goal was to restore the Garden of Eden, a place of joy and beauty in which true families of perfected parents would dwell with God in a full relationship of reciprocal love.[261]

The Unification view of Jesus has been criticized by mainstream Christian authors and theologians. In their influential bookThe Kingdom of the Cults (first published in 1965), Walter Ralston Martin and Ravi K. Zacharias disagreed with theDivine Principle on the issues of thedivinity of Christ, thevirgin birth of Jesus, the Unification Church's belief that Jesus should have married and a literalresurrection of Jesus as well as a literalSecond Coming. They add: "Moon makes all men equal in "divinity" to Jesus, thereby striking a blow at the uniqueness of Christ."[262]

TheDivine Principle states on this point:

There is no greater value than that of a person who has realized the ideal of creation. This is the value of Jesus, who surely attained the highest imaginable value. The conventional Christian belief in Jesus' divinity is well founded because, as a perfect human being, Jesus is totally one with God. To assert that Jesus is none other than a man who has completed the purpose of creation does not degrade the value of Jesus in the least.[263]

Unificationist theologian Young Oon Kim wrote, and some members of the Unification movement believe, thatZechariah was the father of Jesus, based on the work ofLeslie Weatherhead, an English Christian theologian in theliberal Protestant tradition.[264][260][265][266]

Indemnity

[edit]

Indemnity, in the context of Unification theology, is a part of the process by which human beings and the world are restored to God's ideal.[267][268][269][270] The concept of indemnity is explained at the start of the second half of theDivine Principle, "Introduction to Restoration":

What, then, is the meaning of restoration through indemnity? When someone has lost his original position or state, he must make some condition to be restored to it. The making of such conditions of restitution is called indemnity... God's work to restore people to their true, unfallen state by having them fulfill indemnity conditions is called the providence of restoration through indemnity.[271][a]

TheDivine Principle goes on to explain three types of indemnity conditions. Equal conditions of indemnity pay back the full value of what was lost. Thebiblical verse "life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth" (Exod.21:23–24) is quoted as an example of an equal indemnity condition. Lesser conditions of indemnity provide a benefit greater than the price that is paid.Faith,baptism, and theeucharist are mentioned as examples of lesser indemnity conditions. Greater conditions of indemnity come about when a person fails in a lesser condition. In that case, a greater price must be paid to make up for the earlier failure.Abraham's attempted sacrifice of his sonIsaac (Gen. 22:1–18) and theIsraelites' 40 years of wandering in the wilderness underMoses (Num.14:34) are mentioned as examples of greater indemnity conditions.[271]

TheDivine Principle then explains that an indemnity condition must reverse the course by which the mistake or loss came about. Indemnity, at its core, is required of humans because God is pure, and purity cannot relate directly with impurity. Indemnification is the vehicle that allows a "just and righteous" God to work through mankind.Jesus' statement that God had forsaken him (Matt.27:46) andChristianity's history ofmartyrdom are mentioned as examples of this.[271] TheDivine Principle then states that human beings, not God or theangels, are the ones responsible for making indemnity conditions.[273][271][274]

In 2005 scholars Daske and Ashcraft explained the concept of indemnity:

To restart the process toward perfection, God has sent messiahs to Earth who could restore the true state of humanity's relationship with God. Before that can happen, however, humans must perform good deeds that cancel the bad effects of sin. Unificationists call this 'indemnity'. Showing love and devotion to one's fellow humans, especially within families, helps pay this indemnity.[275]

OtherProtestant Christian commentators have criticized the concept of indemnity as being contrary to the doctrine ofsola fide. Christian historian Ruth Tucker said: "In simple language, indemnity is salvation by works."[276][274] Rev. Keiko Kawasaki wrote: "The indemnity condition (of the Unification Church) is an oriental way of thinking, meaning a condition for atonement for sins (unlike Christianity)."[277][278][279] Donald Tingle and Richard Fordyce, ministers with theChristian Church (Disciples of Christ) who debated two Unification Church theologians in 1977, wrote: "In short, indemnity is anything you want to make it, since you establish the conditions. The zeal and enthusiasm of the Unification Church members is not so much based on love for God as it is compulsion to indemnify one's own sins."[280]

Ideal family

[edit]

A doctrine of Rev. Moon's teachings and the Unification movement is that the messiah will part complete Jesus' work by marrying and raising the "ideal" and "sinless" family as an example for others to follow and so restore God's original plan for humanity.[4]However, according to journalistRobert F. Worth, since the death of Sun Myung Moon, "his children have struggled to live up to their 'sinless' billing.

"They have spent much of the past decade fighting in court over his assets and legacy, ... One son was accused by his wife of cocaine addiction and domestic abuse. (He denied both claims and has since died.) Another son leaped to his death from a balcony at a Nevada casino. A third son,Hyung Jin "Sean" Moon, founded a separate, gun-centered church in Pennsylvania known as Rod of Iron Ministries, where followers do target practice with AR-15s and bring guns to church to be blessed. Hyung Jin wears a golden crown made of rifle shells and delivers hate-filled sermons against the Democratic Party. He also expects to become the king of America. He reviles his mother—who runs the international church in South Korea—as the "whore of Babylon."[2]

Spending church funds in casinos

[edit]

In Moon and Han's teachings,Las Vegas was described as a "city of Satan," and they aimed to amass believers to transform that hell into heaven. However, in 2022, reports fromShukan Bunshun andTBS News revealed that according to transaction records compiled between 2008 and 2011 byMGM Resorts International, Hak Ja Han, and 11 church executives lost approximately$6.52 million in Las Vegas casinos. According to a former domestic helper of Hak Ja Han, the religious president's favorite casino game was theslot machine.[281]

A senior believer claims that the funds squandered in the casino were donations from Japanese believers. Internal church records specify that donations, totaling$9.51 million between 2009 and 2011, were intended for Las Vegas. A former Japanese chief of the church who participated in the church's Las Vegas tour testified that the church specifically instructed participants to carry$7,500 in cash as a donation, which was below the upper limit for customs declaration. Upon arrival in the U.S., they would hand over their donations and be given a tour of tourist attractions, such as theGrand Canyon, while only being able to meet Moon and Han once, unaware of their gambling activities in the casino.[282]

Investigation by the United States House of Representatives

[edit]

In 1977, theSubcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations of theUnited States House of Representatives, reported that the Unification Church was established by the director of theKorean Central Intelligence Agency (KCIA),Kim Chong Pil.[283] The committee also reported that the KCIA had used the movement to gain political influence with the United States, and some of its members had worked as volunteers in Congressional offices. Together they founded the Korean Cultural Freedom Foundation, a nonprofit organization that acted as apublic diplomacy campaign for South Korea.[12] The committee also investigated possible KCIA influence on the Unification Church's campaign in support of Nixon.[284]

Unification Church officialDan Fefferman testified in August 1977 before the Fraser Committee.[285] Testimony from Fefferman confirmed that he had social ties to officials within the South Korean embassy.[286] Fefferman testified that he had arranged a meeting in 1975 betweenRepublican aideEdwin Feulner ofthe Heritage Foundation and South Korean Minister Kim Yung Hwan, to potentially put together a group of congressional aides who would travel to South Korea.[287][286] Hwan was the then-station chief for the KCIA.[286]

During his testimony, Fefferman refused to answer nine questions from the subcommittee, saying that they violated his constitutional rights to freedom of religion and association.[288] The subcommittee recommended that Fefferman be cited forcontempt of Congress.[286][288][289] Fefferman, speaking toThe Michigan Daily in 1980, said the subcommittee's recommendations were never taken up and no charges were pressed.[290]

Defamation lawsuit against theDaily Mail

[edit]

In 1978, theDaily Mail, a Britishtabloid newspaper, published an article with the headline: "The Church That Breaks Up Families."[291][292] The article accused the Unification Church ofbrainwashing and separating families. The British Unification Church's directorDennis Orme filed alibel suit against theDaily Mail andAssociated Newspapers, its parent company, resulting in one of the longest civil actions in British legal history – lasting six months.[291][293][294] Orme and the Unification Church lost the libel case, the appeal case, and were refused permission to take their case to theHouse of Lords.[294]

The original case heard 117 witnesses, including Americananti-cult psychiatristMargaret Thaler Singer.[291] In the original case, the Unification Church was ordered to pay Associated NewspapersGB£750,000 in costs which was maintained after appeal.[295] The jury of the original case not only awarded Associated Newspapers costs, but it and the judge requested that theAttorney General re-examine the Unification Church's charitable status, which after a lengthy investigation from 1986 to 1988 was not removed.[296][297]

According toGeorge Chryssides, about half of the Unification Church's 500 full-time members in Britain moved to the United States.[298] The Unification Church sold seven of its twelve principal church centers after the ruling.[299] Other anti-cultists in countries like Germany sought to incorporate theLondon High Court's decision into law.[294] The Unification Church has won other libel anddefamation cases in the United Kingdom, including a similar case againstThe Daily Telegraph.[296]

United States v. Sun Myung Moon

[edit]
Main article:United States v. Sun Myung Moon

In 1982, Moon was imprisoned in the United States after being found guilty by a jury of willfully filing false federalincome tax returns and conspiracy. The Unification Church of the United States members launched a public-relations campaign. Booklets, letters, and videotapes were mailed to approximately 300,000 Christian leaders in the United States. Many of them signed petitions protesting the government's case.[138] TheAmerican Baptist Churches in the U.S.A., theNational Council of Churches, theNational Black Catholic Clergy Caucus, and theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference filed briefs in support of Moon.[139]

Moon served 13 months of the sentence at theFederal Correctional Institution, Danbury inDanbury, Connecticut.[300][301] The case was protested as a case ofselective prosecution and a threat toreligious freedom by, among others,Jerry Falwell, head ofMoral Majority,Joseph Lowery, head of theSouthern Christian Leadership Conference,Harvey Cox, a professor ofDivinity atHarvard, andEugene McCarthy, United States Senator and former Democratic Party presidential candidate.[302]

Crown of Peace event in Washington DC

[edit]

On March 23, 2004, at a ceremony in theDirksen Senate Office Building, inWashington, D.C., Moon crowned himself with what was called the "Crown of Peace."[303][304] Lawmakers who attended included SenatorMark Dayton (D-Minn.), RepresentativesRoscoe Bartlett (R-Md.) andElijah Cummings (D-Md.), as well as former RepresentativeWalter Fauntroy (D-D.C.). Key organizers of the event includedGeorge Augustus Stallings Jr., a formerRoman Catholic priest who had been married by Moon and Michael Jenkins, the president of theUnification Church of the United States at that time.[303] Rep.Danny K. Davis (D-Ill.) played an active role in the ceremony.The New York Times, in 2008, suggested that the participation of federal elected officials in this event was a possible violation of the principle ofseparation of church and state in United States law.[304]

In Japan (1970–2025)

[edit]
Main article:Criticism of the Unification Church in Japan

The Unification Church in Japan has faced several controversies:

  • Rebranding – In 1997, the Japanese Unification Church's request to change its name was rejected due to ongoing lawsuits. In 2015, the name change to "Family Federation for World Peace and Unification" was approved, though the approval process reportedly involved unusual reports.[305]
  • Spiritual sales – The Unification Church in Japan faced accusations of pressuring members into financial ruin through "spiritual sales." This led to 35,000 compensation claims and$206 million recovered. The church claims it has emphasized legal compliance and stopped these practices since 2009.[306][307]
  • Theassassination of Shinzo Abe – Shinzo Abe's assassination byTetsuya Yamagami, who blamed Abe for his family's bankruptcy due to the Unification Church, led Japan's ruling party (theLiberal Democrats) to cut ties with the church in August 2022.[308][309] On 25 March 2025, a court in Tokyo ordered the Japanese branch of the Unification Church to disband, three years after it had come under scrutiny following Abe's assassination.[310]
  • Revocation of religious corporation status and subsequent order of disbandment by the Japanese government – On October 12, 2023, Japan's Ministry of Education announced plans to dissolve the Unification Church under Article 81 of the Religious Juridical Person Law, citing deviations from legitimate religious practices. This marked the first such action against a religious organization without a criminal conviction. The church stated its intention to contest the order legally. As of March 7, 2024, the government increased monitoring of the church's assets under a new law aimed at addressing unfair solicitation practices.[311][312] Subsequently, on March 25, 2025, theTokyo District Court ordered the dissolution of the Unification Church's Japanese branch.[313] The ruling revoked the church's legal religiousjudicial person status, removing its tax-exempt privileges and requiring the liquidation of its assets. However, the church is still permitted to operate in Japan and has declared its intention to appeal the decision to the Tokyo High Court,[314] citing the request to dissolve was a "serious threat to the human rights and religious freedom of its followers".[315][316][317]
  • Civil lawsuits against Japanese critics and government – The Unification Church and its affiliates filed lawsuits against Japanese media, lawyers, journalists, and ex-members discussing its fundraising and recruitment. Legal actions increased after ties with Japanese politicians were revealed post-Abe's assassination. Critics allege these lawsuits are to silence opposition.[318]
  • Child adoption – The Unification Church in Japan was investigated for unauthorized child transfers between members' families since 2018. They reported 31 adoptions but denied acting as intermediaries. Following scrutiny, the church removed references to child adoption from its handbook in February 2023.[319]

Support for North Korea's development of nuclear weapons

[edit]
See also:List of North Korean missile tests andList of nuclear weapons tests of North Korea

According toDefense Intelligence Agency (DIA) reports in August and September 1994, Moon donated 450 billion yen toKim Il Sung during his stay in North Korea from November 30, 1991, to December 7, 1992. Those same DIA reports explained an "economic cooperation" for the reconstruction of North Korea's economy was in place. This included establishing a joint venture developing tourism at Kimkangsan, investing in the development of the Tumangang River, in addition to investing in the construction of the "light industry" base located in Wonsan.[320][321] Most of the money was said to have been donated to the Unification Church by Japanese believers.[322][323] According to the former chief executive ofPyeonghwa Motors, a Unification Church auto company, the money collected from Japanese devotees was first transferred to South Korea andmoney laundered, then transferred toHong Kong and finally to North Korea. He said he had a close relationship withJu Kyu-chang, a senior member of theWorkers' Party of Korea and its weapons development chief.[324][need quotation to verify]

According to Baek Seung-joo, a former South Korean vice defense minister, has analyzed that money donated by Japanese followers of the Unification Church was diverted to North Korea's nuclear development and development ofintercontinental ballistic missiles.[324][need quotation to verify] According to Masuo Oe, who was the public relations director of the Unification Church, when Moon said to Kim Il Sung in a meeting, "Please be my brother," Kim Il Sung replied, "Sure, why not?" According to him, believers heard this anecdote and admired that the Messiah had brought Satan to his knees with the power of love. This was a symbolic event that marked a major shift in the anti-communist policies of the Unification Church.[325]

According to a 2016 South Korean Defense Ministry parliamentary report, a Tokyo-run company[vague] operated by members of the Unification Church sold a RussianGolf II-class submarine still loaded with missile launchers to North Korea in 1994, disguised as scrap metal, and the technology was then diverted to North Korea's development ofsubmarine-launched ballistic missiles. The Unification Church has denied having any relationship with the company.[326]

Controversy in South Korea

[edit]
See also:Tochak Waegu § Sin-chinilpa

In South Korea, the Unification Church has been criticized for supporting the interests of Japan over those of South Korea. South Korean media reported links between the UC and Japanese conservatives, referring to them asChinil (친일) orSin-chinil (신친일). Some South Korean media reported a connection betweenYoon Suk-yeol's pro-Japanese foreign policy and the UC.[327][328]

Since late July 2024, protests at Cheonjeonggung Palace inGapyeong began with demands for Vice President Jung Won-joo's resignation, following corruption allegations involving aides close to Hak Ja Han. By late September, the Unification Church Members' Emergency Response Committee joined the demonstrations, which spread by October to major church sites like Cheongshim Peace World Center in Gapyeong and Cheonwon Temple in Seoul, continuing calls for Jung's resignation.[329]

Secrecy and esoteric

[edit]

The Unification Church is sometimes said to be asecret society in that it keeps some of its doctrines secret from non-members,[330][331][332] a practice that is sometimes called "heavenly deception."[333] In 1979, critics D. Tingle and R. Fordyce commented: "How different the openness of Christianity is to the attitude of Reverend Moon and his followers who are often reluctant to reveal to the public many of their basic doctrines."[334] Since the 1990s, many Unification texts that were formerly regarded asesoteric have been posted on the Family Federation for World Peace and Unification's official websites.[335]

"Crazy for God"

[edit]
Main article:Crazy for God

InThe Way of God's Will, a collection of sayings popular among church members, Moon is quoted as saying: "We leaders should leave the tradition that we have become crazy for God."[258] In 1979 Unification Church criticChristopher Edwards titled a memoir about his experiences in the six months he spent as a church member:Crazy for God: The Nightmare of Cult Life..[259]

Persecution

[edit]

Germany

[edit]

In November 1995, German authorities blacklisted the founders of the Unification Church (Reverend Sun Myung Moon and his wife, Hak Ja Han Moon) through theSchengen Information System and thus forbid entry to 12 European countries.[336] The period of exclusion was extended several times.[337][338] After 12 years on October 24, 2006, theGerman Federal Constitutional Court ruled that previous court rulings and authorities' treatment of the Unification Church in the period from November 1995 violated Article 4 paragraph 1 (Freedom of faith and conscience is inviolable) and paragraph 2 (undisturbed practice is guaranteed) of theGerman Constitution and is repealed must reimburse the UC for the necessary expenses (articles 2 and 3 of the ruling). It also stated that the authorities' defense was based onrumors and assumptions (article 15 of the ruling) and the previous ruling of the Higher Administrative Court was based on weighting religious matters, which is not permitted by state authorities (article 27 of the ruling).[339] Court by this decision rejects with immediate effect the rationale of theGerman Federal Ministry of the Interior for the 1995 immigration exclusion and not granting an entryvisa.[340][341]

France

[edit]

In March 1982, a 21-year-old woman, Claire Château, who was on the central street of Dijon distributing brochures, was pulled into a moving car shouting for help. After a psychological examination showed that she was in good mental health with no traces of alleged "brainwashing," seven people, family members, andUnion nationale des associations de défense des familles et de l'individu (ADFI) "professionaldeprogrammers" were accused by the Dijon Regional Criminal Investigation Department (Service Régional de Police Judiciaire de Dijon) of kidnapping under §341 of theFrench Penal Code to the Besançon Court of Justice.[342][343] The case contributed to the gradual abandonment of abductions and deprogramming attempts.[344]

Russia

[edit]

In 2000, Russia excluded Patrick Francis Nolan from reentry, holding him captive at the airport overnight based on FSB material concerning countering non-traditional religions. The visa was repeatedly canceled on reentry without an explanation, which separated him from his son, who stayed in Russia, for almost one year.European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in 2009 in the caseNolan and K. v. Russia stated, that Russia failed to comply with or violated Articles 38§1a, 9, 8, 5§1, 5§5 and Article 1 of Protocol No. 7 of theConvention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (Convention) and decided that Russia should pay a sum of €7,810 for damages.[345]

In 2005–2006 Russia forcibly expelled John Alphonsus Corley and Shuji Igarashi and separated them from their families staying in Russia. Mr. Igarashi was held in detention for 3 days in inhuman conditions. NewspaperRossiyskaya Gazeta published an article "ComMoonism has come to the Urals" explaining the reason as "State campaign against the Unification Church." ECHR in 2022 in the caseCorley and Others v. Russia stated, that Russia violated Articles 1, 2, 9, 8, 3, and 5 of the Convention and decided that Russia should pay a sum of 30.270 € for damages.[346]

United States

[edit]

OnThanksgiving 1979, the parents of 28-year-old Thomas Ward conspired with 31 other people to kidnap him (for the second time) and hold him captive for 35 days. He suffered verbal and physical abuse in attempts to "de-program" him of his religious beliefs. Attempts failed and 33 people heard the verdict on the crimes ofconspiracy,battery,false imprisonment,intentional infliction of emotional distress, andgrand larceny. The 4th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled on April 18, 1980, that federal civil rights laws protect against religious discrimination. The judgment contradicted the (then common) "parental immunity" principle in such cases.[347][348] Thomas J. Ward graduated in 1981 from theUnification Theological Seminary and in 2019 became its president.[349]

In 1991Carlton Sherwood in his bookInquisition: The Persecution and Prosecution of the Reverend Sun Myung Moon accused Congress, courts, state agencies, and the press of "worst kind of religious prejudice and racial bigotry" against the church, its leaders and followers as determined attempt to erase the church from the United States.[14]

Communist Czechoslovakia

[edit]

The movement sent missionary Emilia Steberle to communist countries in 1968 during thePrague Spring toCzechoslovakia. She succeeded in building an underground movement during the earlyNormalization. The group was soon observed by theStB (communist secret police) since 1971.[350] Thecommunist regime persecuted members of the group as undesirable for the establishment.[351] In 1973, during an operation called "FAMILIA", almost 30 members were captured and arrested. In the following months of imprisonment in a communist jail, one of the members,Marie Živná, who resisted interrogation methods,[352] died on April 11, 1974, at the age of 24, with unclear reasons. Witnesses who saw her body before the burial testified that she had unnaturally white hair,[353] concluding that she was tortured.[354] The funeral inSvojanov became a demonstration against the communist regime.[355][356] On October 10, 1974, the Supreme Court in Bratislava sentenced 14 young people to prison terms ranging from 18 months to 4 years and 4 months.[357] Marie Živná is the first officially recognizedmartyr of the Unification Movement behind theIron Curtain, for her exemplary fight for freedom.[353]

Related organizations and groups

[edit]
Main article:Organizations related to the Unification Church

Moon believed in the literalKingdom of God on earth to be brought about by human effort, motivating his establishment of numerous groups, some that are not strictly religious in their purposes.[358][178] Moon was not directly involved with managing the day-to-day activities of the organizations that he indirectly oversaw, yet all of them attribute the inspiration behind their work to his leadership and teachings.[10][359][360]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^그 러면 '탕감복귀'란 무엇을 말하는 것인가? 무엇이든지 그 본연의 위치와 상태 등을 잃어버리게 되었을 때, 그것들을 본래의 위치와 상태에로 복귀하려면 반드시 거기에 필요한 어떠한 조건을 세워야 한다. 이러한 조건을 세우는 것을 탕감 (tanggam) 이라고 하는 것이다....그리고 이처럼 탕감조건을 세워서 창조본연의 인간으로 복귀해 나아가는 섭리를 탕감복귀섭리라고 말한다[272]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^abcWorth, Robert F. (October 2023)."THE BIZARRE STORY BEHIND SHINZO ABE'S ASSASSINATION".The Atlantic:44–53.Archived from the original on March 29, 2024. RetrievedOctober 6, 2023.
  3. ^"'Moonies' church leader arrested over gifts to ex-South Korea first lady".BBC News. September 23, 2025. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2025.
  4. ^ab"Unification Church".Britannica.Archived from the original on September 20, 2023. RetrievedOctober 7, 2023.
  5. ^abcMoon At Twilight: Amid scandal, the Unification Church has a strange new missionArchived February 16, 2020, at theWayback Machine,Peter MaassNew Yorker Magazine, September 14, 1998.
  6. ^abBednarowski, Mary Farrell (1995).New Religions and the Theological Imagination in America.Indiana University Press. p. 103.ISBN 978-0-253-20952-8. RetrievedDecember 28, 2008.
  7. ^abFisher, Marc; Leen, Jeff (November 23, 1997)."A Church in Flux Is Flush With Cash".The Washington Post. pp. A01.Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. RetrievedAugust 10, 2022.
  8. ^Yamamoto, J. I., 1995,Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing HouseISBN 0-310-70381-6Excerpt:Archived February 10, 2012, at theWayback Machine
  9. ^Sun Myung Moon forms new political party to merge divided KoreasArchived September 1, 2013, at theWayback MachineChurch and State, May 2003
  10. ^abSwatos, William H. Jr. (1998).Encyclopedia of religion and society. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1.Archived from the original on February 25, 2018. RetrievedFebruary 10, 2018.
  11. ^abGoodman, Walter (January 21, 1992)."Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331.Archived from the original on April 9, 2019. RetrievedAugust 10, 2022.
  12. ^abDiamond, Sara (1989).Spiritual Warfare: The Politics of the Christian Right. South End Press.ISBN 978-0-89608-361-5.Archived from the original on September 24, 2023. RetrievedAugust 14, 2022.
  13. ^Kent, Stephen A.,From Slogans to Mantras: Social Protest and Religious Conversion in the Late Vietnam War Era (Syracuse University Press, 2001), 168.
  14. ^abBarker, Eileen,The Making of a Moonie: Choice Or Brainwashing? Modern Revivals in Sociology, illustrated, reprint, revised ed. (Gregg Revivals, 1993)[page needed]ISBN 978-0751201369
  15. ^Bromley, David G. and Anson D. Shupe, Jr.,"Moonies" in America: Cult, Church, and Crusade, edited by David G. Bromley, Sage Library of Social Research (Sage, 1979)
  16. ^Swatos, William H. Jr. (1998). Encyclopedia of religion and society. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press.ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1.
  17. ^Stymied in U.S., Moon's Church Sounds a Retreat, Marc Fisher and Jeff Leen, The Washington Post, November 24, 1997
  18. ^Moon, Sun Myung (2011)."Chapter three, part "A Church with No Denomination"".As a peace-loving global citizen. [Washington, D.C.]: Washington Times Foundation. pp. 121–122.ISBN 978-0-615-39377-3.OCLC 638962627. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on August 23, 2020. RetrievedDecember 6, 2022.
  19. ^abcBarker, Eileen (September 3, 2012)."My Take: Moon's death marks end of an era".CNN. Archived fromthe original on August 29, 2019. RetrievedAugust 10, 2022.
  20. ^U. S. Department of the Army (2001).Religious Requirements and Practices of Certain Selected Groups: A Handbook for Chaplains. The Minerva Group, Inc. pp. 1-41 to 1-47.ISBN 978-0-89875-607-4.
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  24. ^Helvarg, David (2004).The War Against the Greens. Johnson Books. p. 211.ISBN 978-1-55566-328-5.
  25. ^Hatch, Walter (February 13, 1989). "Big names lend luster to group's causes – Church leader gains legitimacy among U.S. conservatives".The Seattle Times. Seattle Times Company. p. A1.
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  38. ^abBrown, Emma (September 2, 2012)."Sun Myung Moon dies at 92; Washington Times owner led the Unification Church".The Washington Post.ISSN 0740-5421.Archived from the original on September 28, 2013. RetrievedJune 12, 2013.
  39. ^"'Moonies' founder dies, aged 92".The Irish Times. September 3, 2012. Archived fromthe original on September 4, 2012. RetrievedSeptember 4, 2012.
  40. ^Moon-struck,Time, October 15, 1973.
  41. ^"In 1955, Reverend Moon established the Collegiate Association for the Research of the Principle (CARP). CARP is now active on many campuses in the United States and has expanded to over eighty nations. This association of students promotes intercultural, interracial, and international cooperation through the Unification world view."[1]Archived January 5, 2018, at theWayback Machine
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  67. ^The same old gameArchived February 15, 2009, at theWayback Machine,Al-Ahram, November 12–18, 1998, "The Washington Times is a mouthpiece for the ultra-conservative Republican right, unquestioning supporters of Israel'sLikud government. The newspaper is owned by Sun Myung Moon, originally a native of North Korea and head of the Unification Church, whose ultra-right leanings make him a ready ally for Netanyahu. Whether or not Netanyahu is personally acquainted with Moon is unclear, though there is no doubt that he has established close friendships with several staff members ofThe Washington Times, whose editorial policy is rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim, and pro-Israel."
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  73. ^In Ban's UN, Sun Myung Moon's Paper is Praised, While Gambari Raises Him Funds, WFP DemursArchived February 25, 2021, at theWayback Machine Inner City Press, June 5, 2007
  74. ^ab"Moonies" launch a political party in S Korea,The Independent (South Africa), March 10, 2003
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  76. ^Andrea Noble, The Gazette,Bowie resident pushes for peaceArchived March 4, 2016, at theWayback Machine, Gazette.net, Jan 8,
  77. ^Yoon, Sangwon (August 15, 2012)."Unification Church Says Leader Moon Is 'Gravely Ill'". Bloomberg.Archived from the original on August 19, 2012. RetrievedAugust 16, 2012.
  78. ^Unification Church founder diesArchived September 16, 2012, at theWayback Machine,The Korea Herald, September 3, 2012
  79. ^Dunkel, Tom (May 21, 2018)."Locked and Loaded for the Lord".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on May 22, 2018. RetrievedNovember 27, 2020.
  80. ^"Leaders call for moral and innovative leadership at Global Peace Convention".SUNSTAR. March 2, 2017.Archived from the original on June 30, 2022. RetrievedJune 30, 2022.
  81. ^통일교 한학자 총재 긴급 지시, "일괄 사직서 내라!" [Unification Church leader Hak Ja Han issued an urgent directive, stating, "Submit your resignations!"].Amen News (in Korean). September 30, 2024. RetrievedOctober 2, 2024.
  82. ^Ng, Kelly (September 23, 2025)."'Moonies' church leader arrested over gifts to ex-South Korean first lady". BBC News. RetrievedSeptember 23, 2025.
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  84. ^John Bowker, 2011,The Message and the Book, UK,Atlantic Books, pp. 13–14
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  86. ^abcLužný, Dušan; Václavík, David (1997)."Církev sjednocení" [Unification Church] (in Czech). Archived fromthe original on August 20, 2007. RetrievedOctober 14, 2022.
  87. ^Freddy Davis:The Unification Church/MooniesArchived October 17, 2022, at theWayback Machine, Marketfaith.org, November 25, 2014.
  88. ^Sontag, Frederick (1977).Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church. Nashville: Abingdon Press. pp. 102–105.ISBN 0-687-40622-6.
  89. ^Chryssides, 1991. p. 99
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  91. ^"Duddy, NeilInterview: Dr. Mose Durst". Archived fromthe original on September 28, 2007. RetrievedJune 24, 2007.
  92. ^Wakin, Daniel J. (September 2, 2012)."Rev. Sun Myung Moon, 92, Unification Church Founder, Dies".The New York Times.ISSN 0362-4331.Archived from the original on July 10, 2018. RetrievedJanuary 2, 2013.
  93. ^"NEW YORK DAY BY DAY; Wedding Day for 4,000".The New York Times. July 1, 1982.Archived from the original on December 5, 2020. RetrievedJuly 21, 2018.
  94. ^Marriage by the numbers; Moon presides as 6,500 couples wed in S. KoreaArchived October 8, 2008, at theWayback MachinePeter MaassThe Washington Post October 31, 1988
  95. ^The men and women entered a large room, where Moon began matching couples by pointing at them."NY Daily NewsArchived 8 November 2020 at theWayback Machine "In the Unification tradition, romantic liaisons are forbidden until the members are deemed by Mr. Moon to be spiritually ready to be matched at a huge gathering where he points future spouses out to one another. His followers believe that his decisions are based on his ability to discern their suitability and see their future descendants. Many are matched with people of other races and nationalities, in keeping with Mr. Moon's ideal of unifying all races and nations in the Unification Church. Though some couples are matched immediately before the mass wedding ceremonies, which are held every two or three years, most have long engagements during which they are typically posted in different cities or even continents, and get to know one another through letters."The New York TimesArchived 12 November 2020 at theWayback Machine "Many were personally matched by Moon, who taught that romantic love led to sexual promiscuity, mismatched couples and dysfunctional societies. Moon's preference for cross-cultural marriages also meant that couples often shared no common language."Manchester GuardianArchived 8 November 2020 at theWayback Machine "Moon's death Sep 2 and funeral Saturday signaled the end of the random pairings that helped make Moon's Unification Church famous – and infamous – a generation ago."Washington PostArchived 10 February 2021 at theWayback Machine "Many of the couples who married at mass weddings were hand-picked by Moon from photos. It led to some strange pairs such as a 71-year-old African Catholic archbishop who wed a 43-year-old Korean acupuncturist. In 1988 Moon entered the Guinness Book of Records when he married 6,516 identically dressed couples at Seoul's Olympic Stadium. Moonie newly-weds were forbidden to sleep together for 40 days to prove their marriage was on a higher plane. They then had to consummate their marriage in a three-day ritual with the sexual positions stipulated by their leader."Daily MirrorArchived 31 December 2020 at theWayback Machine
  96. ^Despite controversy, Moon and his church moving into mainstreamArchived 2008-07-25 at theWayback MachineChicago Tribune, April 11, 2006. 'The church's most spectacular rite remains mass weddings, which the church calls the way "fallen men and women can be engrafted into the true lineage of God."'
  97. ^At RFK, Moon Presides Over Mass WeddingArchived 19 January 2019 at theWayback Machine,The Washington Post, November 3, 1997.
  98. ^28,000 Couples Gather for Rev. Moon RitesArchived September 7, 2020, at theWayback Machine,The New York Times, November 30, 1997
  99. ^Lucas, Phillip Charles; Robbins, Thomas (2004).New Religious Movements in the Twenty-first Century. Routledge. p. 320.ISBN 978-0-415-96577-4. RetrievedDecember 28, 2008.
  100. ^Unification Church pres sees smaller mass weddingsArchived March 22, 2009, at theWayback Machine,The Monitor (Uganda), December 30, 2008, "Moon said the church does not give its wedding blessing to same sex couples."
  101. ^Goodstein, Laurie (November 28, 1997)."35,000 Couples Are Invited To a Blessing by Rev. Moon".The New York Times. RetrievedDecember 28, 2008.
  102. ^Children of Moon church's mass-wedding age face a crossroadsArchived August 25, 2017, at theWayback Machine,The Washington Post, January 3, 2009
  103. ^"Unification Church Calendar 2012"(PDF).tparents.org. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on May 18, 2021. RetrievedNovember 11, 2022.
  104. ^Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations, Volume 5 of Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America, W. Michael Ashcraft, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006,ISBN 0-275-98717-5,ISBN 978-0-275-98717-6, page 180
  105. ^Exploring New Religions, Issues in contemporary religion, George D. Chryssides, Continuum International Publishing Group, 2001ISBN 0-8264-5959-5,ISBN 978-0-8264-5959-6 p. 1
  106. ^Exploring the climate of doomArchived April 23, 2012, at theWayback Machine, Rich Lowry, December 19, 2009 'The phrase "doomsday cult" entered our collective vocabulary after John Lofland published his 1966 study, "Doomsday Cult: A Study of Conversion, Proselytization, and Maintenance of Faith." Lofland wrote about the Unification Church.'
  107. ^ConversionArchived January 21, 2012, at theWayback Machine,Unification ChurchArchived January 13, 2012, at theWayback Machine,Encyclopedia of Religion and Society, Hartford Institute for Religion Research,Hartford Seminary
  108. ^abFrederick E. Sontag dies at 84; Pomona College philosophy professorArchived February 15, 2014, at theWayback Machine,Los Angeles Times, June 20, 2009
  109. ^abWho is this Pied Piper of Religion?Archived March 1, 2021, at theWayback Machine,St. Petersburg Times, February 4, 1978
  110. ^abMoon: an objective look at his theologyArchived February 24, 2021, at theWayback Machine,Boca Raton News, November 25, 1977
  111. ^Review,William Rusher,National Review, December 19, 1986.
  112. ^The Market for MartyrsArchived January 11, 2012, at theWayback Machine,Laurence Iannaccone,George Mason University, 2006, "One of the most comprehensive and influential studies was The Making of a Moonie: Choice or Brainwashing? by Eileen Barker (1984). Barker could find no evidence that Moonie recruits were ever kidnapped, confined, or coerced. Participants at Moonie retreats were notdeprived of sleep; the lectures were not "trance-inducing"; and there was not much chanting, no drugs or alcohol, and little that could be termed "frenzy" or "ecstatic" experience. People were free to leave, and leave they did. Barker's extensive enumerations showed that among the recruits who went so far as to attend two-day retreats (claimed to be Moonie's most effective means of "brainwashing"), fewer than 25% joined the group formore than a week and only 5% remained full-time members one year later. And, of course, most contacts dropped out before attending a retreat. Of all those who visited a Moonie centre at least once, not one in two-hundred remained in the movement two years later. With failure rates exceeding 99.5%, it comes as no surprise that full-time Moonie membership in the U.S. never exceeded a few thousand. And this was one of the most New Religious Movements of the era!"
  113. ^Oakes, Len "By far the best study of the conversion process is Eileen Barker's The Making of a Moonie [...]" fromProphetic Charisma: The Psychology of Revolutionary Religious Personalities, 1997,ISBN 0-8156-0398-3
  114. ^Storr, Anthony Dr.Feet of clay: a study of gurus 1996ISBN 0-684-83495-2
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  117. ^Kent, Stephen; Krebs, Theresa (1998). "Academic Compromise in the Social Scientific Study of Alternative Religions".Nova Religio.2 (1):44–54.doi:10.1525/nr.1998.2.1.44.ISSN 1092-6690.
  118. ^Exposition of the Divine Principle (2nd ed.). Sung Hwa Publishing Co., LTD. 2005. pp. 266–270.ISBN 897132127X.
  119. ^Rudin, A. James, 1978A View of the Unification ChurchArchived October 15, 2022, at theWayback Machine,American Jewish Committee Archives
  120. ^Sun Myung Moon Is Criticized by Religious Leaders; Jewish Patrons EnragedArchived July 15, 2020, at theWayback Machine, David F. White,The New York Times, December 29, 1976
  121. ^Response to A. James Rudin's ReportArchived February 28, 2021, at theWayback Machine, Unification Church Department of Public Affairs, Daniel C. Holdgeiwe, Johnny Sonneborn, March 1977.
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  123. ^"Unification Church seen as persecuted",The Milwaukee Sentinel, September 15, 1984, p. 4
  124. ^To Bigotry, No SanctionArchived February 19, 2018, at theWayback Machine, Mose Durst, 1984
  125. ^Guidelines for Members of The Unification Church in Relations with the Jewish PeopleArchived November 20, 2018, at theWayback Machine, Peter Ross and Andrew Wilson, March 15, 1989.
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  127. ^Yamamoto, J. 1995,Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Press,ISBN 0-310-70381-6 p. 40
  128. ^Walter Ralston Martin, Ravi K. Zacharias,The Kingdom of the Cults, Bethany House, 2003,ISBN 0764228218 pp. 368–370
  129. ^Yamamoto, J. I., 1995,Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing HouseISBN 0-310-70381-6 (Excerpt:Archived February 10, 2012, at theWayback Machine)
    "1. The Unification Theological Seminary
    a. The Unification Church has a seminary in Barrytown, New York called The Unification Theological Seminary.
    b. It is used as a theological training center, where members are prepared to be leaders and theologians in the church.
    c. Since many people regard Moon as a cult leader, there is a false impression that this seminary is academically weak.
    d. Moon's seminary, however, has not only attracted a respectable faculty (many of whom are not members of his church), but it also has graduated many students (who are members of his church) who have been accepted into doctoral programs at institutions such as Harvard and Yale."
  130. ^Korean Moon: Waxing or WaningArchived 16 February 2012 at theWayback Machine Leo Sandon Jr.Theology Today, July 1978, "The Unification Church purchased the estate and now administers a growing seminary where approximately 110 Moonies engage in a two-year curriculum which includes biblical studies, church history, philosophy, theology, religious education, and which leads to a Master of Religious Education degree."
  131. ^Dialogue with the MooniesArchived 11 December 2008 at theWayback Machine Rodney Sawatsky,Theology Today, April 1978. "Only a minority of their teachers are Unification devotees; a Jew teaches Old Testament, a Christian instructs in church history and a Presbyterian lectures in theology, and so on. Typical sectarian fears of the outsider are not found among Moonies; truth is one or at least must become one, and understanding can be delivered even by the uninitiated."
  132. ^Where have all the Moonies gone?Archived 2012-07-30 atarchive.today K. Gordon Neufeld,First Things, March 2008, "While I was studying theology, church history, and the Bible—taught by an eclectic faculty that included a rabbi, a Jesuit priest, and a Methodist minister—most of my young coreligionists were standing on street corners in San Francisco, Boston, and Miami urging strangers to attend a vaguely described dinner."
  133. ^Helm, S.Divine Principle and the Second AdventArchived 2008-09-21 at theWayback MachineChristian Century May 11, 1977 "In fact Moon's adherents differ from previous fringe groups in their quite early and expensive pursuit of respectability, as evidenced by the scientific conventions they have sponsored in England and the U.S. and the seminary they have established in Barrytown, New York, whose faculty is composed not of their own group members but rather of respected Christian scholars."
  134. ^New Hope for Dialogue with National Council of Churches of ChristArchived February 26, 2021, at theWayback Machine, Chris Antal, February 2000
  135. ^Sontag, Frederick,Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, (Abingdon Press, 1977; Korean translation, Pacific Publishing Company, 1981; Japanese translation, Tuttle-Mori Agency, Inc., 1977; German translation, SINUS-Verlag, Krefeld, 1981)ISBN 0-687-40622-6"
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  139. ^abRaspberry, William, "Did Unpopular Moonie Get a Fair Trial?",The Washington Post, April 19, 1984
  140. ^Fisher, Marc (November 23, 1997)."A Church in Flux Is Flush With Cash".The Washington Post.Archived from the original on October 7, 2008. RetrievedNovember 14, 2007. "Also in 1995, the Women's Federation made another donation that illustrates how Moon supports fellow conservatives. It gave a $3.5 million grant to theChristian Heritage Foundation, which later bought a large portion of Liberty University's debt, rescuing the Rev. Jerry Falwell's Lynchburg, Va., religious school from the brink of bankruptcy."
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  145. ^Kaplan, Robert,Soldiers of God : With Islamic Warriors in Afghanistan and Pakistan, New York : Vintage Departures, 2001, p. 170
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  195. ^Pak was founding president of the Washington Times Corporation (1982–1992), and founding chairman of the board.Bo Hi Pak, Appendix B: Brief Chronology of the Life of Dr. Bo Hi Pak, inMessiah: My Testimony to Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Vol I by Bo Hi Pak (2000), Lanham, MD: University Press of America.
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  199. ^Church Spends Millions On Its ImageArchived September 1, 2019, at theWayback Machine,The Washington Post, September 17, 1984. "Another church political arm, Causa International, which preaches a philosophy it calls "God-ism," has been spending millions of dollars on expense-paid seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. It also has contributed $500,000 to finance an anticommunist lobbying campaign headed by John T. (Terry) Dolan, chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)."
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  211. ^Miller, Johnny (September 3, 1983)."Police chief dies at ballgame".San Francisco Chronicle.Archived from the original on November 12, 2011. RetrievedJuly 18, 2018.For a second day, the Soviet Consulate in Pacific Heights was the scene of emotional protests against the shooting down of a Korean Air Lines jumbo jet. About 300 people held demonstration yesterday morning. Among them were members of the Unification Church, or "Moonies," whose founder is the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the South Korean who has melded a fierce anti-communism into his ideology. Eldridge Cleaver, the onetime black radical who recently has had ties with the Moonies, spoke at the rally. Many pickets carried signs accusing the Soviet Union of murdering the 269 passengers and crew aboard the airliner. In another development, San Francisco attorney Melvin Belli filed a $109 billion lawsuit against the Soviet Union on behalf of the 269 victims.
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  253. ^John Warwick Montgomery and Thomas J. J. Altizer,The Altizer-Montgomery Dialogue: A Chapter in the God is Dead Controversy (InterVarsity Press, Chicago, 1967), p.7
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  256. ^The same old gameArchived February 15, 2009, at theWayback Machine,Al-Ahram, November 12–18, 1998, "The Washington Times is a mouthpiece for the ultra conservative right, unquestioning supporters of Israel'sLikud government. The newspaper is owned by Sun Myung Moon, originally a native of North Korea and head of the Unification Church, whose ultra-right leanings make him a ready ally for Netanyahu. Whether or not Netanyahu is personally acquainted with Moon is unclear, though there is no doubt that he has established close friendships with several staff members onThe Washington Times, whose editorial policy is rabidly anti-Arab, anti-Muslim and pro-Israel."
  257. ^Dan Fefferman said:He never used words even resembling "automatic theocracy" but rather described "heaven on earth" as naturally emerging from a succession of democratically elected honest politicians.[2]
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  266. ^Another Gospel: Cults, Alternative Religions, and the New Age Movement by Ruth A. Tucker 1989ISBN 0-310-25937-1 pp. 250–251
  267. ^Daske, D. and Ashcraft, W. 2005,New Religious Movements, New York: New York University Press,ISBN 0-8147-0702-5 "To restart the process toward perfection, God has sent messiahs to earth who could restore the true state of humanity's relationship with God. Before that can happen, however, humans must perform good deeds that cancel the bad effects of sin. Unificationists call this "indemnity". Showing love and devotion to one's fellow humans, especially within families, helps pay this indemnity." p. 142.
  268. ^Yamamoto, J. 1995,Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Press,ISBN 0-310-70381-6 "The doctrine of indemnity. Indemnity is that which people do to restore themselves to God's kingdom.Young Oon Kim describes it this way: 'We atone for our sins through specific acts of penance.' Kwang-Yol Yoo, a Unification teacher, even goes so far as to say that by following theDivine Principle, "man's perfection must be accomplished by his own effort without God's help." God does most of the work, but people must still do their part in order to achieve God's plan of salvation: 'Five percent is only to say that man's responsibility is extremely small compared to God's.' "p35 "The doctrine of indemnity is not biblical. 'In simple language.' states Ruth Tucker, 'indemnity is salvation by works.' Bob Larson makes a distinction between Moon's doctrine and biblical theology, saying, 'Moon's doctrine of sinless perfection by "indemnity [forgiveness of sin by works on Moon's behalf], which can apply even to deceased ancestors, is a denial of the salvation by grace offering through Jesus Christ.' 'Farewell,' said John Calvin. 'to the dream of those who think up a righteousness flowing together out of faith and works.'" p40
  269. ^The Power of the Principle: When It Came; Where It WentArchived 28 February 2021 at theWayback Machine Richard Quebedeaux, "Rev. Moon calls such a mode of living, such a lifestyle, "restoration through indemnity." With indemnity viewed as a persistent pattern of behavior, not as a mere doctrine to be affirmed or a rational list of rules, God's ideal for human relationships is "restored" through restitution. Restitution-in the sense of a "natural law"-assuages resentment, because it is the means by which the powerful and enfranchised give the people who feel downtrodden and powerless what they believe is rightly theirs. Indemnity means that 'I'm here for you.'"
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  276. ^Yamamoto, J. I., 1995,Unification Church, Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan Publishing HouseISBN 0-310-70381-6 (Excerpt:Archived February 10, 2012, at theWayback Machine)
    "1. The Unification Theological Seminary
    a. The Unification Church has a seminary in Barrytown, New York called The Unification Theological Seminary.
    b. It is used as a theological training center, where members are prepared to be leaders and theologians in the UC.
    c. Moon's seminary, however, has not only attracted a respectable faculty (many of whom are not members of the UC), but it also has graduated many students (who are members of the UC) who have been accepted into doctoral programs at institutions such as Harvard and Yale."
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  357. ^"Moonistku Marii Živnou našli na samotce v roce 1974 mrtvou. Zavraždila ji StB?".Magazín Paměti národa (in Czech). March 12, 2025. RetrievedJuly 30, 2025.
  358. ^Swatos, Jr, William H. (1998). Encyclopedia of religion and society. Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press.ISBN 978-0-7619-8956-1.
  359. ^Helm, S. Divine Principle and the Second Advent Archived September 21, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Christian Century May 11, 1977 "In fact Moon's adherents differ from previous fringe groups in their quite early and expensive pursuit of respectability, as evidenced by the scientific conventions they have sponsored in England and the U.S. and the seminary they have established in Barrytown, New York, whose faculty is composed not of their own group members but rather of respected Christian scholars."
  360. ^Introduction to New and Alternative Religions in America: African diaspora traditions and other American innovations: Introduction, Eugene V. Gallagher, W. Michael Ashcraft, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006, pp. 94–95

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