Uncle Tupelo | |
|---|---|
 Uncle Tupelo's original lineup (c. 1991)—Jay Farrar, Jeff Tweedy, and Mike Heidorn | |
| Background information | |
| Origin | Belleville, Illinois, U.S. |
| Genres | |
| Years active | 1987–1994 |
| Labels | |
| Spinoffs | |
| Past members | Jay Farrar Mike Heidorn Jeff Tweedy Bill Belzer Ken Coomer Max Johnston John Stirratt |
| Website | www |
Uncle Tupelo was analternative country music group fromBelleville, Illinois, active between 1987 and 1994.Jay Farrar,Jeff Tweedy, andMike Heidorn formed the band after the lead singer of their previous band, The Primitives, left to attend college. The trio recorded three albums for Rockville Records, before signing withSire Records and expanding to a five-piece. Shortly after the release of the band's major label debut albumAnodyne, Farrar announced his decision to leave the band due to a soured relationship with his co-songwriter Tweedy. Uncle Tupelo split on May 1, 1994, after completing a farewell tour. Following the breakup, Farrar formedSon Volt with Heidorn, while the remaining members continued asWilco.
Although Uncle Tupelo broke up before it achieved commercial success, the band is renowned for its impact on the alternative country music scene.[4] The group's first album,No Depression, became a byword for the genre and was widely influential. Uncle Tupelo's sound was unlike popular country music of the time, drawing inspiration from styles as diverse as thehardcore punk ofMinutemen and the country instrumentation and harmony of theCarter Family andHank Williams. Farrar and Tweedy's lyrics frequently referred toMiddle America and theworking class of Belleville.
Jay Farrar, along with his brothers Wade and Dade, played in an early 1980s garage band named The Plebes.[5] Hailing fromBelleville, Illinois, The Plebes sought to enter a battle-of-the-bands competition but needed another high school student as a member to perform. They invitedJeff Tweedy, a high school friend of Jay Farrar, to join the band and play with them for the show.[6] Despite a lack of skill with his instrument, Tweedy played an important role in the band by booking early gigs. While The Plebes had been playing music in arockabilly style, Tweedy wanted to playpunk rock like the music that he originally heard the group perform. This caused tensions between Tweedy and Dade Farrar, who left the band two months after Tweedy joined.[7]
Before leaving the band in 1984, Dade Farrar introduced its members toMike Heidorn, the younger brother of his girlfriend; Heidorn then joined the group as their drummer.[7][8] The Plebes then decided to change its name to The Primitives, a reference to a 1965 song by psychedelic rock group The Groupies.[7][9] Due to the unpopularity of punk rock in theSt. Louis area, The Primitives began to playblues-oriented garage rock at fast tempos. They performed regularly at a wedding hall inMillstadt, Illinois, where Tweedy's mother Jo Ann would collect the cover fee.[8][10] They also performed regularly at B St Bar in Belleville with bands such as The Newsboys (later Sammy and the Snowmonkeys), Charlie Langrehr, and The Symptoms. Wade Farrar was the lead singer of the band, but his commitment toSouthern Illinois University and an attempted enlistment in theUnited States Army meant he was only able to dedicate a small amount of time to the group. Additionally, Heidorn broke his collarbone during a concert in 1986, which caused the band to go on hiatus. Jay Farrar and Tweedy continued to write songs and perform at Heidorn's house while he recovered, and by 1987 they had restarted the group.[11] The Primitives temporarily added Tony Mayr as a bassist so that Tweedy could play guitar, but a month later the band decided to keep Tweedy on bass and remain a three-piece.[8] To avoid confusion with a successful British band also namedThe Primitives, they decided to change their name once again, to Uncle Tupelo.[12] Although they performed only 1960s cover songs as The Primitives, the trio decided to take a new approach and write their own music under their new name.[13]
The Primitives renamed themselves Uncle Tupelo, a name created by combining two randomly chosen words from the dictionary. Inspired by the name, cartoonist Chuck Wagner, a friend of the band, created a character resembling an old, fatElvis Presley.[8][14] The trio recorded a four-song demo tape, which got them supporting slots opening for headline artists such asJohnny Thunders andWarren Zevon.[8] Tweedy met Tony Margherita while working as a clerk at Euclid Records in St. Louis. After attending two of the band's shows, Margherita offered to become their manager.[15] Uncle Tupelo began to play regular shows at Cicero's Basement — a bar close to the campus ofWashington University in St. Louis. Bands playing in a similar style, includingBrian Henneman's group Chicken Truck, often played at the venue, which by late 1988 was considered the locus of a new music scene.[16] The band temporarily expanded to a four-piece with the addition of the guitarist Alex Mutrux, but soon reverted to a trio.[8]
Uncle Tupelo recorded demo tracks in the attic studio of future Chicago punk producer Matt Allison inChampaign, Illinois. The demo, distributed with the titleNot Forever, Just for Now, includes "I Got Drunk" and "Screen Door", as well as early versions of several other songs that would appear on the band's first studio album.[17] TheCMJ New Music Report gave the tape a rave review, and called Uncle Tupelo the best unsigned band of the year. The accolade drew the attention of independent labels, and the band decided to sign with Jay Fialkov and Debbie Southwood-Smith ofGiant Records, who offered to book them atCBGB in New York City.[18] Explaining the decision, the band said that "[our] original goals don't get distorted with an independent label."[19]
Shortly after Uncle Tupelo's signing, Giant Records changed its name to Rockville Records. The band's first album for Rockville,No Depression, was recorded over ten days in January 1990, at Fort Apache South recording studio inBoston,Massachusetts. The album's thematic structure revolved around their lives as adolescents in Belleville; examples are songs about wanting to avoid factory work and songs about fearing a potentialPersian Gulf Warmilitary draft.[20] Impressed by their previous work onDinosaur Jr.'sBug, the band wantedPaul Kolderie andSean Slade to produce the album. Slade let Farrar play on the same 1961Gibson Les Paul SG Junior thatJ. Mascis originally played onBug.[21] The album was released on June 21, 1990, and the band celebrated by playing at Cicero's for two nights.
In between tours, Farrar, Tweedy and Heidorn formed a country cover band named Coffee Creek, along with Brian Henneman (later a member ofThe Bottle Rockets). Henneman impressed Uncle Tupelo, and he was invited to be a guitar technician and occasional multi-instrumentalist for the band.[22] While Farrar and Heidorn would avoid drinking too much after shows, Tweedy would continue drinking throughout the night. Although Tweedy stopped after he began dating Sue Miller in 1991, a significant communication gap had already been opened between Tweedy and Farrar.[23]
By March 1991,No Depression had sold an estimated 15,000 copies, and was featured in aRolling Stone article about rising stars.[8][24] However, Rockville Records refused to pay the band any royalties for the album, a theme that would continue for the remainder of the band's contract.[24] Over seventeen days the band recorded a second album atLong View Farm in ruralNorth Brookfield, Massachusetts.Still Feel Gone, with a more layered sound, was also produced by Kolderie and Slade, with contributions by Slade, Henneman, Rich Gilbert, Chris Bess of Enormous Richard, andGary Louris ofThe Jayhawks. The band was disappointed with the production of the album and decided to discontinue working with Kolderie and Slade.[25] Soon afterward, Uncle Tupelo recorded "Shaking Hands (Soldier's Joy)" onMichelle Shocked's albumArkansas Traveler and joined her on the accompanying tour withTaj Mahal andThe Band. However, the tour only lasted for a few shows because of managerial problems between Shocked and The Band.[26][27][28]
Alternative rock had broken into the mainstream by 1992, and an album released in that style was expected to earn the group a major-label record deal. However, Uncle Tupelo did not want to follow in the footsteps of groups such asNirvana, and decided to playcountry andfolk songs "as a big 'fuck you' to the rock scene".[29][30]Peter Buck, guitarist forR.E.M., saw the trio perform at the40 Watt Club inAthens, Georgia and sought them out after the show. Buck was impressed with a version of "Atomic Power" that the band played, and offered his services for their next album. Over a span of five days, Buck produced the group's next album,March 16–20, 1992.[31] Buck allowed them to stay in his house during the sessions, and charged no money for his services. Henneman's role was increased for this album, and he taught himself how to playmandolin andbouzouki.[32] Despite turning away from the style of popular alternative rock, major labels began to show significant interest in Uncle Tupelo afterMarch 16–20, 1992 was released.[30] The album sold more than their two previous recordings combined, although Rockville was displeased that it did not conform to the style of popular alternative rock.[33]
In 1992, Joe McEwen ofSire Records began to pursue the band. McEwen, who brought notable acts such as Dinosaur Jr. andShawn Colvin to Sire, had been interested in them since hearing theNot Forever, Just for Now demo tape. At the urging ofGary Louris, McEwen offered Uncle Tupelo a contract. Band manager Tony Margherita invoked the $50,000 escape clause he had put in their Rockville contract, freeing the band to sign a seven-year deal with Sire. The deal required two albums and specified a budget of $150,000 for the first.[34]
Around the time of the recording ofMarch 16–20, 1992, Mike Heidorn had secured a steady job at a Belleville newspaper company and was dating a woman who had two children from a previous marriage. Uncle Tupelo had planned a tour of Europe, but Heidorn wanted to stay in Belleville with his girlfriend, whom he married in August 1992.[28][35]
The band held auditions prior to the promotional tour forMarch 16–20, 1992, and two candidates stood out: Bill Belzer andKen Coomer. Although Farrar and Tweedy agreed that Coomer was the better drummer, they were intimidated by his six-foot-four stature and longdreadlocks. The band instead selected Belzer as Heidorn's replacement, but he only stayed with the band for six months.[36] Tweedy explained Belzer's departure:[37]
I want to believe it was purely musical, and I honestly believe that it wasn't working musically. I also believe that we weren't emotionally mature enough to be close friends with agay person at that point in our lives ... And Bill was and is a very proud and righteous gay person, very open about his homosexuality.
After touring Europe opening forSugar, the band replaced Belzer with Coomer. The band also experimented with new members:John Stirratt replaced Brian Henneman (who left to form The Bottle Rockets) whileMax Johnston, the brother of Michelle Shocked, joined as a live mandolin andviolin performer. Stirratt became the full-time bassist, allowing Tweedy to perform more songs with the guitar.[38]
Now a five-piece, Uncle Tupelo recorded their major label debut at Cedar Creek studio inAustin, Texas in early 1993.Anodyne consisted of live-in-the-studio recordings and included a duet with Farrar andDoug Sahm of theSir Douglas Quintet.[39] The album sold 150,000 copies, and was their only entry on theBillboardHeatseekers chart.[40][41] The group toured until the end of the year, finishing with a sold-out concert at Tramps in New York City. Because of their concert draw, major executives at Sire began to see the band as a potential hit.[40]
In 1993, the band contributed a cover ofCreedence Clearwater Revival's track "Effigy" to the AIDS-Benefit albumNo Alternative produced by theRed Hot Organization.
With the addition of Stirratt, Coomer, and Johnston just prior to the recording ofAnodyne, Farrar and Tweedy's relationship became more tumultuous, leading to verbal altercations after concerts. In one account, Tweedy recalled:[42]
Around this time, I would say something into a microphone onstage, and afterward [Farrar would] pull me aside and say, "Don't you ever fucking talk into that microphone again." He would misconstrue me talking into the microphone as more evidence of my out-of-control, rampant ego, more evidence of me feeling like I didn't have to be so fucking afraid anymore.
Tweedy felt the new members gave him a new opportunity to contribute to the band, but Farrar felt disdain for Tweedy's new carefree attitude. Years later, Farrar would claim that he had been tempted to quit the band after seeing Tweedy stroking the hair of Farrar's girlfriend, an act which he believed to have been a proposition.[43] In January 1994, Farrar called manager Tony Margherita to inform him of his decision to leave the band. Farrar told Margherita that he was no longer having fun, and did not want to work with Tweedy anymore.[44] Soon after the breakup, Farrar explained his departure: "It just seemed like it reached a point where Jeff and I really weren't compatible. It had ceased to be a symbiotic songwriting relationship, probably after the first record."[45]
Tweedy was enraged that he heard the news secondhand from Margherita, rather than directly from Farrar. The following day, the two engaged in a verbal confrontation.[46] As a favor to Margherita, who had spent a substantial amount of money to keep the band running, Farrar agreed to a final tour with Uncle Tupelo in North America. Tweedy and Farrar again engaged in a shouting match two weeks into the tour, due to Farrar's refusal to sing harmony on any of Tweedy's songs.[46] The band made its first appearance on national television during the tour when they were featured onLate Night with Conan O'Brien. Sire had requested that the band perform "The Long Cut" on the show, which further irked Farrar since the song was written and sung by Tweedy.
Uncle Tupelo's last concerts, two shows atThe Blue Note inColumbia, Missouri and two shows atMississippi Nights inSt. Louis, took place from April 28 to May 1, 1994. A special "last leg" poster was created for the occasion which facetiously promoted the band as "St. Louis's 4th best country band", based on a readers' poll in theRiverfront Times. On the last night, Tweedy and Farrar each performed nine songs during the concert, and Mike Heidorn performed as drummer during the encore.[47]
Following Uncle Tupelo's final tour, Tweedy encouraged his bandmates to join him in a new group, while Farrar searched for members for a band of his own. Tweedy was able to retain the rest of the Uncle Tupelo lineup, and createdWilco. They began rehearsing a few days after the final Uncle Tupelo concert, and by August 1994 they were in the recording studio for their first album,A.M.. Farrar asked Jim Boquist to join his new band,Son Volt; Boquist was a multi-instrumentalist who had performed withJoe Henry as the opening act on Uncle Tupelo's last tour. Boquist also recruited his brother Dave, and Farrar convinced Mike Heidorn to leave Belleville to join the group. Farrar's new four-piece began recording their debut albumTrace in November 1994.[48]
Wilco signed toReprise Records while Son Volt signed withWarner Bros. Records. Son Volt had an earlycollege rock hit with "Drown" from the albumTrace, but Wilco maintained a more commercially successful career in the years to follow.[49][50] Regarding the possibility of a reunion, Mike Heidorn reported in a PopMatters interview that "nothing's ever for sure, but I would have to say, 'No such thing'."[51] Farrar said that he does not want the band to get back together, while Tweedy said that he believes that a reunion would not be productive musically.[52][53]
Farrar and Tweedy sued Rockville Records and Dutch East India Trading CEO Barry Tenenbaum in 2000 over royalties that the label allegedly owed them, winning restitution from Tenenbaum and the joint rights to Uncle Tupelo's first three albums. After securing the rights, the band released a compilation entitled89/93: An Anthology. In 2003, Uncle Tupelo re-issued their first three albums, which before the lawsuit had cumulatively sold over 200,000 copies.[54]
As The Primitives, Tweedy and Farrar were highly influenced by punk bands such asThe Ramones andThe Sex Pistols. However, they began to listen to country music because punk rock was not well received in the Belleville and St. Louis music scenes. While they originally were introduced to country by their parents, it was not until this time that they began to listen to it for leisure.[10][55] Farrar typically wrote songs aboutMiddle America, while Tweedy wrote about more mainstream topics such as relationships. Farrar took influence from authors such asKurt Vonnegut andJack Kerouac, whom he read while working at his mother's bookstore.[56] As a singer, Farrar's lyrics would be front-and-center during performances, but the band's musical style was mostly driven by Tweedy and Heidorn.[57] Jeff Tweedy said in an interview with theSt. Louis Post-Dispatch:[13]
We probably have more influences than we know what to do with. We have two main styles that have been influences. For instance, we likeBlack Flag as much as early Bob Dylan and Dinosaur Jr. as much asHank Williams... To us, hard-core punk is also folk music. We draw a close parallel between the two. We'll play both in the same set if we get a chance. We don't have any biases as far as music is concerned.
Tweedy in particular was inspired by the Minutemen, and wrote a song aboutD. Boon following Boon's death in a van accident.[58] The band has released songs originally performed byCreedence Clearwater Revival,The Carter Family,Lead Belly,Gram Parsons,The Soft Boys,The Louvin Brothers,Texas Tornados, andThe Stooges.[59] ReleasingMarch 16–20, 1992 when alternative music was breaking through was a move inspired byNeil Young's decision to release the challenging albumsOn the Beach andTonight's the Night immediately after the commercially successfulHarvest.[30] Critic Michael Corcoran likened the band's musical style to "Bob Mould frontingSoul Asylum on a speeded-up version of aGram Parsons song."[60]
Uncle Tupelo is credited as one of the founders of thealternative country genre, a blend ofalternative rock and traditional country music.[55][61] While the genre eventually became associated with solo artists such asGram Parsons andLyle Lovett, Uncle Tupelo is considered the first alternative country band.[62] Some media outlets like theBBC have even suggested that they were the genre's sole creator.[63][64] However, Tweedy and Heidorn dispute this claim, and Farrar says that there is no difference between alternative country and other genres such asroots rock.[65][66] Heidorn commented in a Country Standard Time interview:[67]
It's strange to hear Uncle Tupelo mentioned because what we were doing was in such a long line of musical history. People are wrong in starting with us and saying we started anything because we were just picking up the ball, starting with Woody Guthrie and on to the early '60s and the Flying Burrito Brothers that we were influenced by. We didn't start a genre. We contributed to a long line of fairly good music. That's the way we looked at it at the time—doing what was right for the song.
The band's first three albums influenced contemporary roots rock artists such asRichmond Fontaine andWhiskeytown.[68][69] Uncle Tupelo's usage of distorted guitars to play a style of music that was known for its earnestness became a lasting trend in 1990s modern rock.[70] Jason Ankeny wrote inAllMusic that:[1]
With the release of their 1990 debut LP,No Depression, the Belleville, IL, trio Uncle Tupelo launched more than simply their own career—by fusing the simplicity and honesty of country music with the bracing fury of punk, they kick-started a revolution which reverberated throughout the American underground.
Their 1990 albumNo Depression lent its name to an influentialalternative country periodical.[71][72] Due to the influence of the album and periodical, the term "No Depression" became a byword for alternative country—particularly for bands with punk rock influence.[62][73] The alternative country movement played an important role in the success of future traditionalist country acts such asRobbie Fulks andShelby Lynne.[74]
Timeline
| Year | Title | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| 1990 | No Depression |
|
| 1991 | Still Feel Gone
|
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| 1992 | March 16–20, 1992
|
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| 1993 | Anodyne
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| Year | Title | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| 1992 | Still Feel Gone & March 16–20, 1992
|
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| 2002 | 89/93: An Anthology
|
|
| Year | Title | Comments |
|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Colorblind & Rhymeless | |
| 1988 | Live and Otherwise |
|
| 1989 | Not Forever, Just for Now |
| Year | A-side | B-sides | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | "I Got Drunk"
| "Sin City" | |
| 1991 | "Gun"
| "I Wanna Destroy You" | |
"Gun"/"I Wanna Destroy You"/"Still Be Around" (demo)
|
| ||
| 1992 | "Sauget Wind"
| "Looking for a Way Out" (live) "Take My Word" | |
| 1993 | "The Long Cut"
| "We've Been Had" (live) |
|
| Year | Song | Album | Comments |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1990 | "Before I Break" (demo) | Out of the Gate compilation | |
| 1991 | "Won't Forget" | A Matter of Degrees soundtrack | |
| 1992 | "Movin' On" | 20 More Explosive Fantastic Rockin' Mega Smash Hit Explosions! compilation |
|
| "Shaking Hands (Soldier's Joy)" | Arkansas Traveler |
| |
| "Wait Up" | Stolar Tracks Vol. 1 compilation | ||
| 1993 | "Blue Eyes" | Conmemorativo: A Tribute to Gram Parsons compilation |
|
| "Effigy" | No Alternative compilation |
| |
| "Are You Sure Hank Done It This Way?" | Trademark of Quality, Vol. 2 compilation |
| |
| "Fifteen Keys" (live) |
| ||
| 1994 | "Moonshiner" | The Best of Mountain Stage Volume Seven compilation |
|
Uncle Tupelo also recorded a one-hour radio special that was released by Legacy Records in 2003. Legacy only distributed the CD, entitledThe Long Cut: A One Hour Radio Special, to non-commercial radio stations as a way to promote the re-issues of the band's studio albums. The special is hosted by Lauren Frey and features interviews by Farrar, Tweedy, and Heidorn.[76]
| International | |
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| National | |
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