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Inbaseball, theumpire is the person charged withofficiating the game, including beginning and ending the game, enforcing the rules of the game and the grounds, making judgment calls on plays, and handling disciplinary actions.[1] The term is often shortened to the colloquial formump. They are also sometimes nicknamedblue due to the traditional color of the uniform worn by umpires. Although games were often officiated by a sole umpire in the formative years of the sport, since the turn of the 20th century, officiating has been commonly divided among several umpires, who form theumpiring crew. The position is analogous to that of areferee in many other sports.
Umpires enforce all rules of play, make real-time judgment calls, manage disputes between players and coaches, and may issue ejections if necessary. The role requires strong observation, communication, and decision-making skills.[2]
Most professional umpires attend accredited umpire schools, progress through minor league assignments, and are evaluated for accuracy, professionalism, and rule knowledge before joining Major League Baseball.[3]
In a game officiated by two or more umpires, theumpire in chief (usually thehome plate umpire) is the umpire who is in charge of the entire game. This umpire callsballs and strikes, callsfair balls,foul balls short of first/third base, and makes most calls concerning thebatter or concerningbaserunners near home plate. To avoid injury, the home plate umpire wears similar equipment to the catcher, including mask, chest protector, leg guards and shoes with extra protection added over the laces.[1] If another umpire leaves the infield to cover a potential play in foul ground or in the outfield, then the plate umpire may move to cover a potential play near second or third base. (The umpire-in-chief should not be confused with the crew chief, who is often a different umpire; see below.) In the event that an umpire is injured and only three remain, the second base position will generally be left vacant.
In nearly all levels of organized baseball, including the majors, an umpiring crew rotates so that each umpire in the crew works each position, including plate umpire, an equal number of games. In the earliest days of baseball, however, many senior umpires always worked the plate, with Hall of Fame umpireBill Klem being the last umpire to do so. Klem did so for the first 16 years of his career.[4] On the Major League level, an umpiring crew generally rotates positions clockwise each game, with an exception for doubleheaders, where the plate umpires scheduled for both games do not work the other game at first or third base. In a doubleheader, the first base umpire in the regular rotation is replaced by a fifth umpire in the first game (the regularly scheduled umpire will be the plate umpire in the second game), and the fifth umpire takes third base in the second game, to replace the umpire who was the plate umpire in the first game.
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Other umpires are calledbase umpires and are commonly stationed near the bases. (Field umpire is a less-common term.) When two umpires are used, the second umpire is simply thebase umpire. This umpire will make most calls concerning runners on the bases and nearby plays, as well as in the middle of the outfield. When three umpires are used, the second umpire is called thefirst-base umpire and the third umpire is called thethird-base umpire, even though they may move to different positions on the field as the play demands.[1] These two umpires also callchecked swings, if asked by the plate umpire (often requested by catcher or defensive manager; however, only the plate umpire can authorize an appeal to the base umpire): the first base umpire for right-handed batters, and the third base umpire for left-handed batters; to indicate a checked swing, the umpires make a "safe" gesture with their arms. To indicate a full swing, they clench their fists.
When four umpires are used (as is the case for all regular season MLB games unless one has to leave due to injury), each umpire is named for the base at which the umpire is stationed. Sometimes a league will provide six umpires; the extra two are stationed along the outfield foul lines and are called theleft-field andright-field umpires (or simplyoutfield umpires).
Outfield umpires are used in major events, such as theMajor League Baseball All-Star Game, and depending on the level, at parts of post-seasonplayoffs. For Major League Baseball, all playoff levels use six umpires adding a left-field and right-field umpire, while at lower levels, six umpires are used at the championship games (such as NCAA).[5] Rulings on catches of batted balls are usually made by the umpire closest to the play.
The termumpire-in-chief is not to be confused with thecrew chief, who is usually the most experienced umpire in a crew. At the major-league and high minor-league (Class AAA and AA) levels, the crew chief acts as a liaison between the league office and the crew and has a supervisory role over other members of the crew.[6]
For example, on the Major League level, "The Crew Chief shall coordinate and direct his crew's compliance with the Office of the Commissioner's rules and policies. Other Crew Chief responsibilities include: leading periodic discussions and reviews of situations, plays and rules with his crew; generally directing the work of the other umpires on the crew, with particular emphasis on uniformity in dealing with unique situations; assigning responsibilities for maintaining time limits during the game; ensuring the timely filing of all required crew reports for incidents such as ejections, brawls and protested games; and reporting to the Office of Commissioner any irregularity in field conditions at any ballpark."[6] Thus, on the professional level, some of the duties assigned to the umpire-in-chief (the plate umpire) in theOfficial Baseball Rules have been reassigned to the crew chief, regardless of the crew chief's umpiring position during a specific game. Instant replay reviews, for example, will be reviewed with the crew chief and one other umpire (usually the umpire who made the call on the field, unless the call was made by the crew chief), with results announced by the crew chief. The crew chief acts analogous to thecrew chief in basketball (as referenced in the NBA and FIBA rules) or thereferee in American football.
Starting with the2022 season, umpire crew chiefs are equipped with wireless microphones to be used when announcing replay challenges and the results of those challenges, similar to college and professional football and theNational Hockey League.
An umpire's judgment call used to be final, unless the umpire making the call chose to ask partner umpires for help and then decided to reverse it after the discussion.[1] Since 2014, MLB allows managers to challenge plays during the game. If the manager successfully has a call overturned, they are rewarded with another challenge.[7]
An independent study of umpire pitch-call accuracy over 11 seasons (2008–2018) released on April 8, 2019, by Mark T. Williams of Boston University concluded that over 20% of certain pitches were called incorrectly. For the 2018 season, home plate umpires made about 34,000 incorrect ball and strike calls, which is about 14 per game and 1.6 per inning.[8]
If an umpire seems to make an error in rule interpretation, the call, in some leagues, can beofficially protested as was the case in MLB until 2019.[9][10][11] If the umpire is persistent in his or her interpretation, the matter will be settled at a later time by a league official.
Video replay and electronic strike zones are used to assist umpires in making accurate calls, but professional judgment, experience, and rule knowledge remain central to the role.[12]
An amateur umpire officiates non-professional or semi-professional baseball. Many amateur umpires are paid (typically on a per-game basis) and thus might be consideredprofessionals, while some amateur umpires are unpaid. According to theLittle League Baseball official website, umpires should be volunteers.[13]
There are numerous organizations that test or train anyone interested in umpiring for local leagues, and can help make connections to the leagues in the area. Little League Baseball and theBabe Ruth League are two of the most popular organizations when it comes to youth baseball, and each have their own application, test, and training process for becoming an umpire. In Canada, most umpires are certified through a provincial organization, and then hired by local municipal associations through an umpire in chief.
For theLittle League World Series, amateur umpires from around the world participate on a volunteer basis. Prospective Little League World Series umpires must participate at various levels of Little League All-Star tournaments, ranging from district to state to regional tournaments, prior to being accepted to work the World Series tournament.[14]
In the United States, many (if not most) high schools sponsor a baseball team. Many high schools sponsor multiple baseball teams; for instance, "varsity" and "junior varsity" teams. During the 2017–18 academic year there were 16,513 high schools sponsoring at least one baseball team, and 488,859 students participated on a high school baseball team.[15] Thus, high school baseball is one of the most popular levels of baseball in the United States. Unlike college athletics, there is no competitive national championship on the high school level. And, unlike college athletics, umpires on the high school level are not administered by a national organization (such as theNCAA). Rather, high school baseball is administered at the state level (usually by a statewide high school athletic association) and the qualifications for becoming and remaining a high school umpire are usually set by the entity overseeing high school baseball in each individual state. For example, theFlorida High School Athletic Association sets forth minimum requirements for being a high school umpire in Florida.[16] Many statewide high school athletic associations contract with multiple local umpire associations throughout their state in which the local associations agree to train and provide umpires for high school games in each association's geographic area of the state in return for a "booking fee" being paid to the local associations by either the statewide high school association or by individual high schools. The local associations also promise to train their umpires to meet the state high school association's minimum requirements for umpires. For example, in Florida the Jacksonville Umpires Association trains and provides umpires for high school games in theJacksonville area.[17]
The specific requirements for becoming a high school umpire vary from state-to-state. However, generally all states share the same basic minimum requirements. First, a person trying to become an umpire must usually register with both the state high school athletic association and their local umpire association. Upon registering, most states provide their umpires with a high school rulebook, casebook, and umpires' manual. Second, most states require all umpires to attend clinics and meetings. These clinics may focus on rules, umpire mechanics, or a combination of both. Third, most states also require an umpire to pass a rules exam. Finally, most states also require umpires to work a certain number of pre-season scrimmages prior to working regular season games. As an example of these requirements, Georgia has an "officials accountability program" which sets forth the specific requirements for its interscholastic officials (including the attendance at clinics and camps and the passing of an examination) which can be reviewedhere.[18]
Although high school baseball is administered at the state level, the various state high school athletic associations have voluntarily formed theNational Federation of State High School Associations.[19] Through the federation, most state athletic associations have agreed to use its rulebook. Thus, while high school baseball is administered on a state level, almost all state associations use the same unique baseball rulebook (and the associated casebook and umpire manual) written specifically for the high school level.[20] As a result, if an individual umpire moves from one state to another state (s)he would likely be using the same rule set in his/her new state as was used in his/her former state. However, there are significant rule differences between the federation's rulebook compared toMajor League Baseball (MLB) andNCAA rules.[21] Thus, individuals wanting to umpire on the high school level will have to learn a different set of rules than those they may be familiar with had they previously umpired in a youth league using the MLB or NCAA rulebooks.
Almost exclusively, high school umpires are paid on a per game basis. As they are not salaried, they are not paid if they do not actually umpire a game, although some states require the home school to pay the umpires' travel expenses if they show up to the game site and the game is called, regardless of whether or not it starts. The amount paid differs, often significantly, from state to state. Most high school games are officiated by a two-umpire crew.[22] However, many states use three-umpire and four-umpire crews to officiate playoff games.
Becoming aMajor League Baseball umpire requires rigorous training, and very few succeed. Provided the individual makes satisfactory progress throughout, it typically takes from 7–10 years to achieve MLB status. First, a person desiring to become a professional umpire must attend one of two umpiring schools authorized by Major League Baseball:Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy or TheHarry Wendelstedt Umpire School.[23] The former is owned and operated byMinor League Baseball while the latter is run by former and current Major League and Minor League umpires. Both are located inFlorida. There are no prerequisites for attending these schools; however, there is anUmpire Camp, run by Major League Baseball, that is generally considered a "tool for success" at either of these schools. These camps, offered as two separate one-week sessions, are held in November in Southern California. Top students at these camps are eligible to earn scholarships to either of the professional umpire schools in Florida.[24]
After five weeks of training, each school sends its top students to the Minor League Baseball Umpire Development (MiLBUD) evaluation course also held in Florida.[25] Minor League Baseball Umpire Development, "is the entity which is responsible for the training, evaluation, and recommendation for promotion, retention, or release of all umpires in the Minor League Baseball system throughout the United States and Canada."[26] The actual number of students sent on to the evaluation course is determined by MiLBUD using input from the umpire schools.[25] Generally, the top 10 to 20 percent of each school's graduating class will advance to the evaluation course. The evaluation course is conducted by MiLBUD staff, some of whom are also instructors at the Minor League Baseball Umpire Training Academy.[25] The evaluation course generally lasts around 10 days. Depending on the number of available positions in the various minor leagues, some (but not all) of the evaluation course attendees will be assigned to a low levelminor league. Out of approximately 300 original umpire school students, about 30-35 will ultimately be offered jobs in Minor League Baseball after the evaluation course.
Professional umpires begin their careers in one of the Rookie orClass "A" Short-Season leagues, with Class-A being divided into three levels (Short-Season, Long-Season and Advanced "A").[25] Top umpiring prospects will often begin their careers in a short-season "A" league (for example, theNew York–Penn League), but most will begin in a rookie league (for example, theGulf Coast League). Since 2008, some umpires who attend the evaluation course, but are not offered jobs in professional baseball may be offered jobs in theCoastal Plain League (a summer wood bat league for collegiate players).[27] During the season, umpires in the Coastal Plain League are evaluated by MiLBUD and they may earn a promotion to a Rookie professional league as a result of injuries or resignations by umpires at higher levels.[27]
Throughout the season, all minor league umpires in Rookie leagues, Class-A, and Class-AA are evaluated by members of the MiLBUD staff.[28] All umpires receive a detailed written evaluation of their performance after every season.[28] In addition, all umpires (except those in the rookie or Short Season Class-A leagues) receive written mid-season evaluations.[28]
Generally, an umpire is regarded as making adequate progress "up the ranks" if the umpire advances up one level of Class "A" ball each year (thus earning promotion to Class AA after three to four years) and promotion to Class AAA after two to three years on the Class AA level. However, this is a very rough estimate and other factors not discussed (such as the number of retirements at higher levels) may dramatically affect these estimates. For example, many umpires saw rapid advancement in 1999 due to the mass resignation of many Major League umpires as acollective bargaining ploy.
When promoted to the Class AAA level, an umpire's evaluation will also be conducted by the umpiring supervisory staff of Major League Baseball. In recent years, top AAA prospects, in addition to umpiring and being evaluated during the regular season (in either theInternational orPacific Coast League), have been required to umpire in theArizona Fall League where they receive extensive training and evaluation by Major League Baseball staff. Additionally, top minor league prospects will also be sent to umpire in winter leagues (during Major League and Minor League baseball's off-season) usually located in Australia, the Caribbean, Central America or South America.[29]
In addition, top AAA prospects may also be rewarded with umpiring only Major League preseason games duringspring training (in lieu of Class AAA games). Additionally, the very top prospects may umpire Major League regular season games on a limited basis as "fill-in" umpires (where the Class AAA umpire replaces a sick, injured, or vacationing Major League umpire, or is added in doubleheaders to replace either umpire working home plate in doubleheaders).[30]
Finally, upon the retirement (or firing) of a Major League umpire, a top Class AAA umpire will be promoted to Major League Baseball's permanent umpire staff. During this entire process, an umpire evaluated as no longer being a major-league prospect will be released, ending the umpire's professional career. In all, MiLBUD estimates that it will take an umpire seven to eight years of professional umpiring before being considered for a major league position.[25]
As of 2018[update], major league umpires earn $150,000 to $450,000 per year depending on their experience, with a $340per diem for hotel and meals, plus first-class commercial airline tickets.[31] Minor league umpires earn from $2,000 to $3,900 per month during the season.[31] Amounts vary based on the umpire's classification and experience.
As of March 2018[update], there are 19 four-man crews in MLB, for a total of 76 full-time umpires; they are augmented by 16 Class AAA umpires eligible to umpire regular season games, yielding a total roster of 92 MLB umpires.[32] Two umpiring crews are given a series off, while two more crews are assigned to the MLB Replay Office. In addition, Major League Baseball has a rule for doubleheaders where the two umpires who are scheduled for home plate umpiring do not participate in the other game, and the fifth umpire from either the AAA reserve list or from one of two umpire crews not working that week supplements the umpiring crew. The fifth umpire works first base in the first game of the doubleheader (who is assigned to home plate in the second game) and third base in the second game of the doubleheader (replacing the umpire who worked home plate in the first game).[33]
In the early years of professional baseball, umpires were not engaged by the league but rather by agreement between the team captains. However, by the start of the modern era in 1901, this had become a league responsibility. There is now a unitary major league umpiring roster, although until the1999 labor dispute that led to the decertification of theMajor League Umpires Association, there were separate National and American League umpires. As a result of the 2000 collective bargaining agreement between Major League Baseball and the newly formedWorld Umpires Association (now known as the Major League Baseball Umpires Association) all umpires were placed on one roster and work in games in both leagues.
In December 2019, MLB and the Major League Baseball Umpires Association agreed in principle to a new five-year labor agreement running through 2024.[34]
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Umpires are often referred as "Blue" because of the traditional color of their uniforms. Standardized navy blue suits worn with white shirts and navy ties were adopted as umpire uniforms by theAmerican Association in 1882. This semi-formal and business-like attire elevated the appearance of umpires above the clothing worn by players. The National League adopted the same uniform the following year, as did the American League when it became a major league in 1901. Minor leagues likewise followed suit. For many decades there were no difference between the umpire uniforms of the two major leagues except that National League umpires adopted an inside chest protector worn under their suits while American League umpires wore an outside (or "balloon") protector over their suits when calling balls and strikes at home plate.
In 1968, American League umpires began to wear grey trousers with their blue coats, while National League umpires retained the solid blue suits. That season, AL umpires were also allowed to work both behind the plate and on the bases wearing a long-sleeved light blue shirt with a tie but without the blazer.
In 1970, the National League added a league logo patch to the chest pocket and the umpire's number on the right sleeve of the coat. That same year, the NL also introduced a short-sleeved light blue shirt worn without coat or tie for hot summer games; the American League also adopted the short sleeve variant in 1971. The next season, the AL introduced its current logo and was worn on the pocket of the shirts and blazers.
In 1973, the AL switched to a maroon blazer worn with blue pants, which was used until 1979. In 1975, the American League umpire hats added the abbreviation "AL". Beginning with the1976 World Series, in cold weather umpires could replace the shirt and tie with a turtleneck sweater (originally light blue for the NL and beige for the AL). In 1977, the use of the outside (balloon) protector was outlawed for new umpires but grandfathered for existing umpires (the last umpire that used one,Jerry Neudecker, retired in 1985). The wearing of ties was phased out, with the1979 All-Star Game being the last time they were worn.
In 1980, Major League Baseball standardized umpire uniforms for both leagues, adopting a uniform of a blue blazer, grey trousers, and short sleeved light blue shirt, with only the logo patch on the shirt and coat and the either "AL" or "NL" monogrammed caps differentiating them; the AL also added numbers to their umpire uniforms like the NL. Both leagues introduced V-neck sweaters for wear on the bases, with those AL umpires still using the outside chest protector also wearing them occasionally behind the plate. Late in the decade, windbreaker-style jackets and heavier coats similar to those worn by players in the dugouts were adopted as alternatives to the blazer when weather appropriate.
In 1996, the button-down light blue shirt was replaced with a navy bluepolo shirt with red and white trim on the collar and sleeve cuffs and red numbers on the sleeve. The simple monograms on the cap were replaced by a large red "N" with the NL logo and "A" with the AL logo respectively. The AL also permitted an optional red polo shirt (an homage to the 1973-79 red blazers) that was not widely used; the notable exceptions wereDerryl Cousins,Dale Scott andDurwood Merrill, who frequently wore the red shirts while working home plate, even as their colleagues on the bases wore the navy blue shirts (Scott wore his red shirt behind the plate in Game 3 of the1998 World Series; Cousins followed suit in the clinching Game 4 of the1999 Series). The NL added a light blue polo shirt for warm weather in 1997 and was very popular, especially in the humid climates of Atlanta, Miami and St. Louis. Beginning in 2000, after the individual leagues' umpires were consolidated into a single staff, the 1996-99 uniform styles were carried over with "MLB" on the caps instead of the league designations. Only navy blue shirts were worn that season.
During the2000 postseason, the uniforms switched to black polo shirts with grey slacks, with the hats and chest patches now bearing the MLB logo. The light blue shirt was replaced by a gray shirt, but the blue returned a year later. Long-sleeve versions of the polo shirts are also available for colder weather, as is a short-sleeved turtleneck for use as an undershirt. Outerwear options consist of a black pullover windbreaker with removable lower sleeves and a heavier black dugout coat. Still available, though less commonly seen, is theplate coat, a modern version of the traditional blazer, also in black, which is typically only worn when serving as home plate umpire, where the large lower pockets are used for storing extra baseballs.
The following ten umpires have been inducted into theNational Baseball Hall of Fame:[35]
Conlan and O'Day played in 128 and 232 major league games, respectively, prior to becoming professional umpires.[36][37]
Severalplayer inductees to the Hall of Fame served as substitute umpires for a small number of games during the early years of baseball; these includeHughie Jennings,Willie Keeler,King Kelly, andChuck Klein.[38] Additionally, Hall of Fame player inducteesTim Keefe andEd Walsh umpired professionally in the major leagues after their playing careers ended.[39][40]
Like players, umpires are identified by numbers on their uniforms. National League umpires began wearing numbers in 1970 (though they were assigned numbers in the 1960s) and American League umpires were assigned and began wearing uniform numbers in 1980. The National League umpires' numbers were initially assigned in alphabetical order (Al Barlick wearing number 1,Ken Burkhart number 2, etc.) from 1970 to 1978, which meant that an umpire's number could change each year depending on retirements and other staff changes. In 1979, the National League changed the numbering system and thereafter an umpire's number did not change from year to year. At first, as new umpires, they would be assigned higher numbers (for example, in 1979,Dave Pallone,Steve Fields,Fred Brocklander, andLanny Harris were assigned numbers 26 to 29 instead of available numbers between 1 and 25). The National League numbering practice changed again in the mid-1980s, when new umpires were assigned previously used numbers (for example, in 1982Gerry Davis was assigned number 12, previously worn byAndy Olsen, and in 1985Tom Hallion was assigned number 20, previously worn byEd Vargo.)
The American League's number assignments were largely random.Bill Haller, the senior American League umpire in 1980, wore number 1 until his retirement following the1982 World Series, but the number was never reassigned.
In 2000, the American League and National League umpiring staffs were merged into a unified staff under the auspices of Major League Baseball, and all numbers were made available, including the numbers that had been retired by one of the leagues. (For example, the American League had retiredLou DiMuro's number 16 after his death, but it was made available to his sonMike after the staffs were unified.) In the event of duplications, the more senior umpire was given the first choice. (For example,Al Clark in the AL andJerry Layne in the NL both wore the number 24, but because Clark had more seniority he was assigned 24 and Layne number 26. When Clark was relieved of his duties in 2001, Layne was able to obtain number 24. By comparison,Bruce Froemming was given #6 upon unification of the umpiring staffs since he had worn it longer in the NL thanJim Joyce had worn it in the AL; Joyce subsequently chose #66, unused by any previous umpire. When Froemming retired following the 2007 season, Joyce opted to keep #66, and #6 is now worn byMark Carlson.) From 2020 to 2025, umpires (mainly call-up/reserve umpires used when the regular staff is on vacation) were assigned triple-digit numbers (100+).
From time to time, Major League Baseball retires those numbers for umpires who have given outstanding service to the game, or in honor of umpires who have died.[41]
Since unified umpiring crews were established in 2000, all numbers are available to Major League Baseball umpires, as each retired number was reserved per league. Only one umpire number has been retired since the current format was established, 42, because of theMajor League Baseball policy instituted in 1997.
Regular-season major league games umpired
Seasons where the umpire was on the field. Does not include seasons where the umpire was on staff but not on the field, such as seasons on theinjured list/personal leave, or the2020 season for those who opted out due to theCOVID-19 pandemic.
Careers beginning prior to 1920:
Careers beginning from 1920 to 1960:
Careers beginning since 1960:
Other noteworthy umpires have included:
Below are the umpire crews for the2025 MLB season.[55] Crews frequently change over the course of the year as umpires are injured or on vacation.
Triple-A umpires who have officiated in theArizona Fall League and were given a number are eligible to fill-in during the Major League Baseball regular season. They temporarily join crews that are missing members. Below are 2025 call-ups.[57]
One of the most distinguished figures in major-league umpiring is Bill Klem, who served in the National League from 1905 to 1941 and was inducted into the Baseball Hall of Fame in 1953. He umpired 18 World Series more than any other official in history.[58][59]
Klem is frequently credited with elevating the profession of umpiring by insisting on high standards of impartiality, consistency, and visibility of calls. Today, umpires are expected to show integrity, clear decision-making, and command of the rules traits that continue to reflect Klem’s legacy.
According to theMiddle Englishdictionary entry fornoumpere, the predecessor ofumpire came from theOld Frenchnonper (fromnon, "not" andper, "equal"), meaning "one who is requested to act as arbiter of a dispute between two people", or that the arbiter is not paired with anyone in the dispute.[60]
In Middle English, the earliest form of this shows up asnoumper around 1350, and the earliest version without then shows up asowmpere, a variant spelling in Middle English, circa 1440.
Then was lost after it was written (in 1426–1427) asa noounpier with thea being the indefinite article. The leadingn became attached to the article, changing it toan Oumper around 1475; this sort of linguistic shift is calledfalse splitting. Thus today one says "an umpire" instead of "a numpire".
The word was applied to the officials of many sports before baseball, includingassociation football (where it has been superseded byreferee) andcricket (which still uses it).
First-hand account of umpiring in the dying days of Negro league ball.
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