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Umm al-Amad, Lebanon

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Coordinates:33°07′41″N35°09′13″E / 33.128°N 35.1535°E /33.128; 35.1535

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Greek ruins in Umm al-Amad, Lebanon

For other uses, seeUmm al-Amad (disambiguation).

Umm al-Amad
History
ام العمد
Ruins in 1839, published inThe Holy Land, Syria, Idumea, Arabia, Egypt, and Nubia
Umm al-Amad Shown within Lebanon
Location	NearNaqoura,Tyre District,South Lebanon
Coordinates	33°07′41″N35°09′13″E / 33.128°N 35.1535°E /33.128; 35.1535
Founded	287–222 BCE

Umm Al Amad (Arabic:ام العمد), orUmm el 'Amed oral Auamid orel-Awamid, is anHellenistic period archaeological site near the town ofNaqoura inLebanon. It was discovered by Europeans in the 1770s,^[1] and was excavated in 1861.^[2] It is one of the most excavated archaeological sites in thePhoenician heartland.^[3]

Description

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The Umm Al Amad site measures more than six hectares.^[2] Numerous artefacts from the site are held at theNational Museum of Beirut and theLouvre. The site contains two temples, the Temple of Milk‘ashtart and the Eastern Temple with Throne Chapel,^[4] which are estimated to have been built between 287 and 222 BCE.^[2]

23Phoenician Adoration steles have been found at the site depicting upright people in an "adoration gesture", all dating from 100 to 400 BCE.^[5]

History

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Ruins in the 1780s, byLouis-François Cassas.

Umm Al Amad was apparently built in the Persian or Hellenistic period, although some scholars have argued for earlier. No buildings from the Roman era were discovered, but there is evidence for Byzantine reoccupation.^[6]^[1] The original name of the site is uncertain, but may have been Hammon (Joshua 19:28) or Alexandrouskene.^[1]

Umm Al Amad was first depicted in modern times in the 1780s byLouis-François Cassas.^[1]Melchior de Vogüé explored the site in 1853.^[7] The site was first excavated in 1861 byErnest Renan in hisMission de Phénicie. He stopped when he found the remains were no older than the Hellenistic age.^[8]

In 1881, the BritishPEF Survey of Palestine described the site as "extensive ruins" and noted "traces of aqueducts origin water to birkets".^[9]

Eustache de Lorey excavated the site in 1921, but published only photographs of his work.^[10]Maurice Dunand led excavations at the site between 1943 and 1945.^[11]

Ali Badawi, the long-time chief archaeologist for Southern Lebanon of the Directorate-General of Antiquities at the Ministry of Culture, said:

There are the remains of the city known as Oum Al-Amed, dating back to the 2nd century B.C., if not earlier. The city was a religious center for aPhoenician cult, especially that of the Phoenician godBaal Hamon, whose memory lives on in a nearby valley known as Wadi Hamol (the Valley of Hamol). The site still contains the remnants of two important temples, as well as other buildings, dating back to the 2nd and 3rd century B.C., and represents the last ofPhoenician culture under the rule of the Greeks. Severalsteles bearingPhoenician inscriptions were discovered on the site, and an importantsundial stone.^[12]

During the2024 Israeli invasion of Lebanon,UNESCO gave enhanced protection to 34 cultural sites in Lebanon including the Umm al-Amad archaeological site to safeguard it fromdamage.^[13]^[14]

Gallery

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Throne of Astarte in the Louvre
Reconstruction of the Throne of Astarte
Funerary stele with a Phoenician inscription in theNational Museum of Beirut: "To Baalshamar, son of 'Abdosir... chief of the porters"^[15]
A statue with a Phoenician inscription in theNational Museum of Beirut
A close-up of the inscription
Baalshamem inscription
Various artefacts discovered byErnest Renan
TheLouvre; theionic capital on the left is from Umm al-Amad
Reconstruction of a sphinx found in Umm al-Amad
Sphinx head from aThrone of Astarte
Phoenician sun dial
Funerary stele of "Baalyaton" from theNy Carlsberg Glyptotek.

Citations

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^^a ^b ^c ^dMellink, Machteld J. (September 1965). "Oumm el-'Amed, une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr by Maurice Dunand, Raymond Duru".Journal of Biblical Literature (review).84 (3):326–328.doi:10.2307/3265046.JSTOR 3265046.
^^a ^b ^cThe Phoenician's Route, LAU-Louis Cardahi Foundation
^Vella, 2000, pp. 34–35: "The monumental report dedicated to Oumm el-‘Amed is by far one of the most detailed accounts of an excavation in the Phoenician heartland. The site is well known in the general literature, with entries in all the recently published research aids on Phoenician history, and the reconstructions of the temples have served as benchmarks for the study of other sites."
^Vella, 2000, p. 32
^Michelau, 2014, pp. 77–95.
^Vella, 2000, p.32
^Vella, 2000, p. 31
^Vella, 2000, p. 31: "Ernest Renan was there in 1861 but abandoned the excavations he undertook when he noted that the site was of Hellenistic date."
^PEF Survey of Palestine,Volume 1, Galilee, Kh. Umm el Amud, pp. 181–184
^Vella, 2000, p.31
^Eric M. Meyers; American Schools of Oriental Research (1997). "Maurice Dunand".The Oxford Encyclopedia of Archaeology in the Near East. Oxford University Press.ISBN 978-0-19-511216-0.
^Badawi, Ali Khalil (2018).Tyre (4th ed.). Beirut: Al-Athar Magazine. pp. 138–140.
^"Cultural property under enhanced protection Lebanon".Archived from the original on 2024-12-31. Retrieved2025-01-01.
^"Lebanon: 34 cultural properties placed under enhanced protection".Archived from the original on 2024-12-27. Retrieved2025-01-01.
^Maximillien De Lafayette (2011).Phoenicia, Ur, and Carthage: Artifacts, Inscriptions, Slabs, Sites. Lulu.com. p. 41.ISBN 978-1-257-83653-6.

General sources

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Clermont-Ganneau, C. S., "La stele phenicienne d'umm el-'Aouamid",Recueil d'archéologie orientale, volume V, 1902, pp. 1–8
Conder, C. R.;Kitchener, H.H. (1881).The Survey of Western Palestine: Memoirs of the Topography, Orography, Hydrography, and Archaeology. Vol. 1. London:Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. pp. 181–184.
Dunand, M.; Duru, Raymond (1962).Oumm el-ʾAmed: une ville de l'époque hellénistique aux échelles de Tyr. Librairie d'Amérique et d'Orient.
Guérin, V. (1880).Description Géographique Historique et Archéologique de la Palestine (in French). Vol. 3: Galilee, pt. 2. Paris: L'Imprimerie Nationale. p. 173.
Michelau, H., 2014: "Hellenistische Stelen mit Kultakteuren aus Umm el-'Amed", ZDPV 130: 77–95, Taf. 3–11
Palmer, E. H. (1881).The Survey of Western Palestine: Arabic and English Name Lists Collected During the Survey by Lieutenants Conder and Kitchener, R. E. Transliterated and Explained by E. H. Palmer.Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund. p. 50 ("the ruin with the columns").
Vella, Nicholas, "Defining Phoenician Religious Space: Oumm el-'Amed Reconsidered",Ancient Near Eastern Studies, volume 37, 2000, pp. 27–55,doi:10.2143/ANES.37.0.1081.

External links

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Wikimedia Commons has media related toUmm al-Amad, Lebanon.

Survey of Western Palestine, Map 3:IAA,Wikimedia commons

v t e Archaeological sites in Lebanon
Aadloun Aaiha Aammiq Aaqbe Ain Aata Ain Choaab Ain Harcha Akbiyeh Akkar plain foothills Al-Bireh Amioun Amlaq Qatih Anjar, Lebanon Antelias cave Apheca Ard Saouda Ard Tlaili Arqa Augusti Pagus Baalbek Baidar ech Chamout Batroumine Batroun Bechamoun Beirut Beit Mery Belat temple Berytus (Roman Beirut) Bustan Birke Byblos Canalizations of Zenobia Dahr El Ahmar Dakoue Deir Al-Ahmar Deir al-Ashayer Deir Mar Maroun Dekwaneh Douris (Baalbek) Elaea (Lebanon) Flaoui Fadous Sud Hebbariye Hadeth south Haret ech Cheikh Hashbai Heliopolis in Phoenicia Hermel plains Iaat Jabal es Saaïdé Jbaa Jdeideh Jebel Aabeby Jeita Grotto Joub Jannine Jieh Kafr Zabad Kamid el-Loz Kamouh el Hermel Karak Nuh Kaukaba Kefraya Kafr Tebnit Kfar Qouq Kfarhata Khallet Michte Kharayeb Khirbet El-Knese Kouachra megalith field Ksar Akil Labweh Lake Qaraoun (Ain Jaouze) Libbaya Lion Tower Majdal Anjar Mansourieh Maronite mummies Mayrouba Mdoukha (Jebel Kassir) Moukhtara Mtaileb Nabi Zair Nachcharini Nahle, Lebanon Neba'a Faour Nebi Safa Hosn Niha Phoenician port of Beirut Plain of Zgharta Qaa Qal'at Bustra Qalaat Tannour Qaraoun Qasr el Banat Ras Baalbek I Ras Beirut Ras El Kelb Rashaya Roman Forum of Berytus Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman temple of Bziza Sands of Beirut Saraain El Faouqa Shheem Sidon Sin el Fil Sarepta Stone of the Pregnant Woman Tahun ben Aissa Taire Tayibe Tell Aalaq Tell Ablah Tell Addus Tell Ahle Tell Ain Cerif Tell Ain el Meten Tell Ain Ghessali Tell Ain Nfaikh Tell Ain Saouda Tell Ain Sofar Tell Ayoub Tell Bar Elias Tell Beshara Tell Bir Dakoue Tell Deir Tell Delhamieh Tell Derzenoun Tell Dibbine Tell el-Burak Tell El Ghassil Tell El Hadeth Tell Fadous Tell Hazzine Tell Hoch Rafqa Tell Karmita Tell Khardane Tell Kirri Tell Jezireh Tell Jisr Tell Kabb Elias Tell Majdaloun Tell Masoud Tell Mekhada Tell Meouchi Tell Mureibit Tell Murtafa Tell Nahariyah Tell Neba'a Chaate Tell Neba'a Litani Tell Qasr Labwe Tell Rasm El Hadeth Tell Rayak Tell Saatiya Tell Safiyeh Tell Saoudhi Tell Serhan Tell Shaikh Hassan al Rai Tell Shamsine Tell Sultan Yakoub Tell Taalabaya Tell Wardeen Tell Zenoub Tell Zeitoun Temnin el-Foka Temple of Bacchus Temple of Eshmun Temple of Jupiter Temple of the Obelisks Toron Tripolis (region of Phoenicia) Tyre Necropolis Tyre Umm al-Amad Wadi Koura Wadi Yaroun Yammoune Yanta Ain W Zain Zahlé

Archaeological sites in Lebanon

v t e Roman archaeological sites in Lebanon
Roman Berytus (actual Beirut)	Berytus¹ Roman Forum of Berytus Berytus Roman Baths Cisterns of Berytus Baths Berytus Cardo Decumanus Berytus Colonnaded street Byzantine mosaics Roman hippodrome of Berytus Roman Law school of Berytus
Roman Phoenicia (actual Lebanon)	Heliopolis Temple of Bacchus Temple of Jupiter (Baalbek) Temples of Mount Hermon Temples of the Beqaa Valley Aaqbe temple Afqa Ain Aata temple Ain Harcha roman temple Amioun Monastery Arca Caesarea Augusti Pagus Bakka temple Batroumine Bziza temple Canalizations of Zenobia Dakoue temple Mansourieh Roman aqueduct Hebbariye temple Iaat column Kafr Zabad temples Khirbet El-Knese roman temples Labweh Roman temple Libbaya roman temple Monastery of Qozhaya Monastery of Saint Maron Nahle roman temple Nebi Safa temple Niha Hosn Niha Qalaat Faqra Qal'at Bustra temple Castra Chbib Castra El Banat Saraain El Faouqa Schleem roman temple Colonia Aurelia Pia "Sidon" Temnin el-Foka nymphaeum Tripolis in Phoenicia Tyrus¹ Tyre Necropolis Roman temple to Venus in Yammoune
Related	Roman Lebanon Phoenice (Roman province) Palaestina Secunda Phoenice Libanensis Stone of the Pregnant Woman Ulpianus Marcus Valerius Probus Eudokia of Heliopolis Saint Barbara of Heliopolis Coele-Syria List of Christian cathedrals in Lebanon Christianity in Lebanon Catholic Church in Lebanon Saint George Greek Orthodox Cathedral 2nd century in Lebanon 3rd century in Lebanon 4th century in Lebanon 5th century in Lebanon 6th century in Lebanon 551 Beirut earthquake
¹ UNESCO World Heritage Sites² Proposed Category:Roman sites in Lebanon

v t e Tyre District,South Governorate
Capital:Tyre
Towns and villages	Al-Aabbassiyah Aaitit Aalma ash-Shaab Ain Abu Aabdallah Ain az-Zarqa Ain Baal Arzoun Baflay Barish Al-Basatin Batoulay Al-Bayyad Al-Bazouriyah Bedias Bestiyat Burj el-Shamali Al-Burghuliyah Burj Rahal Al-Bustan Debaal Deir Aames Deir Kifa Deir Qanoun an-Naher Deir Qanoun Ras al-Ain Derdghaya Ad-Duhairah Al-Halloussiyah Al-Hamairi Hannaouiyah Al-Hanniye Jannata Jebal al-Bottom Al-Jibbain Jwaya Al-Knaissah Maarakah Maaroub Mahrouna Al-Majadel Majdal Zoun Malikiyat as-Sahel Al-Mansouri Marwahin Mazraat Meshref An-Naffakhiyah An-Naqoura Qana Al-Qlailah Ar-Ramadiyah Reshknanay As-Sammaaiyah Seddiqin Selaa Ash-Shaaitiyah Shabriha Shamaa Shehour Chehabiyeh Shihin Srifa Tayr Debba Tayr Felsay Tayr Harfa Toura Tyre Wadi Jilou Yanouh Yarin Zalloutieh Zibqin
Palestinian refugee camps	Burj el-Shamali Al-Buss Rashidieh
Notable landmark	Umm al-Amad Ladder of Tyre

Authority control databases
International	VIAF GND
National	Israel
Geographic	Pleiades

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