| Harad | |
|---|---|
| J. R. R. Tolkien'slegendarium location | |
 Haradrim chieftain's standard | |
| First appearance | The Fellowship of the Ring |
| In-universe information | |
| Other name(s) | Haradwaith, Hyarmen, the Sunlands |
| Type | Vast hot southern region |
| Locations | Umbar, Near Harad, Far Harad |
InJ. R. R. Tolkien'shigh fantasyThe Lord of the Rings,Harad is the immense land south ofGondor andMordor. Its main port isUmbar, the base of theCorsairs of Umbar whose ships serve as the Dark LordSauron's fleet. Itspeople are the dark-skinnedHaradrim or Southrons; their warriors wear scarlet and gold, and are armed with swords and round shields; some ride gigantic elephants calledmûmakil.
Tolkien based the Haradrim on ancientAethiopians, people ofSub-Saharan Africa, following hisphilological research on theOld English wordSigelwara. He deduced that this word referred to some kind of soot-black fire demon before it was applied to the Aethiopians. He based the Haradrim's use ofwar elephants, meanwhile, on that ofPyrrhus of Epirus in his war againstAncient Rome. Critics have debatedwhether Tolkien was racist in making theprotagonists white and theantagonists black, but others have noted that Tolkien showed anti-xenophobic sentiments in real life, opposing any attempt to demonise the enemy in both World Wars.
InPeter Jackson's filmThe Two Towers, the Haradrim were based on 12th centurySaracens: they have turbans and flowing robes, and they ridemûmakil. The Haradrim appear in a variety of games and merchandise inspired byThe Lord of the Rings.
Harad is a large land in the south ofMiddle-earth, bordered to the north by (from west to east) the lands ofGondor,Mordor, Khand and Rhûn. Historically the border with Gondor was to be the river Harnen, but by the time of theWar of the Ring all the land further north to the river Poros is under the influence of the Haradrim. The border with Mordor runs along the southernMountains of Shadow. Harad's west coast (the nearest to Gondor) is washed by the Great Sea, the western ocean ofMiddle-earth. Harad's eastern shores looks out on the Eastern Sea, Middle-earth's eastern ocean.[T 1]
Theelves named the land and its peopleHaradwaith, "South-folk", from theSindarinharad, meaning "south", andgwaith, meaning "people".[2] TheQuenya wordHyarmen similarly means "south" in addition to being the name of the country. The hobbits called the area theSunlands, and the peopleSwertings.[T 2]Aragorn briefly describes his journeys in the land as being in "Harad where the stars are strange".[T 3] Tolkien confirmed that this meant that Aragorn had travelled "some distance into thesouthern hemisphere" in Harad.[T 4]
The great harbour city of Umbar lies on Harad's north-west coast; its natural harbour is the base of the Corsairs of Umbar, inspired by theBarbary pirates,[1] who provide the Dark LordSauron with a sizeable fleet. The ships are different types ofgalleys, with both oars and sails; some are named asdromunds, others as having a deep draught (requiring a deep channel), many oars, and black sails.[3][4][T 5]
Elsewhere in Harad there are "many towns";[T 6] one of these is "the inland city", the home of Queen Berúthiel (mentioned by Tolkien in an interview).[5] The Harad Road is the main overland route between Gondor and Harad.[T 7]Harad possesses jungles with apes,[T 8] grasslands,[T 9] and deserts.
Gondor described Harad as consisting of Near Harad and Far Harad. Near Harad corresponds loosely withNorth Africa or theMaghreb, while Far Harad, the vastly larger of the two regions, corresponds loosely withsub-Saharan Africa. Tolkien's own annotated map of Middle-earth, used by the illustratorPauline Baynes to construct her iconic map, suggests that "Elephants appear in the great battle outsideMinas Tirith (as they did in Italy underPyrrhus) but they would be in place in the blank squares of Harad – also camels."[6]
TheMen of Harad are calledHaradrim ("South-multitude"),Haradwaith, orSouthrons by the people of Gondor. The Haradrim are of various ethnicities and cultures; some are organized into kingdoms.[T 11][T 12]Frodo andSam meetFaramir and his Rangers of Ithilien just before the latter ambush a company of Haradrim on the North Road. Frodo and Sam do not see much of the battle, since they are positioned elsewhere, but they hear the sounds of fighting, and a slain Haradrim warrior crashes at their feet. This warrior is described as having "brown" skin, with black plaits of hair braided with gold.[T 11] He wears ascarlet tunic, as do the other Haradrim, and a gold collar. He is armed with a sword and has a corslet of brazen scales. Theirstandards are scarlet, and their great beasts, themûmakil, have scarlet and gold trappings. They carry round spiked shields, painted yellow and black. Their leaders have a serpent emblem.[T 11] The people of Far Harad were black-skinned; a group of them is described as "black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues" and "troll-men".[T 13]
The Haradrim are independent peoples, but in theSecond Age they are caught between the ambitions of Sauron (the Dark Lord) and theNúmenóreans, who often kill Haradrim or sell them as slaves, and who become rulers of Harad. Over the centuries many Haradrim fall under Sauron's dominion, and to "them Sauron was both king and god, and they feared him exceedingly".[T 14] They become mixed with Númenórean settlers, some of whom fall under the sway of Sauron as "Black Númenóreans".[T 15][7] Under King Hyarmendacil I "South-victor" of Gondor, Harad becomes a vassal of Gondor.[T 16] By the time of the War of the Ring, the Haradrim are again under the dominion of Sauron, and the Haradrim Corsairs provide the whole of his Black Fleet; many other Haradrim join his armies, some ridingmûmakil. In theBattle of the Pelennor Fields, the leader of the Haradrim army is killed byKing Théoden ofRohan.[T 17][T 18]
Tolkien did not work out any particularlanguages for the Haradrim, thoughmûmak, "elephant", may be in the Harad language.[8] Despite having a meaning in Quenya ("fate"), the nameUmbar is adapted from the natives' language and not from Elvish orAdûnaic.[9]
Tolkien arrived at the idea of Harad, a hot Southern land, through hisphilological work. TheOld English Biblical poemExodus in the tenth-centuryCodex Junius 11 includes a passage that caught Tolkien's attention:[10]
| Codex Junius 11 (Old English) | Modern English[11] |
|---|---|
| .. be suðan Sigelwara land, forbærned burhhleoðu, brune leode, hatum heofoncolum. | "... southward lay theEthiop's land, parched hill-slopes and a race burned brown by the heat of the sun." |
Tolkien was interested in particular in the Old English word used for "Aethiopians": it wasSigelwara, or in Tolkien'semendationSigelhearwan.[14] The Tolkien scholarTom Shippey writes that Tolkien's philological research, described in his essay "Sigelwara Land",[T 19] began from the assumption that the word could not originally have meant Aethiopian, but must have been co-opted to that usage having once meant something comparable. Tolkien approached the question by analysing the two parts of the word.Sigel meant, according to Tolkien, "bothsun andjewel", the former as it was the Old English name of the Sunrune,Proto-Germanic:*sowilō (ᛋ), the latter connotation from Latinsigillum, aseal.[13]
Tolkien decided thatHearwa was related to the Old Englishheorð, meaning "hearth", and ultimately to the Latincarbo, meaning "soot". The resulting meaning forSigelhearwan, Tolkien decided tentatively, was "rather the sons ofMuspell than ofHam", an ancient class of demons in Northern mythology "with red-hot eyes that emitted sparks and faces black as soot".[T 19][a] This was exactly the sort of "stray pagan concept"[16] hinting atEngland's lost mythology that Tolkien wanted.[16]
In drafts ofThe Lord of the Rings, Tolkien toyed with names such asHarwan andSunharrowland for Harad, which were derived fromSigelwara;Christopher Tolkien notes that these are connected to his father'sSigelwara Land.[T 10] The philologistElizabeth Solopova similarly notes that the hobbits' name for Harad,Sunland, suggests a similar link.[17]
TheGermanic studies scholar Sandra Ballif Straubhaar notes that it is not clear whether Tolkien meant the Haradrim to be grouped with his "Wild Men", though he named them as ancient enemies of Gondor. They are "ethnic others but not as ugly",[7] they have a rich culture and well-trained elephants. The exception would be, she suggests, the men of Far [Southern] Harad whom the people of Gondor saw as "black men like half-trolls with white eyes and red tongues".[7][19] With his "Southrons" from Harad, Tolkien had – in the view of John Magoun, writing inThe J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia – constructed a "fully expressed moral geography",[18] from the hobbits' home in the Northwest, evil in the East, and "imperial sophistication and decadence" in the South. Magoun explains that Gondor is both virtuous, being West, and has problems, being South; Mordor in the Southeast is hellish, while Harad in the extreme South "regresses into hot savagery".[18][b]
Solopova argues that the Haradrim'smûmakil war elephants put their country far to the East, since only India and lands to its east went on using war elephants after classical times.[17] She andStuart D. Lee mention that Tolkien could have used the Old English version byÆlfric of theBook of Maccabees, which carefully introduces elephants to its Anglo-Saxon audience, using much the same phrase as Sam Gamgee, "māre þonne sum hūs", "bigger than a house", before describing their use in battle; the hero stabs the elephant, which is carrying a "wīghūs", a "battle-house", from below.[22] Tolkien however mentionedPyrrhus of Epirus's use of war elephants againstAncient Rome in 280–275 BC in his notes for the illustratorPauline Baynes.[6]
Commentators such as Anderson Rearick and Stephen Shapiro have identified the Haradrim as a recognisably foreign race as well as the enemy, and have accused Tolkien of racism.[23][24] Conversely, scholars such as Straubhaar have come to Tolkien's defence on the matter, noting that during theSecond World War Tolkien expressed an anti-racist position. Straubhaar writes that "a polycultured, polylingual world is absolutely central"[25] to Middle-earth, and that readers and filmgoers will easily see that. From there, she notes that the "recurring accusations in the popular media" of a racist view of the story are "interesting". She quotes the Swedish cultural studies scholar David Tjeder who describedGollum's account of the men of Harad ("Not nice; very cruel wicked Men they look. Almost as bad asOrcs, and much bigger."[T 20]) inAftonbladet as "stereotypical and reflective of colonial attitudes".[26] She argues instead that Gollum's view, with its "arbitrary and stereotypical assumptions about the 'Other'",[26] is absurd, and that Gollum cannot be taken as an authority on Tolkien's opinion. Straubhaar contrasts this withSam Gamgee's more humane response to the sight of a dead Harad warrior, which she finds "harder to find fault with": "He was glad that he could not see the dead face. He wondered what the man's name was and where he came from; and if he was really evil of heart, or what lies or threats had led him on the long march from his home."[T 11][26] Straubhaar quotes Shapiro, who wrote inThe Scotsman that "Put simply, Tolkien's good guys are white and the bad guys are black, slant-eyed, unattractive, inarticulate, and a psychologically undeveloped horde".[27][24] Straubhaar concedes that Shapiro may have had a point with "slant-eyed", but comments that this was milder than that of many of his contemporary novelists such asJohn Buchan, and notes that Tolkien had in fact made "appalled objection" when people had misapplied his story to current events.[27] She similarly observes that Tjeder had failed to notice Tolkien's "concerted effort" to change the Western European "paradigm" that speakers of supposedly superior languages were "ethnically superior".[28]
InPeter Jackson's filmThe Two Towers, the Haradrim appearMiddle Eastern, with turbans, flowing robes, and ridingmûmakil. A companion book on the film's "Creatures" states that the Haradrim were based on 12th centurySaracens.[29] The battle scene inIthilien between the rangers of Gondor and the men of Harad was shot at the Twelve Mile Delta nearQueenstown,New Zealand.[30]
The Haradrim and the Corsairs of Umbar appear in merchandise for the film trilogy, such as toys,The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game, and the computer gameThe Lord of the Rings: The Battle for Middle-earth II.[31][32][33] "Haradrim Slayers" feature in the computer gameThe Lord of the Rings: War of the Ring,[34] while in the video gameMiddle-earth: Shadow of War, Baranor, a playable character who is a captain in Gondor's guard, is originally from Harad.[35]
Iron Crown Enterprises produced a series of books for theirtabletop roleplaying gameMiddle-earth Role Playing containing information about Harad and content allowing games to be set there. Key publications included the setting booksUmbar: Haven of the Corsairs (1982),[36]Far Harad (1988),[37] andGreater Harad (1990),[38] as well as theadventure booksWarlords of the Desert (1989),[39]Forest of Tears (1989),[40] andHazards of the Harad Wood (1990).[41]Games Workshop have produced miniatures and rules relating to Harad for use in theMiddle Earth Strategy Battle Game, including formumakil and Corsairs of Umbar.[42][43]
...in primitive Quenyaumbar, 'fate,' ...
The Haradrim are more recognizable. They are garbed in turbans and flowing crimson robes. They ride giant elephants. They resemble nothing other than North African or Middle Eastern tribesmen. A recently released "Towers" companion book, "The Lord of the Rings: Creatures," calls the Haradrim "exotic outlanders" whose costumes "were inspired by the twelfth-century Saracen warriors of the Middle East."
