Uluburun isTurkish for "Grand Cape" | |
 Wooden model of the ship's reconstruction | |
 | |
  Site of the wreck 50 m (160 ft) off the eastern shore of Uluburun, and 6 mi (9.7 km) to the southeast ofKaş, Turkey | |
| Location | Uneven slope of the headland's shelf, 44 m (144 ft) to 52 m (171 ft) deep, with artifacts down to 61 m (200 ft) |
|---|---|
| Region | Bay ofAntalya, off theTurquoise Coast. |
| Coordinates | 36°7′43″N29°41′9″E / 36.12861°N 29.68583°E /36.12861; 29.68583 |
| Type | Site of a sunken ship |
| Length | About 10 m (33 ft) N-S, horizontal plot plan |
| Width | About 18 m (59 ft) E-W, horizontal plot-plan |
| Area | 180 m2 (1,900 sq ft), horizontal plot-plan |
| Height | Depth differential is 8 m (26 ft) vertical, with scattered artifacts, 17 m (56 ft) |
| History | |
| Builder | Unknown. The cargo was probably Mycenaean, deduced from the major type of ingot |
| Material | Wooden, single-mast, two-prow (stem, stern) sailing ship with one steering oar on a side |
| Founded | In use late 14th century BC; date obtained bydendrochronological dating |
| Abandoned | Sank late 14th century BCE |
| Periods | Late Bronze Age |
| Cultures | Mycenaean, Cypriote, judging by the pottery |
| Associated with | Crew of the merchant vessel |
| Events | Collision with the headland, perhaps wind-driven |
| Site notes | |
| Excavation dates | Excavational dives directed by George Bass in 1984, and Cemal Pulak in 1985–1994 |
| Archaeologists | George F. Bass, Cemal Pulak |
| Condition | Conservation, sampling and study are ongoing |
| Ownership | Republic of Turkey |
| Management | Institute of Nautical Archaeology, an international organization |
| Public access | Objects may be viewed in the exhibit at theBodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology |
| Website | "Uluburun, Turkey". 23 February 2020. |
TheUluburun Shipwreck is aLate Bronze Ageshipwreck dated to the late 14th century BC,[1] discovered close to the east shore of Uluburun (Grand Cape),Turkey, in theMediterranean Sea.[2] The shipwreck was discovered in the summer of 1982 by Mehmed Çakir, a localsponge diver fromYalıkavak, a village nearBodrum.
Eleven consecutive campaigns of three to four months' duration took place from 1984 to 1994 totaling 22,413 dives, revealing one of the most spectacular Late Bronze Age assemblages to have emerged from theMediterranean Sea.[3]
The shipwreck site was discovered in the summer of 1982 due to Mehmet Çakir's sketching of "the metal biscuits with ears" recognized asoxhide ingots. Turkish sponge divers were often consulted by theInstitute of Nautical Archaeology's (INA) survey team on how to identify ancient wrecks while diving for sponges.[4] Çakir's findings urged Oğuz Alpözen, Director of theBodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology, to send out an inspection team of the Museum and INA archaeologists to locate the wreck site. The inspection team was able to locate several amounts of copper ingots just 50 metres from the shore of Uluburun.[5]
With the evidence provided from the cargo on the ship it can be assumed that the ship set sail from either a Cypriot or Syro-Palestinian port. The Uluburun ship was undoubtedly sailing to the region west ofCyprus, but her ultimate destination can be concluded only from the distribution of objects matching the types carried on board.[6] It has been proposed that ship's destination was a port somewhere in theAegean Sea.[7]Rhodes, at the time an important redistribution centre for the Aegean, has been suggested as a possible destination.[8] According to the excavators of the shipwreck, the probable final destination of the ship was one of theMycenaean palaces, in mainland Greece.[9]
Peter Kuniholm ofCornell University was assigned the task ofdendrochronological dating in order to obtain a date for the ship. A branch loaded on the ship was determined to exhibit tree-rings as late as 1305 BC; but given that no bark has survived it is impossible to determine if it had further, younger rings. It has been assumed that the ship sank not long after that date.[10] Kuniholm later cautioned that the low quality of the sample does not allow an "especially strong" dating. After a radiocarbon calibration of the entire Anatolian dendrochronological sequence, Kuniholm suggested a new date, ca. 1327 BC.[11]
Manning et al. madeRadiocarbon dating tests on several samples of plant material from the site. A sample from thecedarkeel of the ship was construed as providing aterminus post quem for the construction phase. Other samples, including perishable items from short-lived species, like rope and dunnage, were construed to have come on board the ship in the phase of the last voyage. The two phases constrained each other, and Bayesian statistics was used to produce date ranges of varying probabilities. The most likely date of the sinking of the ship was rounded up to 1320±15 years.[12]
Based on ceramic evidence, it appears that the Uluburun sank toward the end of theAmarna period, but could not have sunk before the time ofNefertiti due to the unique gold scarab engraved with her name found aboard the ship.[13] For now, a conclusion that the ship sank at the end of the 14th century BC is accepted.
The origins of the objects aboard the ship range geographically from northern Europe to Africa, as far west as Sicily and Sardinia, and as far east as Mesopotamia. They appear to be the products of nine or ten cultures.[8] These proveniences indicate that the Late Bronze Age Aegean was the medium of an international trade perhaps based on royal gift-giving in the Near East.[14]
According to a reconstruction by various scholars, the Uluburun shipwreck illustrates a thriving commercial sea network of the Late Bronze Age Mediterranean. In this case, a huge mixed cargo of luxury items, royal gifts and raw materials. Based on the findings, it has been suggested that Mycenaean officials were also aboard accompanying the gifts.[15]
The distribution of the wreckage and the scattered cargo indicates that the ship was between 15 and 16 metres (49 and 52 ft) long. It was constructed by theshell-first method, withmortise-and-tenon joints similar to those of the Graeco-Roman ships of later centuries.[16]
Even though there has been a detailed examination of Uluburun's hull, there is no evidence of framing. Thekeel appears to be rudimentary, perhaps more of a keel-plank than a keel in the traditional sense. The ship was built with planks and keel of Lebanese cedar and oak tenons.[17]Lebanese cedar is indigenous to the mountains ofLebanon, southern Turkey, and centralCyprus.[18]The ship carried 24 stone anchors. The stone is of a type almost completely unknown in the Aegean, but is often built into the temples of Syria-Palestine and on Cyprus. Brushwood and sticks served asdunnage to help protect the ship's planks from the metal ingots and other heavy cargo.[13]
The Uluburun ship's cargo consisted mostly of raw materials that were trade items, which before the ship's discovery were known primarily from ancient texts orEgyptian tomb paintings. The cargo matches many of the royal gifts listed in theAmarna letters found atEl-Amarna,Egypt.
Raw copper cargo totaling ten tons, consisting of a total of 354 ingots of theoxhide ingot type (rectangular with handholds extending from each corner). Out of the total number of ingots at least 31 unique two-handled ingots were identified that were most likely shaped this way to assist the process of loading ingots onto specially designed saddles or harnesses for ease of transport over long distances by pack animals. there were an additional 121 copper bun and oval ingots. The oxhide ingots were originally stowed in 4 distinct rows across the ship's hold, which either slipped down the slope after the ship sank or shifted as the hull settled under the weight of the cargo.Lead-isotope analysis indicates that most or all of the copper is sourced in Cyprus.
Approximately one ton of tin (when alloyed with the copper would make about 11 tons ofbronze). The tin ingots were oxhide and bun shaped. In 2022 one third of the tin was found to come from the Mušiston mine inUzbekistan. The other share likely came from theKestel mine in Turkey's Taurus Mountains.[19] The ingots suffer from corrosion and likely contamination. However, unlike some other tin ingots from the eastern Mediterranean, they do not fit the profile oftin from Cornwall, and generally compare toores fromSardinia.[20] More recent research disputed these results.[21]
At least 149 Canaanite jars (widely found in Greece, Cyprus, Syria-Palestine, and Egypt). Jars are categorized as the northern type and were most likely made somewhere in the northern part of modern-day Israel. One jar was filled with glass beads, many filled with olives, but the majority contained a substance known as Pistacia (terebinth) resin, an ancient type ofturpentine. Recent clay fabric analyses of Canaanite jar sherds from the18th Dynasty site ofTel el Amarna have produced a specific clay fabric designation, and it is seemingly the same as that from the Uluburun shipwreck, of a type that is exclusively associated in Amarna with transporting Pistacia resin.
Approximately 175 glass ingots of cobalt blue, turquoise, and lavender were found (earliest intact glass ingots known). Chemical composition of cobalt blue glass ingots matches those of contemporary Egyptian core-formed vessels and Mycenaean pendant beads, which suggests a common source.
TheInstitute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) began excavating in July 1984 under the direction of its founder,George F. Bass, and was then turned over to INA's vice president for Turkey, Cemal Pulak, who directed the excavation from 1985 to 1994.[23] The wreck lay between 44 and 52 meters deep on a steep, rocky slope riddled with sand pockets.[24] Half of the staff members who aided in the excavation lived in a camp built into the southeastern face of the promontory, which the ship most likely hit, while the other half lived aboard theVirazon, INA's research vessel at the time. The excavation site utilized an underwater telephone booth and air-lifts. The mapping of the site was done by triangulation. Meter tapes and metal squares were used as an orientation aid for excavators.[25] Since the completion of the excavation in September 1994, all efforts have been concentrated on full-time conservation, study, and sampling for analysis in the conservation laboratory of theBodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology in Turkey.
