State ultranationalism (超國家主義 or 超国家主義,Chōkokkashugi; lit. "ultra-statism")[1] or simplyultranationalism (ウルトラナショナリズム,Urutoranashonarizumu),[2] refers mainly to the radicalstatist movement of the Shōwa period, but it can also refer to extremeJapanese nationalism before and after theShōwa era.
State ultranationalists use the authority of the state/nation (国家) throughTennō as the focus of public loyalty.[1] OtherIkki Kita's "state socialism" or "national socialism" (国家社会主義) is a representative idea referred to as 超国家主義 in Japan.
Since theMeiji Restoration, Japan's political practice had been dominated by statism/nationalism, and in the early 20th century, the middle and lower classes, led by Ikki Kita, who were dissatisfied with the control of national resources by the elder, important ministers, old and newKazoku,warlords,zaibatsu, and political parties heads since the Meiji Restoration, sought radical reforms and advocated that the representatives of the traditional statism/nationalism be indiscriminately categorized as the culprits of the evils, and that they should be killed one by one to show a break with the traditional statism since the Meiji Restoration. This was a break with the traditional statism/nationalism of theMeiji period. This rupture was most fully manifested when theTennō began to be viewed not as a symbol of tradition, but as a symbol of change, and the failed mutiny by ultra-nationalist junior officers in 1936 ultimately led to Japan's full-scale entry into the era of Japanese nationalist military government four years later.
According to some scholars,Japan, which has a tradition ofobedience,cooperation, andsolidarity, already had at least a proto-fascist and proto-totalitarian spirit, so unlike Italy and Germany, it was able to adopt a totalitarian attitude without radical change in the late1930s.[3]Japanese liberal scholars, includingMasao Maruyama, saw Japanese state ultranationalism asfascism and referred to it as "Emperor-system fascism" (天皇制ファシズム,Tennōsei fashizumu).[4][5]
American historianRobert O. Paxton argues that with the absence of a mass revolutionary party and a rupture from the incumbent regime, Imperial Japan was merely "an expansionist military dictatorship with a high degree of state-sponsored mobilization [rather] than as a fascist regime".[6] British historianRoger Griffin, calledPutin's Russia and World War II-era Japan "emulated fascism in many ways, but was not fascist".[7]
Masao Maruyama, assessed that the Japanese statist/nationalist (国家主義) government model was similar to [European] fascism, but not directly related to state/national-socialism (国家社会主義). However, he claimed that ultra-nationalism (超国家主義) as Japanese statism was clearly influenced by national-socialism. According to him, the proposal of [Japanese] ultra-nationalism is based on ideal socialism and combines the ideologies of some national-socialism.[8]
According to the methodology of political practice, state/national-socialism is the socialism that the government promotes from top to bottom. Ultra-nationalists, on the one hand, wants theTennō to accept their radical national-socialist ideology, but on the other hand, it causes problems at a low level and puts pressure on the government to reform. Eventually, Japan entered Japanese nationalism, which is similar to fascism, not a national-socialist state, but 40 years of ultra-nationalism have been a great success.[8]
Japan has been in a state of statism/nationalism (国家主義) and militarism (軍国主義) since the Meiji Restoration, but it was this "ultra-" (超) that led Japan to the military path of Japanese nationalism. And this "ultra-" is the Japanese practice of national-socialist ideology.[8]
TheLiberal Democratic Party (1955–present), Japanese largest right-wing party, has an ultranationalist faction.[14][15][16][17][18]
She is a member of the ultranationalist Nippon Kaigi organisation, which aims to restore the emperor to divine status, keep women at home, prioritise public order over civil liberties and rebuild Japan's armed forces.
Makoto Sakurai of the ultranationalist Japan First Party has been involved in numerous anti-Korean demonstrations, and he also ran for the Tokyo mayor election in 2016.
for the first time the Conservative Party of Japan, an ultranationalist force that is openly xenophobic and prone to revisionist rhetoric on the country's history, will enter the Japanese parliament with three seats.
Like Sanseito, a right-wing anti-immigration party founded in 2020, the ultranationalist Conservative Party of Japan led by novelist Naoki Hyakuta has been edging toward a harder line.
The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.
The overturning of the cab driver's 1998 sentiment in Akamatsu's 2007 piece had its political correlative in the victory of the ultranationalist wing of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) when Abe Shinzō became Japan's prime minister in ...
In Japan, populist and extreme right-wing nationalism has found a home within the political establishment.
... a gradual drift towards more nationalistic attitudes to education and politics in general in contemporary Japanese society may party be explained by the effect of ultranationalist politicians in the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
On July 31, a group of ultranationalist LDP Diet men, alarmed by Nakasone's diplomacy of "submission to foreign pressure" on issues like textbook revision and the Yasukuni Shrine problem, formed the "Association of Those Concerned ...
But many in South Korea did not consider Japan's remorse as sufficiently sincere, especially as the ultranationalist former Prime Minister Shinzo Abe, who was assassinated last year, and his allies sought to whitewash Japan's colonial abuses, even suggesting there was no evidence to indicate Japanese authorities coerced Korean women into sexual slavery.
... Hyakuta Naoki, writer, and Hasegawa Michiko, a professor of sociology, both ultranationalists, were appointed to the NHK board.
This was due to the negative reaction of government and political leaders to the move by the ultranationalist Yoshio Kodama to unite far right-wing political groups with mainstream gangster organizations under a single political entity in support of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP).
Kishi was an ultranationalist determined to undermine the democratic and westernized aspects of the 1946 constitution
Japanese novelist and ultranationalist Yukio Mishima
Ōkawa Shūmei (born Dec. 6, 1886, Yamagata Prefecture, Japan—died Dec. 24, 1957, Tokyo) was an ultranationalistic Japanese political theorist whose writings inspired many of the right-wing extremist groups that dominated Japanese politics during the 1930s.
... Sasakawa Foundation , which is headed by Ryoichi Sasakawa , a prewar ultranationalist and a Class - A war criminal who has made most of his money building one of the world's largest gambling empires.
Shigeru Ishiba, a former minister of defense who has run for LDP leader on five separate occasions, defeated his ultranationalist rival Sanae Takaichi.
