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Ultramarathon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Footrace longer than the marathon
Ultramarathon
Ultramarathoners compete at the Sahara Race 2011 (4 Deserts)
Highestgoverning bodyWorld Athletics
International Association of Ultrarunners
Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners
International Trail Running Association
Presence
World Championships1987–present

Anultramarathon is afootrace longer than the traditionalmarathon distance of 42.195 kilometres (26 mi 385 yd). The sport of running ultramarathons is calledultra running orultra distance running.

Various distances, surfaces, and formats are raced competitively. The shortest common ultramarathon is 31 miles (50 km), and around 100 miles (160 km) is typically the longest course distance raced in under 24 hours, but there are also longermultiday races commonly held as 48 hours, 200 miles (320 km), or more, sometimes raced in stages with breaks for sleep.

The oldest and largest ultramarathons are on road, including theComrades Marathon (more than 10,000 finishers annually) andTwo Oceans Marathon (more than 6,000 finishers annually).[1] Many ultras have historical significance, including theSpartathlon, based on the 246 km run of Greek messengerPheidippides from Athens to Sparta during theBattle of Marathon in a day and a half to seek aid against the Persians.[2][3][4]

Runners waiting for the start of the 2023 Comrades Marathon

Ultra running World Championships are held by theInternational Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) for 50 km, 100 km and 24 hours. The Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners (GOMU) holds World Championships for 48 hours and six days.[5] World records are ratified and recognized byWorld Athletics (50 km and 100 km), the IAU (50 km up to six days), and by GOMU (48 hours up to 5000 km).[6][7][8]

There is also overlap with the sports oftrail running andmountain running. Some 100-mile (160 km) races are among the oldest and most prestigious events, especially in North America.[9] The oldest and also the largest trail race is the SainteLyon 78-kilometre (48 mi) in France (more than 5,000 finishers annually).[10] Many ultramarathon organizers are members of theInternational Trail Running Association (ITRA), an organization that evaluates the difficulty of specific ultramarathon routes according to a number of criteria, such as the distance, the cumulative elevation gain, and the number of loops and stages.[citation needed]

Overview

[edit]

There are two main types of ultramarathon events: those that cover a specified distance or route, and those that last for a predetermined period (with the winner covering the most distance in that time). The most common distances are 50 kilometres (31.07 mi), 50 miles (80.47 km), 100 kilometres (62.14 mi), 100 miles (160.93 km), and continue up to the longest certified race distance of 3100 miles.[11] Timed events range from 6, 12, and 24 hours to 3, 6, and 10 days (known asMultiday races). Timed events are generally run on a track or a short road course, often one mile (1.6 km) or less.[12]

The format of ultramarathons and the courses vary, ranging from single loops (some as short as a 400-metre (1,300 ft) track),[13] to point-to-point road or trail races, to cross-countryrogaines. Many ultramarathons have significant obstacles, such as inclement weather, elevation change, or rugged terrain. Usually, there areaid stations, whether every lap of a track, small road or trail loop courses, or extending up to perhaps 20 to 35 kilometres (12 to 22 mi), where runners can replenish food and drink or take a short break.

There are some self-supported ultramarathon stage races in which each competitor has to carry all their supplies including food to survive the length of the race, typically a week long. TheMarathon des Sables 6-day stage race in Morocco and the Grand to Grand Ultra in the U.S. are examples.[14][15]

TheInternational Association of Ultrarunners (IAU) organises the World Championships for various ultramarathon distances, including 50 kilometres (31 mi), 100 kilometres (62 mi), 24 hours, and ultratrail running, which are also recognized byWorld Athletics. Many countries around the world have their own ultrarunning organizations, often the national athletics federation of the country, or are sanctioned by such national athletics organizations.

50-kilometer and 100-kilometer races are recognized as World Records byWorld Athletics, the world governing body of track and field.[16] TheInternational Association of Ultrarunners recognizes IAU World Records for 50-kilometers, 100-kilometers, 6 hours, 12 hours, 100 miles, 24 hours, 48 hours, and 6 days.[17]

There are ultramarathonracewalking events that are usually 50 km, although100 km and100-mile (160 km) "Centurion" races are also organized. Furthermore, the non-competitiveInternational Marching League eventNijmegen Four Days March has a regulation distance of 4 × 50 km over four days for those aged 19 to 49.[18]

In 2021, concerns were raised about planning and medical care available for ultramarathons in China, after21 racers died from hypothermia while competing in an ultramarathon in theYellow River Stone Forest. The government later announced a ban on "extreme" competitions.[19]

In August 2023, a partnership betweenUltra-Trail du Mont-Blanc (UTMB) andIronman Triathlon was announced and the new formation of the UTMB World Series, an ultra-distance circuit that culminates with UTMB held in August. Concerns have been raised[vague] about rising entry fees, homogenization of racing experiences, and bulldozing of smaller events.[20][21]

IAU World Record and World Best performances

[edit]

Until 2014, the IAU maintained lists of the world best performances on different surfaces (road, track, and indoor). Starting in 2015, the distinction between the surfaces was removed and the records were combined into a single category.[22] Some governing bodies continue to keep separate ultramarathon track and road records for their jurisdictions.[23]

Starting in January 2022, the IAU began to recognize and ratify performances as IAU World Records. World Athletics also began to ratify the50k distance as a World Record for both mixed and women, respectively, along with 100k. The events considered IAU World Records are: 6, 12, 24, and 48 hours along with 50 and 100 miles. Records in the 6 day event are called World Best Performances by the IAU.[24]

Performances exceeding the current IAU records but which have not yet been ratified include the following:

  • Ivan Zaborsky ran 1047.554 km in six days inVallon Pont d'Arc, France, finishing on 4 May 2025.[25] However, he broke a rule by displaying the Russian flag instead of following the regulations for neutral athletes.[26]
  • Megan Eckert ran 970.685 km in six days at the same race in Vallon Pont d'Arc.[27]
  • Sibusiso Kubheka ran 100 km in 5:59:20 in August 2025 but the performance was not eligible to be a world record due to the footwear not satisfying competition requirements, among other reasons.[28]
  • Sarah Webster ran 278.622 km in 24 hours inAlbi, France, in October 2025.[29]
  • Anne Flower ran the Tunnel Hill 50 Mile race inVienna, Illinois in 5:18:57 in November 2025.[30]
  • Caitriona Jennings ran the Tunnel Hill 100 Mile race in 12:37:04 in November 2025.[31]

The IAU World Records and World Best Performances as of October 2025 are as follows.[32]

Men

[edit]
EventRecordAthleteDatePlace
50 km2:38:43 CJ Albertson (USA)8 October 2022United StatesSan Francisco, US
50 miles4:48:21 Charles R. Lawrence (USA)11 November 2023United StatesVienna, IL, US
100 km6:05:35 Aleksandr Sorokin (LTU)14 May 2023LithuaniaVilnius, Lithuania
100 miles10:51:39 Aleksandr Sorokin (LTU)7 January 2022IsraelTel Aviv, Israel
6 hours98.496 km Aleksandr Sorokin (LTU)23 April 2022United KingdomBedford, UK
12 hours177.410 km Aleksandr Sorokin (LTU)7 January 2022IsraelTel Aviv, Israel
24 hours319.614 km Aleksandr Sorokin (LTU)17 September 2022ItalyVerona, Italy
48 hours485.099 km Matthieu Bonne (BEL)30 May–1 Jun 2025PolandPabianice, Poland
6 days1045.519 km Matthieu Bonne (BEL)5–11 September 2024HungaryBalatonfüred, Hungary

Women

[edit]
EventRecordAthleteDatePlace
50 km2:59:54 Desiree Linden (USA)13 April 2021United StatesDorena, Oregon, United States
50 miles5:31:57 Courtney Olsen (USA)10 November 2024United StatesVienna, IL, US
100 km6:33:11 Tomoe Abe (JPN)25 June 2000JapanYubetsu-Saroma-Tokoro, Japan
100 miles12:42:40 Camille Herron (USA)11 November 2017United StatesVienna, IL, US
6 hours85.492 km Nele Alder-Baerens (GER)11 March 2017GermanyMünster, Germany
12 hours153.600 km Satu Lipiäinen (FIN)20 May 2023FinlandKokkola, Finland
24 hours270.363 km Miho Nakata (JPN)2 December 2023TaiwanTaipei, Taiwan
48 hours436.371 km Patrycja Bereznowska (POL)30 May–1 Jun 2025PolandPabianice, Poland
6 days928.577 km Stine Rex (DEN)31 Aug–10 Sep 2025DenmarkAabybro, Denmark

Until 2021, the IAU also kept records for 1000 km and 1000 miles. The final records were:[33]

Men

[edit]
EventRecordAthleteDatePlace
1000 km5d 16:17:00 Yiannis Kouros (GRE)26 November–2 December 1984AustraliaColac, Australia
1000 miles10d 10:30:36 Yiannis Kouros (GRE)20–30 May 1988United States New York City, US

Women

[edit]
EventRecordAthleteDatePlace
1000 km7d 16:08:37 Paula Mairer (AUT)29 September-6 October 2002United States New York City, US
1000 miles12d 14:38:40 Sandra Barwick (NZL)16–28 October 1991United States New York City, US

IAU World Championships

[edit]

There are four IAU World Championships: theIAU 100 km World Championships,IAU 50 km World Championships,IAU 24 Hour World Championship, and theIAU Trail World Championships.[34]

Ultramarathons by regions

[edit]
Main article:List of ultramarathons

Ultramarathons are run around the world with more than 600,000 people completing them every year.[35]

Africa

[edit]
  • South Africa hosts a number of notable ultra marathon events.
    • On road: the world's oldest and largest ultramarathon, the 87 kilometres (54 mi)Comrades Marathon. Approximately 12,000 runners complete the Comrades each year, out of approximately 17,000 who start, with 23,961 competing in 2000.[36]
    • The 56-kilometre (35 mi)Two Oceans Marathon inCape Town in the southern autumn attracts approximately 11,000 runners.
  • TheGrand Raid de la Réunion is held annually onRéunion in October, crossing the island over 163 kilometres (101 mi) with an altitude gain of 9,643 metres (31,637 ft). This race attracts 2,350 competitors, with 1,000 runners from overseas.
  • TheMarathon des Sables is a 6-day stage race which covers 250 kilometres (160 mi) through theSahara desert in Morocco.
  • The SpanishCanary Islands off the African coast are the location of some prestigious ultramarathons, including the 46-mileTransvulcania.[37]

Asia

[edit]

Ultrarunning has become popular in Asia, and countries such as Japan,Taiwan, andSouth Korea have hosted IAU World Championships.

  • In Israel, two major ultramarathon races areMount to Valley relay race, over 215 km, from the hills of theUpper Galilee to theJezreel Valley; and theValley Circle race in the Jezreel valley, containing several distances, including 160 km and 200 km.
  • India's first ultra-marathon, the Bangalore Ultra, was held in 2007.[38] Since 2010, the Indian Himalayas have hostedLa Ultra – The High, a 333 km course crossingKhardung La, touted to be the world's highest motorable mountain pass.[39]
  • Japan had its first 100 km event in 1987 asLake Saroma Ultramarathon and hosted theIAU 100 km World Championship in 1994 (Lake Saroma), 1998 (River Shimanto) and 2005 (Lake Saroma).[40] Japan hosts more than 50 ultramarathon events throughout the year,[41] including theTrans Japan Alps Race (TJAR)[42] (415 kilometres (258 miles) with more than 26,000 metres (16 miles) cumulative altitude gain crossing Japan Alps, crossing Japan's mainland from Japan Sea to Pacific Ocean in 7 days),[43][44]Hasetsune cup (71.5 kilometres (44.4 miles) in steep foggy mountains)[45] and theUltra-Trail Mt. Fuji (161 kilometres (100 miles) loop around World HeritageMount Fuji with a cumulative altitude gain of about 9,000 metres (5.6 miles)).[46][47]
  • The Gobi March in northwest China was China's first ultramarathon, first staged in 2003. The Gobi March is part of the 4 Deserts Race Series.[48]
  • Hong Kong Four Trails Ultra Challenge is a 298 km-long uninterrupted race, the first ultramarathon-class race in Hong Kong.

Oceania, Australia, and New Zealand

[edit]

Australia and New Zealand are hosts to some 100 organized ultramarathons each year. Additionally, a handful of runners have run the entire length of New Zealand, a distance of around 2,200 kilometres (1,400 mi).[49]

In Australia, theWestfield Ultra Marathon was an annual race betweenSydney andMelbourne contested between 1983 and 1991. Greek runnerYiannis Kouros won the event five times during that period. Australia is also the home of one of the oldestsix-day races in the world, theCliff Young Australian 6-day race, held inColac, Victoria. The race is held on a 400-meter circuit at the Memorial Square in the centre of Colac and has seen many close races since its inception in 1984. The 20th Cliff Young Australian six-day race was held between 20 and 26 November 2005. During that event, Kouros beat his existing world record six-day track mark and set a new mark of 1,036.851 kilometres (644.269 mi). TheCoast to Kosciuszko inaugurated in 2004, is a 246-kilometre (153 mi) marathon from the coast to the top ofMount Kosciuszko, Australia's highest mountain.[citation needed]

Australia has seen a steep growth in ultrarunning events and participants in recent years. Many new races have come into inception, covering a range of ultramarathon distances from 50 km right through to multi-day events. The cornerstone of Australian Ultra events is such races as Ultra-Trail Australia 100, The Great North Walk Ultras, Surf Coast Century, Bogong to Hotham, Alpine Challenge, GC50 Run Festival, and the Cradle Mountain Run.[50][51] TheAustralian Ultra Runners Association (AURA) has a comprehensive list and links of events and their respective results.[52]

In New Zealand, theKepler Challenge is held on a 60 kilometres (37 mi) trail throughFiordland National Park. It has been running since 1988 and is one of the country's most popular races. TheTarawera Ultramarathon is currently one of the most competitive ultras in New Zealand and part of the Ultra-Trail World Tour.[53]

Europe

[edit]

TheEuropean Ultramarathon Cup is an annual cup event covering some of the biggest ultramarathon races in Europe.[54] TheCajaMar Tenerife Bluetrail is the highest race in Spain and second highest in Europe.[55] Besides trail ultramarathons, Europe features large road ultramarathons such asSpartathlon and the Millau 100K, which have gathered thousands of runners for the past 50 years.

TheUTMB, through France, Italy, and Switzerland has been considered the world's most competitive trail ultra.[56] The other races in the UTMB festival, including the CCC, TDS, and OCC, are also significant events in the ultrarunning calendar.[57]

North America

[edit]

The oldest existing ultramarathon in North America is theJFK 50 Mile,[58] which began in 1963 as a push by PresidentJohn F. Kennedy to bring the country back to physical fitness.[59]

There are several 100-mile ultramarathons held annually in North America. TheWestern States Endurance Run is the oldest 100-mile trail run in North America. The race began in 1977, founded by Wendell Robie, of Auburn California.[60][58]

The first mountain trail ultramarathon held in the United States was the 1911 Mount Baker Race (50K), inBellingham, Washington. Runners raced by car or train to the trailheads, ran up to the summit ofMount Baker, and then back down to the city.[61]

An early ultramarathon was held in Mexico in 1926, and at the time was part of theCentral American Games. Tomas Zafiro and Leoncio San Miguel, bothTarahumara Indians, ran 100 km fromPachuca to Mexico City in 9 hours and 37 minutes. At the time, the Mexican government petitioned to include a 100 km race in the1928 Summer Olympics in Amsterdam.[62]

In 1928, sports agentC. C. Pyle organized the first of two editions of the 3,455-mile-longBunion Derby. The first went alongU.S. Route 66 from Los Angeles to Chicago before heading toward New York; the 1929 Derby reversed the route. Neither the race nor the accompanyingvaudeville show was a financial success.[63]

In the 1980s, Gary "Lazarus Lake" Cantrell and Karl "Raw Dog" Henn conceived theBarkley Marathons, an annual trail race held in March or April inFrozen Head State Park, Tennessee. The course is approximately 20 miles long with approximately 11,000 feet of vertical climb, and runners have 60 hours to complete five laps. The run is notorious not only for its difficulty but also for its secretive nature; entrants must undergo a selection process and entry dates and requirements are not announced, meaning entrants rely on word-of-mouth for details on how to enter. The first Barkley Marathons took place in 1986, and as of 2025, the full, five-loop race has been completed a total of 26 times by 20 runners.[64]

Since 1997, runners have been competing in theSelf-Transcendence 3100 Mile Race, which is billed as the longest official footrace in the world. They run 100 laps a day for up to 50 days around a single block in Queens, NY, for a total distance of 3,100 miles (5,000 km).[65] The current record holder isAshprihanal Pekka Aalto, at 40 days 09:06:21 for a daily average of 76.776 miles (123.559 km) in 2015.

Several 10-day races are also regularly available in the US at venues that hold 6-day races: Across the Years (in Arizona), Sri Chinmoy (in New York) and 6 Days in the Dome (Wisconsin).[66]

In April 2006, the American Ultrarunning Hall of Fame was established by the American Ultrarunning Association (AUA). Candidates for the Hall of Fame are chosen from the 'modern era' of American ultras, beginning with theNew York Road Runners Club 30 Mile race held in 1958. The Inaugural inductees wereTed Corbitt, a former US Olympian, winner of the aforementioned race in 3:04:13, and co-founder of theRoad Runners Club of America, and Sandra Kiddy, who began her ultra career at age 42 with a world record at 50 kilometers, 3:36:56, and who went on to set a number of American and world ultra records.[67]

TheYukon Arctic Ultra is uniques among ultras for its cold conditions, requiring racers to start fromWhitehorse toDawson City,Yukon, a distance of 430 miles (692 km) in February, with temperatures in the race having fallen as low as -57 degrees celsius.[68][69]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^Spartathlon (28 August 2015)."Ιστορικά Στοιχεία".Spartathlon Ultra Race (in Greek). Retrieved23 October 2023.
  3. ^"Spartathlon Part 1 (1982) - The Birth | Ultrarunning History". 19 September 2021. Retrieved23 October 2023.
  4. ^Holmes, Katie (30 September 2022)."Eleanor Adams and the first Spartathlon".RunYoung50. Retrieved23 October 2023.
  5. ^"GOMU - Global Organization of Multi-Day Ultramarathoners - World Championships".www.gomu.org. Retrieved28 October 2023.
  6. ^"World Athletics".worldathletics.org. Retrieved22 October 2023.
  7. ^Bedkowski, Jacek."Rankings & Records".IAU - International Association of Ultrarunners. Retrieved22 October 2023.
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  13. ^If the loop is less than 1 kilometre (0.62 mi), run direction changes every 2–4 (sometimes 6) hours [Citation Needed~~~~Mark Halsey]
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  25. ^iRunFar: Megan Eckert and Ivan Zaborsky Set Women’s and Men’s 6-Day Running World Records
  26. ^ultramarathon.se: Wrong age categories leave six athletes without medals at GOMU 48-hour worlds.
  27. ^iRunFar: Megan Eckert and Ivan Zaborsky Set Women’s and Men’s 6-Day Running World Records
  28. ^iRunFar: Sibusiso Kubheka Breaks 6 Hours for 100 Kilometers in Adidas-Sponsored Time Trial Event "Chasing 100".
  29. ^iRunFar: Great Britain’s Sarah Webster Sets Women’s 24-Hour World Record.
  30. ^iRunFar: Anne Flower Sets 50-Mile World Record at the 2025 Tunnel Hill 50 Mile.
  31. ^iRunFar: Caitriona Jennings Sets 100-Mile World Record at the 2025 Tunnel Hill 100 Mile.
  32. ^Bedkowski, Jacek."IAU Records".IAU - International Association of Ultrarunners. Retrieved31 October 2025.
  33. ^IAU: Final WBP and WABP Records: 1000K, 1000M
  34. ^"IAU Championships".Iau-ultramarathon.org. Archived fromthe original on 27 February 2017. Retrieved23 November 2016.
  35. ^"More People Are Running Ultras Than Ever Before".Runner's World. 24 January 2020.
  36. ^"Comrades Marathon History". 4 June 2014. Archived fromthe original on 4 June 2014.
  37. ^Hicks, Meghan (12 May 2019)."2019 Transvulcania Ultramarathon Results".iRunFar. Retrieved4 January 2023.
  38. ^"Big response for the Bangalore Marathon".The Hindu. 14 December 2007. Archived fromthe original on 17 December 2007. Retrieved28 April 2013.
  39. ^"Why La Ultra The High is the Cruelest Marathon".Forbes India. 18 February 2013.
  40. ^"IAU World Cup 100 Kilometres"(PDF).Iau-ultramarathon.org. Retrieved23 November 2016.
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  43. ^NHK team, 激走! 日本アルプス大縦断 密着、トランスジャパンアルプスレース富山~静岡415km, 26 April 2013,ISBN 978-4087815276
  44. ^"日本一過酷な山岳レース「トランスジャパンアルプスレース（TJAR）」に密着したノンフィクション書籍『激走！ 日本アルプス大縦断』（NHKスペシャル取材班・著）が、集英社より4月26日（金）に発売！ | 株式会社 集英社 | プレスリリース配信代行サービス『ドリームニュース』".Dreamnews.jp. Retrieved23 November 2016.
  45. ^RUNTRAIL editors, RUN+TRAIL vol.2 トレイルランレースをはじめよう ハセツネ/UTMF完走法 (SAN-EI MOOK),22 Aug 2012,ISBN 978-4779615627
  46. ^"2013 Ultra-Trail Mount Fuji Preview".Irunfar.com. 24 April 2013. Retrieved23 November 2016.
  47. ^"Ultra-Trail Mt. Fuji (UTMF) | The Japan Times Online".Info.japantimes.co.jp. Retrieved23 November 2016.
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  53. ^"Partners - Tarawera Ultramarathon | Rotorua, New Zealand".taraweraultra.co.nz.
  54. ^"LaufReport Presse Info".laufreport.de.
  55. ^"Tenerife Bluetrail, la carrera más alta de España".abc. 6 October 2016.
  56. ^Powell, Bryon (21 August 2017)."2017 UTMB Men's Preview".iRunFar. Retrieved4 January 2023.
  57. ^Agnew, Mark (20 August 2019)."UTMB 2019 schedule: when do the TDS, CCC and OCC start?".South China Morning Post. Retrieved12 December 2023.
  58. ^ab"Classic Ultramarathon Beginnings". 17 February 2024. Retrieved28 February 2024.
  59. ^Mason, Andy (7 February 2016)."History".JFK 50 Mile. Retrieved28 February 2024.
  60. ^Crockett, Davy (22 January 2021)."Western States 100 - 1977".Ultrarunning History. Retrieved23 January 2022.
  61. ^Crockett, Davy (6 September 2019)."The Mount Baker Ultramarathon (1911-1913)".Ultrarunning History. Retrieved23 January 2022.
  62. ^Vilchis, Raul (10 March 2015)."Still, They Endure: The Paradox of Mexico's Legendary Tarahumara Runners".Remezcla. Retrieved10 June 2019.
  63. ^Crockett, Davy (12 August 2019)."The 1928 Bunion Derby".Ultrarunning History. Retrieved23 January 2022.
  64. ^Butler, Shawn (26 March 2018)."Barkley Marathons Finish Stats".Posilicious.Archived from the original on 11 May 2020. Retrieved9 October 2018.
  65. ^"srichinmoyraces.org / About the 3100 Mile Race". Retrieved16 January 2013.
  66. ^Gruebele, M (2024).Masters of Ultrarunning: The 10-Day Race. Champaign-Urbana, Illinois: HB Publishing. p. 182.ISBN 979-8333227737.
  67. ^Crockett, Davy (19 August 2020)."The American Ultrarunning Hall of Fame".Ultrarunning History. Retrieved23 January 2022.
  68. ^"The Yukon: Discover the world's coldest ultra".Montane. Retrieved19 February 2023.
  69. ^Ann, Virginie."Yukon Arctic Ultra, which calls itself the world's 'coldest and toughest,' kicks off in Whitehorse".CBC. CBC/Radio-Canada. Retrieved19 February 2023.

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