Kinnikuman (キン肉マン;lit. transl. "Muscle Man"[4]) is a Japanesemanga series created by the duo Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada, known asYudetamago. It follows Suguru Kinniku, a superhero who must win a wrestling tournament to retain the title of prince of Planet Kinniku. Nakai and Takashi planned the series when they were attending high school originally as a parody toUltraman.
The manga was originally published inShueisha'sshōnen manga magazineWeekly Shōnen Jump from 1979 to 1987, and was first adapted byToei Animation into a 137-episodeanime series broadcast onNippon Television from 1983 to 1986. It restarted publication in 2011 in Shueisha's web magazineShū Play News, and has spawned spin-off manga and anime series, video games, anime films, and severalKinnikuman-related merchandise.
There is also a sequel, theKinnikuman: The 2nd Generation (キン肉マンII世,Kinnikuman II Sei; known asUltimate Muscle outside Japan) manga that was serialized inWeekly Playboy between 1998 and 2004. It was published in North America byViz Media under the title ofUltimate Muscle. It was also adapted into three different television series, all of which were broadcast onTV Tokyo in Japan and released in North America by4Kids Entertainment.
Kinnikuman is one of thebest-selling manga series in Japan, with over 85 million copies in circulation by 2025. As popular as was the anime series and its merchandise, such asKinkeshi, a line of action figures released as M.U.S.C.L.E. in North America. It received theShogakukan Manga Award for children's manga[note 4] in 1984.
A new anime television series adaptation produced byProduction I.G, based on the 2011 revival manga and celebrating the 40th anniversary of the original anime television series, aired from July to September 2024 onCBC andTBS' programming blockAgaru Anime [ja], and was released worldwide onNetflix. The second season aired on the same programming block between January and March 2025. A third season has been announced.
The story involves Kinnikuman (real nameSuguru Kinniku), a clumsy, foolish, comicalsuperhero who discovers that he is the missing prince of the planet Kinniku (known for producing the greatest superheroes in the universe). Since he is a clumsy fool, however, he must prove himself worthy of the throne. To do so he enters wrestling competitions and battles evil Chojin, culminating in a tournament between Kinnikuman and five pretenders to the throne: Kinnikuman Big Body, Soldier, Zebra, Mariposa and Super Phoenix. Many of Kinnikuman's allies begin as villains (Ramenman, Buffalo Man, Ashuraman and Warsman) or arrogant heroes (Terryman, Robin Mask and Wolfman). The heroes and villains are collectively known as Chojin[Jp 1], which literally means "supermen".
Mantaro Muscle (also known as Kid Muscle,Mantaro Kinniku in the Japanese version) is the spoiled son of superhero wrestler King Muscle (Kinnikuman in the Japanese version). After 28 years of peace, the Seigi Choujins' (Muscle League) old enemies regroup and form the Demon Manufacturing Plant (dMp, known in the English version as Destruction, Mayhem and Pain). The Muscle League has lost its edge and are overwhelmed by the young, well-trained fighters. Recognizing their weakness, the Seigi Chojin reopen the Hercules Factory (a school for superheroes) and begin training a new generation of heroes to take on the dMp. At first unwilling, Mantaro (Kid Muscle) is one of the young heroes and defeats his father to prove his readiness to graduate. He and the other new Seigi Choujin defeat several members of the dMp and meet Kevin Mask, who quits dMp when he discovers their lack of honor. They also battle Sunshine and his pupils, who destroy the dMp after developing a renewed respect for the fighting spirit of the Seigi Choujins. The manga continues with the New Generation Replacement Tournament, Mantaro's challenge to master his inherited potential (Kajiba no Kuso Chikara, "burning inner strength" or "the fire"), the return of the Chojin Olympics, a fight with the Demon Seed (a villainous group), abackstory for Robin Mask and a tag-team tournament set in the past. Although the manga begins as a fairly lighthearted, humorous (albeit violent) story, later arcs (the No Respect and Demon Seed storylines in particular) have a darker tone and frequently deal with psychological trauma.
Yoshinori Nakai and Takashi Shimada (collectively known as "Yudetamago"), friends since fourth grade,[1] decided to create a manga series in high school.[2] Before its regular publication, the series (originally a parody ofUltraman)[1] was released as twoone-shots inShueisha's magazineWeekly Shōnen Jump in December 1978 and March 1979:Okamarasu no Maki,[Jp 2] which won theAkatsuka Award, andEraginesu no Maki.[Jp 3][5]Kinnikuman was serialized in the same magazine from the May 28, 1979, to the May 4, 1987 issues.[6][5] Shueisha collected its 387 chapters[7] into 36tankōbon, releasing them from February 15, 1980, to April 15, 1988.[8][9]
The first 36 volumes were re-published as part of theJump Comics Selection line in 26 volumes from July 19, 1994, to August 26, 1996,[10][11] as part of theJump Comics Deluxe line in 18aizōban volumes from January 14 to November 18, 1999,[12][13] and on June 6, 2013, all 36 were published inshinsōban format.[14][15]
A one-shot,Muscle Returns[Jp 4], was published inKadokawa Shoten'sKakutō Ace in January 1996.[5] Despite the title, the series only began regular publication on November 28, 2011, inShū Play News, Shueisha's web version ofWeekly Playboy.[16] The 37thtankōbon was released on January 29, 2010, and the latest—the 90th volume—was released on October 3, 2025.[17][18] Starting on July 5, 2012,e-book volumes began to be published as part of theJump Comics Digital line; the latest digital volume publication date coincides with the print edition.[19][20]
Since the series' 2011 restart, Yudetamago has published two related one-shots in Shueisha's magazines. In 2015, a 43-page one-shot titled "Kinnikuman Chōjin Retsuden" (Kinnikuman Superman Biographies) was released inGrand Jump to unfold the story of "supermen" characters.[21] Four years later, the 47-page "Sayonara, Kinnikuman!! no Maki" (The 'Goodbye, Kinnikuman' Story) appeared inWeekly Shōnen Jump, depicting these supermen's arrival during the main character's retirement ceremony.[22]
The first manga spun off fromKinnikuman wasTatakae!! Ramenman[Jp 5], a series focused onRamenman which was published inFresh Jump from 1982[5] to 1988.[7] It was compiled into twelvetankōbon volumes released between 1983 and 1989.[23][24] In 1998 and 1999,Tatakae!! Ramenman was re-published in 9 volumes,[25][26] in 2002 in 8 volumes,[27][28] between 2004 and 2006 in 12 volumes,[29][30] and in 2009 in 5 volumes.[31][32]Toei Animation adapted it into a 35-episodeanime series, which was broadcast from January 10 to September 11, 1988.[33] In 1988, a film was released on July,[34] and a video game on August.[35] On March 21, 2009, the anime series and film were released in a box set.[36] Also, a spin-off ofTatake!! Ramenman,subtitledChōjin Dai Meikan[Jp 6], was released in 1995.[5]
After the publication of several one-shots ofUltimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy[Jp 7] from August 1997 to February 1998, it began appearing regularly inWeekly Playboy from April 1998[5] to 2004[37] and was published in 29tankōbon volumes from October 19, 1998, to August 19, 2005.[38][39] This 29 volumes were released byViz Media in North America between July 5, 2004, and July 5, 2011.[40][41] It was re-released in 21aizoban volumes from September 18, 2009, to January 18, 2011.[42][43] Three one-shots ofKinnikuman Legacy were published in 2002. The first,Densetsu no Joshō: Heracles Factory[Jp 8], was released on February 22,[44] and the second,SP Densetsu Chōjin Zenmetsu![Jp 9], was released on May 24.[45] A guidebook titledKinnikuman II Sei: Chōjin Taizen[Jp 10] was released on July 19, 2002.[46]
All Chōjin Dai-Shingeki[Jp 11], anUltimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy spin-off, was serialized inV Jump from May 21, 2001, to March 20, 2007,[a] and its fourtankōbon were published from August 2, 2002, to August 3, 2007.[49][50] To continueUltimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy's storyline,Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen[Jp 12] was published in serial form from 2004 to 2011[51] and released in 28tankōbon from November 18, 2005, to December 19, 2011.[52][53]
A feminized version of the series,Kinnikuman Lady[Jp 13], was created by Masashi Ogawa and began as awebcomic on theUltra Jump Egg site in June 2008.[54] Its firsttankōbon was published on March 19, 2009,[55] and in 2011 it was moved to theUltra Jump website.[56] The series concluded with the release of its 46th chapter inUltra Jump, and the release of thirdtankōbon, both on June 19, 2013.[56][57]
The first animated series based onKinnikuman was produced by Toei Animation and directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi, Takenori Kawada and Tetsuo Imazawa. The 137-episode series was originally broadcast in Japan onNippon Television from April 3, 1983, to October 1, 1986.[58] It was followed byKinnikuman: Scramble for the Throne[Jp 14], directed by Takeshi Shirato and Atsutoshi Umezawa. This 46-episode series was also produced by Toei Animation and aired on NTV from October 6, 1991, to September 27, 1992.[59] The first series was packaged into 12 DVDs, released from December 6, 2002, to November 21, 2003,[60][61] and the second series was released on four DVDs from December 5, 2003, to March 21, 2004.[62][63]
On January 9, 2002,Kinnikuman: Second Generation premiered; the 51-episode series aired until December 25 of that year,[64] and was released on 12 DVDs from September 21, 2002, to August 8, 2003.[65][66] Licensed by4Kids Entertainment asUltimate Muscle: The Kinnikuman Legacy, it was broadcast onFoxBox in the United States.[67][68] In 2003 a 13-episode sequel primarily focused on non-Japanese audiences was announced;[69] it aired on FoxBox in North America,[70] and from April 7 to June 30, 2004, in Japan.[71] Another 13-episode spin-off,Kinnikuman Second Generation: Ultimate Muscle 2, was broadcast from January 4 to March 29, 2006, in Japan.[72] All three series were directed by Toshiaki Komura, produced by Toei Animation and broadcast in Japan byTV Tokyo.[71][73][74] The two spin-off series were released as two-DVD box sets on February 24 and June 23, 2006.[75][76] In October 2022,Discotek Media announced that they had licensedUltimate Muscle and they released the 77 episodes on Blu-ray Disc on May 30, 2023.[77][78]
A new anime celebrating the 40th anniversary of the original anime television series was announced in March 2023.[79] It was later confirmed to be a television series, titledKinnikuman Perfect Origin Arc (キン肉マン 完璧超人始祖編,Kinnikuman Kanpeki Chōjin Shiso-hen), based on the 2011 revival manga's arc of the same name, produced byProduction I.G and directed by Akira Sato, withMakoto Fukami in charge of series composition, Hirotaka Marufuji designing the characters andYasuharu Takanashi composing the music.[80] It aired from July 7 to September 22, 2024, onCBC andTBS' brand newAgaru Anime [ja] programming block,[81] withNetflix licensing it for streaming worldwide weekly starting on July 8 of the same year.[3] After the final episode of the first season, a second season was announced, and it aired on the same programming block from January 12 to March 30, 2025.[82][83] In August 2025, a third season was announced.[84]
Seven films based on the originalKinnikuman were released from 1984 to 1986. The first,Kinnikuman, was directed by Takeshi Shirato and released on July 14, 1984.[85][86]Kinnikuman: Seigi Chōjin vs. Senshi Chōjin[Jp 15], the last film, was released on December 20, 1986, and was directed by Yasuo Yamayoshi.[85][87] All seven films were compiled on a DVD released April 21, 2004.[85]
Two films based onKinnikuman: Second Generation were directed by Toshiaki Komura. The first (eponymous) film was released at the Anime Fair on July 14, 2001[88][89] and the second,Kinnikuman II Sei: Muscle Ninjin Sōdatsu! Chōjin Dai Sensō[Jp 16], was released at the same venue on July 20, 2002.[90] The films were released on DVD on May 12, 2002, and April 21, 2003, respectively.[91][92]
With the anime's popularity,Bandai produced a brand of eraser-like action figures (keshi) titledKinkeshi between 1983 and 1987.[98] In Japan, Bandai has released 418 different types of figures, and it was mainly sold throughGashapon.[98][99] As it attracted the Northern American market's interest, it was brought out byMattel under the name M.U.S.C.L.E., and a total of 236 figures were traded domestically in the 1980s.[1][100]
In 2007, Toei asked fans if they would like to see all 418 figure types included in theKinnikuman complete box set.[99] On December 20, 2008, the box set with all the two first series episodes, all seven films, a TV special, and all the figures was released.[101]
The manga series has received several awards and sold well during both its 1980s serialization and its 2010s revival. In 1984,Kinnikuman won the 30thShogakukan Manga Award in the category Best Children's Manga.[note 4][112] The 2013 edition ofTakarajimasha's guidebookKono Manga ga Sugoi!, a survey of the manga and publishing industries, namedKinnikuman the seventh-best manga series for male readers.[113]Media Factory'sDa Vinci magazine ranked it 23rd on the "Book of the Year" in 2019.[114] Several volumes of the series have been featured onOricon's weekly chart of best-selling manga in Japan; all volumes between the 40th and the 66th have reached the top 20.[note 5] Between 2008 and 2010, five volumes ofKinnikuman II Sei: Kyūkyoku no Chōjin Tag Hen also ranked on Oricon's top 30 list.[note 6] The series as whole had over 77 million copies in circulation by 2021;[148] As well asKinnikuman's manga was considered a hit, the series' merchandise in general was also successful.[1] by 2025, it had over 85 million copies in circulation.[149] Bandai reported that over 180 million units of Kinkeshi were sold in Japan.[98]Shaenon K. Garrity said, "The M.U.S.C.L.E. figurines ... were the sole American extrusion of a 1980s manga/anime/licensing phenomenon."[1]
The original 1983 anime series was popular, premiering with a rating over 20 percent.[4] Despite being considered "too old to be marketable on American television" by 4Kids in the 2000s,[150] the 2008Kinnikuman complete box set had 25,000 reservation requests by August in Japan.[151] In 2005, Japanese television networkTV Asahi conducted a "Top 100" online web poll and nationwide survey;Kinnikuman placed 97th in the online poll andUltimate Muscle placed 39th in the survey.[152][153] In 2006, TV Asahi conducted another online poll for the top one hundred anime, andKinnikuman placed 12th in the "Celebrity List".[154] In France, however, it caused some controversy because of the depiction of a character's garment featuring a swastika; the episode in which the character appeared was requested to be removed from air.[155]
Garrity calledKinnikuman a "cross between superhero parody and pro-wrestling goofiness".[1] Liann Cooper of theAnime News Network said that the "artwork alone is enough to clothesline itself and the whole concept of superhero wrestlers is like a manga-fiedMucha Lucha", butUltimate Muscle "is actually pretty funny".[156] Eduardo M. Chavez of Mania.com wrote that in 1979, "the series relied on its comedy and action to bring in an audience."Ultimate Muscle, while "keeping some of the old silliness", adds "some depth through a mature writing style and better action scenes."[157] On T.H.E.M Anime Reviews, Christi wrote, "Overall,Ultimate Muscle is the best thing about the FoxBox anthology." She praised the "funny, and in their own disgusting way, charming" characters, its "crisp and well-done" animation and the "very clean and appealing" character designs.[158]
Moreover,Kinnikuman has inspired real life wrestling events. At the Fight Entertainment Group'sDynamite!! 2008 martial arts event at theSaitama Super Arena,Bob Sapp fought Kid Muscle (played by Akihiko Tanaka) in an MMA match.[166] Toei Animation announced a Kinnikumania 2009 wrestling event, scheduled at theJCB Hall inTokyo Dome City on May 29, 2009, for the manga's 30th anniversary.[167]
Kinnikuman's enduring popularity is also shown by it being used to co-promoteGreen Lantern in 2011 for the Japanese release of the film,[168] and other characters of it appearing other merchandise, such as a series-themedonigiri,[169] and a pollen mask advertisement.[170][171]
^2001年東映アニメフェア (in Japanese). Toei Animation.Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. RetrievedMarch 22, 2014.
^2001年（平成13年）興収10億円以上番組(PDF) (in Japanese). Motion Picture Producers Association of Japan.Archived(PDF) from the original on October 26, 2019. RetrievedMarch 22, 2014.
^2002夏 東映アニメフェア (in Japanese). Toei Animation.Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. RetrievedMarch 22, 2014.
^キン肉マンII世 (in Japanese). Toei Animation.Archived from the original on March 22, 2014. RetrievedMarch 22, 2014.
^abキン肉マンが29周年——蘇えるキンケシの舞台裏.Business Media Makoto (in Japanese). IT Media. February 26, 2008.Archived from the original on December 23, 2014. RetrievedApril 29, 2014.
^Macdonald, Christopher (September 23, 2005)."TV Asahi Top 100 Anime".Anime News Network.Archived from the original on June 21, 2014. RetrievedAugust 8, 2012.
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^Macdonald, Christopher (October 13, 2006)."Japan's Favorite TV Anime".Anime News Network.Archived from the original on June 15, 2018. RetrievedAugust 8, 2014.
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