Ulan-Ude was first calledUdinskoye (Удинское,[ˈudʲɪnskəjə]) for its location on theUda River. It was founded as a small fort in 1666.[10] From around 1735, the settlement was calledUdinsk (Удинск,[ʊˈdʲinsk]) and was granted town status under that name in 1775.[citation needed] It was renamedVerkhneudinsk (Верхнеудинск,[vʲɪrxnʲɪˈudʲɪnsk]; "Upper Udinsk") in 1783, to differentiate it fromNizhneudinsk ("Lower Udinsk") lying on a differentUda River nearIrkutsk which was granted town status that year.[citation needed]
The descriptors "upper" and "lower" refer to the positions of the two cities relative to each other, rather than the location of the cities on their respective Uda rivers. Verkhneudinsk lies at the mouth of its river, while Nizhneudinsk is along the middle stretch. The current name was given to the city on 27 July 1934 and means "redUda" inBuryat, reflecting theideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.
Ulan-Ude is traversed by two rivers, the Selenga and Uda. The Selenga provides the greatest inflow toBaikal Lake, supplying 50% of all rivers in its basin. The Selenga brings about 30 cubic kilometers (7 cubic miles) of water into the lake per year, exerting a major influence on the lakewater's renewal and its sanitary condition. Selenga is the habitat of the most valuable fish species such asOmul,Siberian sturgeon, Siberiantaimen,Thymallus andCoregonus.[citation needed]
Uda is the right inflow of the Selenga river. The length of the watercourse is 467 kilometers (290 miles).
The first occupants of the area where Ulan-Ude now stands were theEvenks and, later, theBuryat Mongols. Ulan-Ude was settled in 1666 by the RussianCossacks as the fortress of Udinskoye. Due to its favorable geographical position, it grew rapidly and became a large trade center which connected Russia withChina andMongolia and, from 1690, was the administrative center of theTransbaikal region.[citation needed]
By 1775, it was known as Udinsk, and in 1783 it was granted city status and renamed Verkhneudinsk. After a large fire in 1878, the city was almost completely rebuilt. TheTrans-Siberian Railway reached the city in 1900 causing an explosion in growth. The population, which was 3,500 in 1880, reached 126,000 in 1939.[12]
From 6 April to October 1920,Verkhneudinsk was the capital of theFar Eastern Republic, also known as the Chita Republic.[13] It was a nominally independent state that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of theRussian Far East. On 27 July 1934, the city was renamed Ulan-Ude.[citation needed]
Following thedissolution of theSoviet Union, a period of rapid and uncontrolled illegal construction of private houses on officially designated agricultural land began. This phenomenon became known asNakhalovki. Due to the deteriorating economic situation in the region, the city of Ulan-Ude emerged as a favourable destination for internal migration. However, the growing population was met with an insufficient supply of formal housing, which in turn fuelled the spread of Nakhalovki districts in the city suburbs. The uncontrolled growth of those districts make them suffer from lack of necessary infrastructure.[14]
According to the2021 Census, 437,565 people lived in Ulan-Ude;[16] up from 404,426 recorded in the2010 Census.[2] In terms of population, it is the third-largest city in easternSiberia. It ranks45th among all cities in Russia. Roughly 600,000 people live in the urban agglomeration.
Until 1991, Ulan-Ude wasclosed to foreigners.[citation needed] There are old merchants' mansions richly decorated with wood and stone carving in the historical center of Ulan-Ude, along the river banks which are exceptional examples of Russian classicism. The city has a large ethnographic museum which recalls the history of the peoples of the region. There is a large and highly unusual statue of the head ofVladimir Lenin in the central square: the largest in the world. Built in 1970 for the centennial of Lenin's birth and weighing 42 tons, as of 2018[update] it continued to tower over the main plaza at 7.7 meters (25 ft).[18]
TheEthnographic Museum of the peoples ofTransbaikal is one of Russia's largest open-air museums. The museum contains historical finds from the era of theSlab Grave Culture and theXiongnu until the mid 20th century, including a unique collection of samples of wooden architecture ofSiberia.
Odigitrievsky Cathedral –Eastern Orthodox Church Diocese of the Buryat, was the first stone building in the city and is a Siberianbaroque architectural monument. The cathedral is considered unique because it is built in a zone of high seismic activity in the heart of the city on the banks of the River Uda River where it flows into the Selenga.
One of the attractions of Ulan-Ude is a monument in the town square — the square of the Soviets — in the form of the head of Lenin (sculptors G.V. Neroda, J.G. Neroda, architects Dushkin, P.G. Zilberman). The monument, weighing 42 tons and with a height of 7.7 meters (25 ft), was opened in 1971 in honor of the centenary of Lenin's birth.[18]
Ulan-Ude can be described as possessing a humidsteppe climate (Köppen climate classificationBSk), bordering on ahumid continental climate (Dwb) and asubarctic climate (Dwc). The climate is characterized by long, dry, and very cold winters, with substantial snowfall and persistent snow cover in the city and surrounding areas. Summers are relatively long for the city's latitude and climate zone. Lasting from mid-May to early September, they are warm and bring the majority of the annual precipitation in the form of rain.
The record high is 40.6 °C (105.1 °F) on 8 July 2016. The record low is −54.4 °C (−65.9 °F) on 6 January 1931. Temperatures have never risen above freezing from 31 December to 1 February, inclusive.
Правительство Республики Бурятия. Постановление №431 от 18 ноября 2009 г. «О реестре административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Бурятия», в ред. Постановления №573 от 13 ноября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Постановление Правительства Республики Бурятия от 18.11.2009 №431 "О реестре административно-территориальных единиц и населённых пунктов Республики Бурятия"». Вступил в силу 18 ноября 2009 г. Опубликован: "Бурятия", №216, Официальный вестник №120, 21 ноября 2009 г. (Government of the Republic of Buryatia. Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Resolution #573 of November 13, 2015On Amending Resolution #431 of November 18, 2009 of the Government of the Republic of Buryatia "On the Registry of the Administrative-Territorial Units and the Inhabited Localities of the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of November 18, 2009.).
Народный Хурал Республики Бурятия. Закон №985-III от 31 декабря 2004 г. «Об установлении границ, образовании и наделении статусом муниципальных образований в Республике Бурятия», в ред. Закона №1411-V от 14 октября 2015 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Бурятия "Об установлении границ, образовании и наделении статусом муниципальных образований в Республике Бурятия"». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: "Бурятия", №1, Официальный вестник №1, 12 января 2005 г. (People's Khural of the Republic of Buryatia. Law #985-III of December 31, 2004On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia, as amended by the Law #1411-V of October 14, 2015On Amending the Law of the Republic of Buryatia "On Establishing the Borders, Creating, and Granting a Status to the Municipal Formations in the Republic of Buryatia". Effective as of the day of the official publication.).
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