TheUkrainian National Revival (Ukrainian:Українське національне відродження,romanized: Ukrainske natsionalne vidrodzhennia) took place during a period when the territory of modern Ukraine was divided between theAustrian Empire, theKingdom of Hungary, and theRussian Empire after thepartitions of Poland at the end of the 18th century. The period took place soon after theHaidamaka Uprisings (also known asKoliivshchyna) rocked lands of the formerCossack Hetmanate.[1]
The movement arose at a time when the Ukrainian national resistance was almost entirely subjugated and largely driven underground. All state institutions under theCossack Hetmanate were completely liquidated along with theCossack movement. The European territory of theRussian Empire had successfully crossed theDnieper and extended towardsCentral Europe, as well as reaching the shores ofBlack Sea.
Nonetheless, the period is also considered to be the beginning of modernUkrainian literature, foremostly the works ofIvan Kotliarevsky. A number of Ukrainian historians such as Volodymyr Doroshenko andMykhailo Hrushevsky divided the period into three stages. The first stage stretches from the end of the 18th century to the 1840s, the second stage covers the period of the 1840s–1850s, and the third stage is the second half of the 19th century.
Novhorod-Siversky Patriotic Circle existed prior to theFrench invasion of Russia in 1812 inNovhorod-Siverskyi,Russian Empire. Its members included such personalities like Andriy Hudovych, Tymofiy Kalynsky, Ivan Khalansky, Arkhyp Khudorba, Pavlo Koropchevsky, Opanas Lobysevych (one of the leaders), Mykhailo Myklashevsky, Hryhoriy Poletyka, Andriy Rachynsky, BishopVarlaam Shyshatsky, Fedir Tumansky,Melkhysedek Znachko-Yavorsky, H. Dolynsky, S. Shyrai, and A. Pryhara. There are speculations that the 1791 secret mission ofVasily Kapnist toBerlin was connected with that circle. The circle played a key role in revival of Cossack regiments (seeIvan Kotliarevsky).
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TheBrotherhood of Sts Cyril and Methodius was a short-lasting underground anti-absolutist organization of Russian Empire based inKyiv and consisting of 12 members. Ideas ofPan-Slavism were popular among some of its participants. It was led byMykola Kostomarov.
A network ofhromada (Ukrainian communities) appeared soon after the liquidation of the Sts Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood and was heavily influenced by the ongoingKhlopomanstvo movement on the territory of modernUkraine.
The first such hromada appeared in the capital ofRussian Empire,Saint Petersburg. Many members were editors of the Ukrainian magazineOsnova that was published in 1861–62. Among the later members of the Saint Peterburg Hromada wereVolodymyr Leontovych,Petro Stebnytsky and others.
The most influential hromada, however, appeared inKyiv, members of which wereVolodymyr Antonovych,Mykhailo Drahomanov,Mykola Lysenko,Pavlo Chubynsky, and many others. Alternatively called the Old Hromada, Hromada of Kyiv played a key role in appearance of numerous Ukrainian political and cultural organizations in the Ukrainian guberniyas of the Russian Empire such as theSociety of Ukrainian Progressionists,Revolutionary Ukrainian Party,Prosvita (Enlightment), and others. Some powerful hromadas existed inOdesa,Kharkiv,Chernihiv,Poltava and elsewhere.
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Galicia became something of a "UkrainianPiedmont" under Austrian rule.[2] During the first decades ofHabsburg rule (1770s–1780s), Austrian officials recognized the existence of theRuthenian people, introduced a system of universal elementary education to be taught in the vernacularRuthenian language, and recognized theEastern Rite Uniate Catholic Church, to which the overwhelming majority of theRuthenian populace in Austrian-ruled Galicia belonged, as an equal to theWestern RiteRoman Catholic Church.[3] This was of especial importance, as some of the acknowledged leaders of the Ukrainian national revival in what is today Western Ukraine, were of this tradition, and the "Ruthenian Triad" ofMarkiyan Shashkevych,Ivan Vahylevych, andYakiv Holovatsky published in 1837 theRusalka Dnistrovaya, an almanac of Ukrainian folk songs inBuda,Hungary.
During theRevolution of 1848, theSupreme Ruthenian Council was founded inLviv, becoming the first legal Ukrainian political organization. In May 1848,Zoria Halytska started publishing as the first newspaper in Ukrainian language. In 1890 was founded theUkrainian Radical Party, thefirst Ukrainian political party.
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