| Ukrainian alphabet Українська абетка | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Period | 15th century (Ruthenian), 18th century (Modern Ukrainian) to present |
| Official script |  Ukraine |
| Languages | Ukrainian |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | Egyptian hieroglyphs[1]
|
Sister systems | Ukrainian Latin Pannonian Rusyn Carpathian Rusyn alphabets Russian Belarusian Bulgarian |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Cyrl(220), Cyrillic |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Cyrillic |
| Subset ofCyrillic (U+0400 ... U+04FF) | |
| This article containsphonetic transcriptions in theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, seeHelp:IPA. For the distinction between[ ],/ / and ⟨ ⟩, seeIPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. | |
TheUkrainian alphabet (Ukrainian:абе́тка, áзбука, алфа́ві́т,or альфабе́т[1928–1933 spelling and before 1933],romanized: abétka, ázbuka, alfávít,or alʹfabét) is theset of letters used to writeUkrainian, which is the official language ofUkraine. It is one of several national variations of theCyrillic script. It comes from theCyrillic script, which was devised in the 9th century for the firstSlavicliterary language, calledOld Slavonic. In the 10th century, Cyrillic script became used inKievan Rus' to writeOld East Slavic, from which theBelarusian,Russian,Rusyn, andUkrainian alphabets later evolved. The modern Ukrainian alphabet has 33 letters in total: 21consonants, 1semivowel, 10vowels and 1palatalization sign. Sometimes theapostrophe (') is also included, which has a phonetic meaning and is a mandatory sign in writing, but is not considered as a letter and is not included in the alphabet.
In Ukrainian, it is calledукраїнська абетка (tr.ukrainska abetka,IPA:[ʊkrɐˈjinʲsʲkɐɐˈbɛtkɐ]), from the initial lettersа (tr.a) andб (tr.b);алфавіт (tr.alfavit); or, archaically,азбука (tr.azbuka), from theacrophonicearly Cyrillic letter namesазъ (tr.az) andбуки (tr.buki).
Ukrainian text is sometimesromanised (written in theLatin alphabet) for non-Cyrillic readers or transcription systems. There are several common methods forromanizing Ukrainian including the international Cyrillic-to-Latin transcription standardISO 9. There have also been several historical proposals for a nativeUkrainian Latin alphabet, but none have caught on.
| Position | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 | 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Uppercase | А | Б | В | Г | Ґ | Д | Е | Є | Ж | З | И | І | Ї | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ь | Ю | Я |
| Lowercase | а | б | в | г | ґ | д | е | є | ж | з | и | і | ї | й | к | л | м | н | о | п | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ь | ю | я |
The alphabet comprises 33 letters, representing 40phonemes. Theapostrophe is also used in the spelling of some words, but is not considered a letter. Ukrainianorthography is based on the phonemic principle, with one letter generally corresponding to one phoneme. The orthography also has cases in which semantic, historical, and morphological principles are applied. In the Ukrainian alphabet the "Ь" could also be the last letter in the alphabet (this was its official position from 1932 to 1990).
Twenty-one letters representconsonants (б,в,г,ґ,д,ж,з,к,л,м,н,п,р,с,т,ф,х,ц,ч,ш,щ), ten representvowels (а,е,є,и,і,ї,о,у,ю,я), and one represents asemivowel (й). Thesoft sign(ь), which appears only after consonants, indicates that the preceding consonant is soft (palatalized).
Also,alveolar consonants are palatalized when followed by certain vowels:д,з,л,н,р,с,т,ц andдз are softened when they are followed by a "soft" vowel:є,і,ю,я. Seeiotation.
The apostrophe negates palatalization in places that it would be applied by normal orthographic rules. It also appears after labial consonants in some words, such asім'я "name",[2] and it is retained in transliterations from the Latin alphabet:Кот-д'Івуар (Côte d'Ivoire) andО'Тул (O'Toole).
The apostrophe is used similarly in Belarusian orthography, while the same function is served in Russian by thehard sign (ъ): compare Ukrainianоб'єкт and Belarusianаб'ект vs. Russianобъект ("object").
There are other exceptions to the phonemic principle in the alphabet. Some letters represent two phonemes:щ/ʃt͡ʃ/,ї/ji/ or/jɪ/, andє/jɛ/,ю/ju/,я/jɑ/ when they do not palatalize a preceding consonant. Thedigraphsдз andдж are normally used to represent single affricates/d͡z/ and/d͡ʒ/. Palatalization of consonants beforeе,у,а is indicated by writing the corresponding letterє,ю,я instead (theoretical palatalization beforeи is not indicated asі already corresponds to the palatized or "soft" counterpart ofи).
Compared to other Cyrillic alphabets, the modern[3] Ukrainian alphabet is most similar to those of the otherEast Slavic languages:Belarusian,Russian, andRusyn. It has retained the two early Cyrillic lettersі (i) andizhe (и) to represent related sounds/i/ and/ɪ/ as well as the two historical formse (е) andye (є). Its unique letters are the following:
TheCyrillic script was a writing system developed in theFirst Bulgarian Empire in the tenth century, to write theOld Church Slavonicliturgical language. It was named afterSaint Cyril, who with his brotherMethodius had created the earlierGlagolitic Slavonic script. Cyrillic was based on Greekuncial script, and adopted Glagolitic letters for some sounds which were absent in Greek – it also had some letters which were only used almost exclusively for Greek words or for theirnumeric value:Ѳ,Ѡ,Ѱ,Ѯ,Ѵ.
Theearly Cyrillic alphabet was brought toKievan Rus' at the end of the first millennium, along withChristianity and theOld Church Slavonic language. The alphabet was adapted to the local spokenOld East Slavic language, leading to the development of indigenous East Slavicliterary language alongside the liturgical use of Church Slavonic. The alphabet changed to keep pace with changes in language, as regional dialects developed into the modern Ukrainian,Belarusian andRussian languages. Spoken Ukrainian has an unbroken history, but the literary language has suffered from two major historical fractures.
Various reforms of the alphabet by scholars of Church Slavonic,Ruthenian, andRussian languages caused the written and spoken word to diverge by varying amounts. Etymological rules from Greek andSouth Slavic languages made the orthography imprecise and difficult to master.
Meletii Smotrytskyi's Slavonic Grammar of 1619 was very influential on the use of Church Slavonic, and codified the use of the letters Я (ya), Е (e), and Ґ (g). VariousRussian alphabet reforms were influential as well, especiallyPeter the Great's Civil Script of 1708 (theGrazhdanka). It created a new alphabet specifically for non-religious use, and adopted Latin-influenced letterforms for type. The Civil Script eliminated some archaic letters (Ѯ,Ѱ,Ѡ,Ѧ), but reinforced an etymological basis for the alphabet, influencingMykhailo Maksymovych's nineteenth-centuryGalicianMaksymovychivka script for Ukrainian, and its descendant, thePankevychivka, which is still in use, in a slightly modified form, for theRusyn language inCarpathian Ruthenia.
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In reaction to the hard-to-learn etymological alphabets, several reforms attempted to introduce aphonemic Ukrainian orthography during the nineteenth century, based on the example ofVuk Karadžić's Serbian Cyrillic. These includedPanteleimon Kulish'sKulishivka alphabet used in his 1857Notes on Southern Rus' andHramatka, theDrahomanivka alphabet promoted in the 1870s byMykhailo Drahomanov, and Yevhen Zhelekhivskyi'sZhelekhivka alphabet from 1886, which standardized the letters ї (yi) and ґ (g).
A Ukrainian cultural revival of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries stimulated literary and academic activity in bothDnieper Ukraine (formerly part of theRussian Empire) and western Ukraine (Austrian-controlledGalicia). In Galicia, the Polish-dominated local government tried to introduce aLatin alphabet for Ukrainian, which backfired by prompting a heated "War of the Alphabets", bringing the issue of orthography into the public eye. The Cyrillic script was favoured, but conservative Ukrainian cultural factions (the Old Ruthenians andRussophiles) opposed publications which promoted a pure Ukrainian orthography.
In Dnieper Ukraine, proposed reforms suffered from periodic bans of publication and performance in the Ukrainian language. One such decree was the notorious 1876Ems Ukaz, which banned the Kulishivka and imposed a Russian orthography until 1905 (called theYaryzhka, after the Russian letteryery ы). The Kulishivka was adopted by Ukrainian publications, only to be banned again from 1914 until after theFebruary Revolution of 1917.
The Zhelekhivka became official in Galicia in 1893, and was adopted by many eastern Ukrainian publications after the Revolution. ThePeople's Republic of Ukraine adopted official Ukrainian orthographies in 1918 and 1919, and Ukrainian publication increased, and then flourished under Skoropadsky'sHetmanate. Under theBolshevik government of Ukraine, Ukrainian orthographies were confirmed in 1920 and 1921.
In 1925, theUkrainian SSR created a Commission for the Regulation of Orthography. During the period ofUkrainization inSoviet Ukraine, the 1927 International Orthographic Conference was convened inKharkiv, from May 26 to June 6. At the conference, a standardized Ukrainian orthography and method for transliterating foreign words were established, a compromise between Galician and Soviet proposals, called theUkrainian orthography of 1928, orSkrypnykivka, after Ukrainian Commissar of EducationMykola Skrypnyk. It was officially recognized by the Council of People's Commissars in 1928, and by the LvivShevchenko Scientific Society in 1929, and adopted by theUkrainian diaspora. The Skrypnykivka was the first universally adopted native Ukrainian orthography.
However, by 1930Stalin's government started to reverse the Ukrainization policy, partly attributing the peasant resistance tocollectivization to Ukrainian nationalists.[4] In 1933, theorthographic reforms were abolished, decrees were passed to bring the orthography steadily closer to Russian. His reforms discredited and labelled "nationalist deviation", Skrypnyk committed suicide rather than face a show trial and execution or deportation. The Ukrainian letterge ґ,[5] and the phonetic combinations ль, льо, ля were eliminated, and Russian etymological forms were reintroduced (for example, the use of -іа- in place of -я-). An official orthography was published in Kyiv in 1936, with revisions in 1945 and 1960. This orthography is sometimes calledPostyshivka, afterPavel Postyshev, Stalin's official who oversaw the dismantling of Ukrainisation.
In the meantime, the Skrypnykivka continued to be used by Ukrainians in Galicia and the worldwide diaspora.
During the period ofPerestroika in the USSR, a new Ukrainian Orthographic Commission was created in 1986. A revised orthography was published in 1990, reintroducing the letter geґ. It also revised the alphabetical order, moving the soft signь from the end of the alphabet, to a position before the letterю, which helps sort Ukrainian text together with Belarusian (following a proposal by L. M. Ivanenko of the Glushkov Institute of Cybernetics).
On 21 May 2019, theCabinet of Ministers of Ukraine approved anew version of the orthography prepared by the Ukrainian National Commission on Spelling. The new edition brought to life some features oforthography in 1928, which were part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition. At the same time, the commission was guided by the understanding that the language practice of Ukrainians in the second half of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century has already become part of the Ukrainian orthographic tradition.[6]
| Upright | Most common transliteration | English equivalent (approximation) | Example in Ukrainian | Name | Traditional name | IPA | Etymology |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| А а | a | father, large | абетка (alphabet) | а/ɑ/ | аз | /ɑ/ | From the Greek letteralpha (Α α) |
| Б б | b | bad,big,bed | бабуся (grandmother) | бе/bɛ/ | буки | /b/,/b˙/[7] | From the Greek letterbeta (Β β) |
| В в | v | water,while | віл (ox) | ве/wɛ/ | віді | /w/,[a]/u̯/,/ʋ/[8] | From the Greek letterbeta (Β β) |
| Г г | h | neighbourhood,hello | говорити (to talk) | ге/ɦɛ/ | глаголь | /ɦ/ | From the Greek lettergamma (Γ γ) |
| Ґ ґ[b] | g | egg,gold | ґуля (lump) | ґе/ɡɛ/ | — | /ɡ/ | It comes from the italic variant of the Greek lettergamma (Γ γ). In the 14th century it was transmitted in writing by the digraphкг (кгрунт —ґрунт). It was used for the first time in thePeresopnytsia Gospel (1556–1561). Officially became a part of the alphabet inMeletius Smotrytsky's "Grammar" in 1616. Removed from the alphabet in 1933 as part of theRussification of Ukraine. Restored in the third edition of "Ukrainian orthography" in 1990. Rare, and only appears in non-native words and toponyms. |
| Д д | d | dog,doing | десь (somewhere) | де/dɛ/ | добро | /d/,/dʲ/,/ɟː/,/d͡z/,/d͡zʲ/,[10]/d͡ʒ/[11] | From the Greek letterdelta (Δ δ) |
| Е е | e | bed | церква (church) | е/ɛ/ | єсть | /ɛ/,/ɛ̝/[12] | From the Greek letterepsilon (Ε ε) |
| Є є | ye, ie | yellow,yes,yet | моє (my) | є/jɛ/ | — | /jɛ/ or/ʲɛ/ | Alluded to the Cyrillic letterѤ, but not directly derived from it. One of the variants of the Cyrillic letter е / є. It was first used in the spelling of "Русалка Днѣстровая" in 1837 to indicate the sounds [jɛ] and [ɛ] with a softening of the preceding consonant, before that it was used in Maksymovychivka instead of the modern e (жєньци — женці). |
| Ж ж | zh | pleasure, vision | авжеж (of course) | же/ʒɛ/ | живіте | /ʒ/,/ʒʲː/,/d͡ʒ/[11] | From theGlagolitic letter Zhivete (Ⰶ), that most likely comes from the Coptic letter janjia (Ϫ ϫ). There is no corresponding letter in the Greek alphabet. |
| З з | z | zoo | забавка (toy) | зе/zɛ/ | земля | /z/,/zʲ/,/zʲː/,/d͡z/,/d͡zʲ/,[10]/s/,/sʲ/[13] | From the Greek letterzeta (Ζ ζ) |
| И и | y | mitt | писати (to write) | и/ɪ̈/ | іже (осьмеричне) | /ɪ̈/,/ɪ/,/ɪ̞/[14] | From the Greek lettereta (Η η) |
| І і | i | meet | ніч (night) | і/i/ | і(жеї) (десятеричне) | /i/,/ʲi/ | From the Greek letteriota (Ι ι), from the Phoenicianyodh. Since 1818, the letter has been the only letter to indicate the sound/i/ in the Ukrainian language. Before that, the letters и, ѣ, ô, ê, û were used. |
| Ї ї | yi, i | yeast | країна (country) | ї/ji/ | — | /ji/ | The letter was officially introduced to the alphabet by P. Zhytetskyi and K. Mykhalchuk in 1874–1875. Before that, the letters ѣ, и and е were used (e.g.ѣжакъ —їжак,ии —її). |
| Й й | y, i | boy, toy | цей (this) | йот/jɔt/, й/ɪj/ | — | /j/ | The letterи with abreve. Borrowed from Greek, where it was used to indicate short sounds. For the sound/j/, the letter began to be used in M. Smotrytsky's "Grammar" since 1619. |
| К к | k | cat,king | канал (channel) | ка/kɑ/ | како | /k/,/ɡ/[15] | From the Greek letterkappa (Κ κ) |
| Л л | l | like | лити (to pour) | ел/ɛl/ | люди(є) | /l/,/lʲ/,/ʎː/ | From the Greek letterlambda (Λ λ) |
| М м | m | my | місто (city) | ем/ɛm/ | мисліте | /m/ | From the Greek lettermu (Μ μ) |
| Н н | n | never | вагітна (pregnant) | ен/ɛn/ | нащ | /n/,/nʲ/,/ɲː/ | From the Greek letternu (Ν ν) |
| О о | o | long, more | вподобайка (like) | о/ɔ/ | он | /ɔ/,/o/[16] | From the Greek letteromicron (Ο ο) |
| П п | p | people | пес (dog) | пе/pɛ/ | покой | /p/,/p˙/[17] | From the Greek letterpi (Π π) |
| Р р | r | rolledr, Italian terra | родина (family) | ер/ɛr/ | рци | /r/,/rʲ/ | From the Greek letterrho (Ρ ρ) |
| С с | s | sea,so | серпень (August) | ес/ɛs/ | слово | /s/,/sʲ/,/sʲː/,/z/,/zʲ/[18] | From the Greek lettersigma (Σ σ/ς) |
| Т т | t | star,top | додаток (app) | те/tɛ/ | твердо | /t/,/tʲ/,/cː/,/d/,/dʲ/[19] | From the Greek lettertau (Τ τ) |
| У у | u | boot | дідусь (grandfather) | у/u/ | ук | /u/,/u̯/ | Originally it was adigraph of the Cyrillic letters О and Ѵ, which repeats the Greek way of denoting the sound [u] by combining the letters ου. |
| Ф ф | f | fight | фото (photo) | еф/ɛf/ | ферт | /f/ | From the Greek letterphi (Φ φ) |
| Х х | x, kh | ugh | хворий (sick) | ха/xɑ/ | хір | /x/ | From the Greek letterchi (Χ χ) |
| Ц ц | c, ts | sits | цукор (sugar) | це/t͡sɛ/ | ци | /t͡s/,/t͡sʲ/,/t͡sʲː/ | There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient alphabets: inEthiopian,Aramaic and alphabets derived from it, such asHebrew andCoptic. |
| Ч ч | ch | chat,check | рукавичка (glove) | че/t͡ʃɛ/ | черв | /t͡ʃ/,/t͡ʃʲː/,/d͡ʒ/[20] | Possibly from the Hebrew lettertsade (צ), maybe it has the same origin as the letterц.Francisk Skaryna used the Greek letterkoppa (Ϙ ϙ) for the letterч. |
| Ш ш | sh | shoes | шафа (wardrobe) | ша/ʃɑ/ | ша | /ʃ/,/ʃʲː/ | There is no exact version of the origin, letters similar in spelling existed in several ancient alphabets: theEthiopian ε,Aramaic and alphabets derived from it, such as theHebrew ש or theCoptic ϣ. |
| Щ щ | shch | freshcherries | борщ (Borscht) | ща/ʃt͡ʃɑ/ | ща | /ʃt͡ʃ/ | By origin, it is aligature of the lettersш andт (in modernBulgarian, the letter щ is still read as [ʃt]). |
| Ь ь[c] | ʹ | silent,palatalizes a consonant | кінь (horse) | м'який знак/mjɑˈkɪjˈznɑk/ | єрь | /ʲ/ | It is most likely a modification of the Early CyrillicО with a dash on top, or the Early Cyrillic letterІ, that still exists in Ukrainian. The letter ь became the graphic basis for other Cyrillic letters, like ъ, ы and ѣ. |
| Ю ю | yu, iu | use | ключ (key) | ю/ju/ | ю | /ju/,/ʲu/ | Corresponds to the Greek letter combinationοι (omicron and iota) |
| Я я | ya, ia | yard | я (I) | я/jɑ/ | малий юс | /jɑ/,/ʲɑ/ | Originally the Cyrillic "little yus" comes from a Glagolitic letter, that probably borrowed it from Greek ligatures likeεν orον. The modern form was introduced to the alphabet afterPeter I's reforms. |
| ' | ʺ | silent, preventspalatalization | м'ясо (meat) | апостроф/ɑˈpɔstrɔf/ | — | —[d] | — |
For other transliteration systems, seeromanisation of Ukrainian.
Notes:
There are alsodigraphs which are pronounced as a single sound:⟨дж⟩, which is pronounced/dʒ/, likedg inknowledge, and⟨дз⟩, which is realized as/d͡z/. Examples:джміль (dzhmil, "a bumble bee"),бджола (bdzhola, "a bee"),дзвоник (dzvonyk, "a bell").
| Upright | Italics | Most common transliteration | Modern Ukrainian equivalent | Name | IPA |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ѥ ѥ | Ѥ ѥ | ye, ie, je | е, є | йотоване е | /jɛ/ |
| Ѕ ѕ | Ѕ ѕ | z | з | (д)зіло | /z/,/zʲ/ |
| Ѡ ѡ | Ѡ ѡ | o | о | омега, о | /o/ |
| Ъ ъ | Ъ ъ | " | ' (apostrophe) | жорсткий знак | — |
| Ы ы | Ы ы | y | и | єри | /ɪ/ |
| Ѣ ѣ | Ѣ ѣ | ě | і | ять | /i/ |
| Ꙗ ꙗ | Ꙗ ꙗ | ya, ia, ja | я | йотоване а | /jɑ/ |
| Ѧ ѧ | Ѧ ѧ | ę | я | малий юс | /ɛ̃/ |
| Ѫ ѫ | Ѫ ѫ | ǫ | у | великий юс | /ɔ̃/ |
| Ѩ ѩ | Ѩ ѩ | yę | я | малий йотований юс | /jɛ̃/ |
| Ѭ ѭ | Ѭ ѭ | yǫ | ю | великий йотований юс | /jɔ̃/ |
| Ѱ ѱ | Ѱ ѱ | ps | пс | псі | /ps/,/psʲ/ |
| Ѯ ѯ | Ѯ ѯ | ks | кс | ксі | /ks/,/ksʲ/ |
| Ѳ ѳ | Ѳ ѳ | f | ф | фіта | /θ/,/f/ |
| Ѵ ѵ | Ѵ ѵ | í, v | і, в | іжиця | /i/,/v/ |
| Ё ё | Ё ё | yo, io, jo, ë | йо, ьо | йо | /jɔ/ |
| Ў ў | Ў ў | w, ŭ | в | коротке у | /u̯/ |
| Э э | Э э | e | e | e | /e/ |
In print, severallowercase Cyrillic letters resemble smaller versions of their correspondinguppercase forms.
Handwritten Cyrilliccursive letterforms vary somewhat from their corresponding printed (typeset) counterparts, particularly for the lettersг,д,и,й, andт.
LikeLatin script, whose typefaces haveroman anditalic forms, a Cyrillic type face (шрифт,shryft) has upright (прямий,priamyi) and cursive (курсивний,kursyvnyi) font forms, the latter of which later came to be called (письмівка,pys’mivka). Several lowercase letters in the cursive printed form bear little resemblance to the corresponding lowercase letters in the upright printed form, more closely resembling the corresponding handwritten lowercase cursive forms instead, particularly for the lettersг,д,и,й,п, andт.
Quoted text is typically enclosed in unspaced Frenchguillemets («angle-quotes»), or in lower and upperquotation marks as in German.
| standard | alternative |
|---|---|
| «цитата» | „цитата“ |
| U+00AB U+00BB | U+201E U+201F |
| « » | „ ‟ |
Reference:Bringhurst, Robert (2002).The Elements of Typographic Style (version 2.5), pp. 262–264. Vancouver, Hartley & Marks.ISBN 0-88179-133-4.
There are variouscharacter encodings for representing Ukrainian with computers.
ISO 8859-5 encoding is missing the letterґ.
KOI8-U stands forКод обміну інформації 8 бітний — український, "Code for informationinterchange 8 bit — Ukrainian", analogous to "ASCII". KOI8-U is a Ukrainianized version ofKOI8-R.
Windows-1251 works for the Ukrainian alphabet, as well as for other Cyrillic alphabets.
Ukrainian falls within the Cyrillic (U+0400 to U+04FF) and Cyrillic Supplementary (U+0500 to U+052F) blocks ofUnicode. The characters in the range U+0400–U+045F are basically the characters fromISO 8859-5 moved upward by 864 positions.
In the following table, Ukrainian letters have titles indicating their Unicode information and HTML entity. In a visual browser you can hold the mouse pointer over the letter to see this information.
| First 3 digits | Last digit | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
040 | Ѐ | Ё | Ђ | Ѓ | Є | Ѕ | І | Ї | Ј | Љ | Њ | Ћ | Ќ | Ѝ | Ў | Џ |
041 | А | Б | В | Г | Д | Е | Ж | З | И | Й | К | Л | М | Н | О | П |
042 | Р | С | Т | У | Ф | Х | Ц | Ч | Ш | Щ | Ъ | Ы | Ь | Э | Ю | Я |
043 | а | б | в | г | д | е | ж | з | и | й | к | л | м | н | о | п |
044 | р | с | т | у | ф | х | ц | ч | ш | щ | ъ | ы | ь | э | ю | я |
045 | ѐ | ё | ђ | ѓ | є | ѕ | і | ї | ј | љ | њ | ћ | ќ | ѝ | ў | џ |
046 | Ѡ | ѡ | Ѣ | ѣ | Ѥ | ѥ | Ѧ | ѧ | Ѩ | ѩ | Ѫ | ѫ | Ѭ | ѭ | Ѯ | ѯ |
047 | Ѱ | ѱ | Ѳ | ѳ | Ѵ | ѵ | Ѷ | ѷ | Ѹ | ѹ | Ѻ | ѻ | Ѽ | ѽ | Ѿ | ѿ |
048 | Ҁ | ҁ | ҂ | ҃ | ҄ | ҅ | ҆ | ҇ | ҈ | ҉ | Ҋ | ҋ | Ҍ | ҍ | Ҏ | ҏ |
049 | Ґ | ґ | Ғ | ғ | Ҕ | ҕ | Җ | җ | Ҙ | ҙ | Қ | қ | Ҝ | ҝ | Ҟ | ҟ |
04A | Ҡ | ҡ | Ң | ң | Ҥ | ҥ | Ҧ | ҧ | Ҩ | ҩ | Ҫ | ҫ | Ҭ | ҭ | Ү | ү |
04B | Ұ | ұ | Ҳ | ҳ | Ҵ | ҵ | Ҷ | ҷ | Ҹ | ҹ | Һ | һ | Ҽ | ҽ | Ҿ | ҿ |
04C | Ӏ | Ӂ | ӂ | Ӄ | ӄ | Ӆ | ӆ | Ӈ | ӈ | Ӊ | ӊ | Ӌ | ӌ | Ӎ | ӎ | ӏ |
04D | Ӑ | ӑ | Ӓ | ӓ | Ӕ | ӕ | Ӗ | ӗ | Ә | ә | Ӛ | ӛ | Ӝ | ӝ | Ӟ | ӟ |
04E | Ӡ | ӡ | Ӣ | ӣ | Ӥ | ӥ | Ӧ | ӧ | Ө | ө | Ӫ | ӫ | Ӭ | ӭ | Ӯ | ӯ |
04F | Ӱ | ӱ | Ӳ | ӳ | Ӵ | ӵ | Ӷ | ӷ | Ӹ | ӹ | Ӻ | ӻ | Ӽ | ӽ | Ӿ | ӿ |
050 | Ԁ | ԁ | Ԃ | ԃ | Ԅ | ԅ | Ԇ | ԇ | Ԉ | ԉ | Ԋ | ԋ | Ԍ | ԍ | Ԏ | ԏ |
051 | Ԑ | ԑ | Ԓ | ԓ | Ԕ | ԕ | Ԗ | ԗ | Ԙ | ԙ | Ԛ | ԛ | Ԝ | ԝ | Ԟ | ԟ |
052 | Ԡ | ԡ | Ԣ | ԣ | Ԥ | ԥ | Ԧ | ԧ | Ԩ | ԩ | Ԫ | ԫ | Ԭ | ԭ | Ԯ | ԯ |
Elements inHTML andXML would normally have theUkrainian language indicated using theIETF language taguk (lang="uk" in HTML andxml:lang="uk" in XML). Although indicating the writing system is normally not necessary, this can be accomplished by adding a script subtag, for example to distinguish Cyrillic Ukrainian text (uk-Cyrl) fromromanized Ukrainian (uk-Latn).
The standard Ukrainiankeyboard layout for personal computers is as follows:
Italics indicate that the language no longer uses Cyrillic | |||||||||||||||||
| Cyrillic alphabets |
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| Cyrillization of | |||||||||||||||||
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