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Ukrainian Baroque (Ukrainian:українське бароко,romanized: ukrainske baroko), also known asCossack Baroque (Ukrainian:козацьке бароко,romanized: kozatske baroko) orMazepa Baroque,[1] is anartistic style that was widespread inUkraine in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was the result of a combination of local traditions and EuropeanBaroque.
Thanks to influences fromWestern Europe, from the late 16th century the lands of modern Ukraine came under the influence of the secularized Baroque form of art and architecture, which was still unknown in the neighbouringTsardom of Russia.[2] According to the historianSerhii Plokhy,Petro Mohyla, theMetropolitan of Kyiv from 1633 to 1647, was crucial in developing the style as part of his drive to reform theUkrainian Orthodox Church and adapt the Church to the challenges of theReformation andCounter-Reformation.[3] Ukrainian Baroque reached its apogee in the time of the CossackHetmanIvan Mazepa, from 1687 to 1708. Mazepa Baroque is an original synthesis of Western European Baroque architectural forms and Ukrainian national Baroque architectural traditions.
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Ukrainian Baroque is distinct from the Western European Baroque in having more moderate ornamentation and simpler forms, and as such was considered moreconstructivist. Many Ukrainian Baroque buildings have been preserved, including several buildings inKyiv Pechersk Lavra and theVydubychi Monastery inKyiv. The historianAndrew Wilson has identified All Saints' Church, the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Trinity Gate within the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra as good examples of the style, along withSt. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery in Kyiv andSt. Catherine's inChernihiv.[4] The exterior ofSt. Sophia Cathedral in Kyiv also underwent significant alterations in the Baroque style.[5] Another example of the style is the Church of St. Elias inSubotiv, whereBohdan Khmelnytsky buried his son Tymish in 1653 after his death in battle.[6] The church is also depicted on the₴5 note.
Baroque sculptorJohann Georg Pinsel, who was active during the mid-18th century inGalicia, was the subject of a special exhibition at theLouvre in Paris in 2012–2013. Pinsel, which demonstrated a unique, masterful expressiveness of form and a highly personal characterization of drapery is now recognized as a leading figure in European Baroque sculpture.[7] Italian Baroque architectBartolomeo Rastrelli, who is best known for designing theWinter Palace inSaint Petersburg andCatherine Palace inTsarskoe Selo, also made contributions to the Ukrainian Baroque style, designingSt. Andrew's Church andMariinskyi Palace inKyiv.[8] The palace is now used as the official residence of thePresident of Ukraine. Galician architectBernard Meretyn designed the ornateSt. George's Cathedral, Lviv, used as a mother church by theUkrainian Greek Catholic Church.[9]
Other notable Baroque architects active in Ukraine include:
Certain features of Ukrainian Baroque architecture influenced theNaryshkin Baroque movement in the 17th–18th century inMoscow.[10][11] Modern Ukrainian church buildings, such asTroieshchyna Cathedral, are also built in this style, but it is not typical for Ukrainian Baroque. Elements of the Ukrainian Baroque style were later adapted by theUkrainian-Canadian community when building their own churches, adapted for the wooden church architecture more typical in Canadian-Ukrainian churches.[12]
Baroque style in Ukrainian art dominated from around 1600 until the late 18th century. Starting from the 16th century Ukrainian religious artists abandoned most elements ofByzantine art and adopted a clearer, more laconic style influenced by folk art motives and characterized by joyous features. Ukrainianicons created during that period are characterized with saturated colours and rich decorative elements. Baroque art from Ukraine influenced iconographers in the broader region and was mentioned in accounts by contemporaries, such asPaul of Aleppo.[13] The best examples ofBaroque painting in Ukraine are the church paintings in theHoly Trinity Church of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra. Rapid development in engraving techniques occurred during the Ukrainian Baroque period. Advances utilized a complex system ofsymbolism, allegories, heraldic signs, and sumptuous ornamentation.[14]
In Ukrainian lands Baroque literature flourished in the 17th and 18th centuries and was dominated by religious and spiritual topics, as most of its authors were clergymen. According toDmytro Chyzhevsky, the first Ukrainian writer to use elements of Baroque style in his works wasIvan Vyshenskyi; Baroque aesthetics are also characteristic for some parts of theGalician-Volhynian Chronicle. Pivotal events in the development of Baroque literature in Ukraine were the foundation of Kyiv Brotherhood School (later known asKyiv-Mohyla Academy) in 1615 and the restoration of Eastern Orthodox hierarchy in 1620. Main representatives of Baroque culture in Ukrainian lands during that time were Orthodox clergymen and professors of Kyiv Academy. Baroque poetry was a subject taught in Ukrainian higher schools until the end of the 18th century, producing a number of prominent authors creating in that style. The majority of Baroque authors in Ukraine created their works in theChurch Slavonic language, but also included many elements fromcommon Ukrainian speech of that time, as well as fromPolish andRussian languages.[15] The flowering of Baroque literature in Ukraine helped lay the foundations for Russian secular literature.[16]
A Baroque-influenced type ofCyrillichandwriting script was used in documents of theCossack Hetmanate in Ukraine during the 16-18th centuries.
During the Baroque eraznamenny chant in Ukrainian music was replaced withpart song. One of the most important musical theorists in Ukraine during that time wasMykola Dyletsky, a composer from Kyiv. Among other Ukrainian Baroque composers wereSymeon Pekalytsky,Ivan Domaratsky andHerman Levytsky. Music was included in the curriculum of the Kyiv Mohyla Academy, whose alumni popularized Baroque musical genres such asvertep andkant songs.
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