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International relations between theEuropean Union (EU) andUkraine are shaped through theUkraine–European Union Association Agreement and theDeep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area (DCFTA). Ukraine is a priority partner within theEastern Partnership and theEuropean Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). The EU and Ukraine developed an increasingly close relationship, going beyond co-operation, to gradual economic integration and deepening of political co-operation.[1] On 23 June 2022, theEuropean Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate foraccession to the European Union.[2]
The association agreement was initiated in 2012, but the Ukrainian government suspendedpreparations for signingthe association agreement on 21 November 2013, during the presidency ofViktor Yanukovych,[3][4] who attended the EU summit inVilnius on 28–29 November 2013, where the association agreement was originally planned to be signed.[5][6] The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to the pro-EUEuromaidan movement.[7] These led to the removal of Yanukovych and hisgovernment by parliament after the2013–2014 Ukrainian revolution in February 2014.[3][8]
The political part of the Association Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014, by Prime Minister,Arseniy Yatsenyuk.[1] Meanwhile, the EU froze assets of Russians and Ukrainians suspected of corruption and granted financial aid to Ukraine.[1][3][9] The economic part of theUkraine–European Union Association Agreement was signed on 27 June 2014, by the new president,Petro Poroshenko.[10] On 1 January 2016, Ukraine joined the DCFTA with the EU. Ukrainian citizens were grantedvisa-free travel to theSchengen Area for up to 90 days during any 180-day period on 11 June 2017, and the Association Agreement formally came into effect on 1 September 2017.[11] On 21 February 2019, theConstitution of Ukraine was amended, the norms on the strategic course of Ukraine for membership in the European Union andNATO were enshrined in the preamble of the Basic Law, three articles and transitional provisions.[12][13] On 28 February 2022, during the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy officially signed an EU membership application for Ukraine.[14] Prime MinistersMateusz Morawiecki ofPoland,Janez Janša ofSlovenia andPetr Fiala ofthe Czech Republic, all being member states of the European Union, visitedKyiv and met withUkrainian PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy to express their solidarity and support during the invasion.
Ukraine shares borders with four EU member states;Hungary,Poland,Slovakia, andRomania—that stretch about 2,235 kilometres (1,389 mi) in total, with 33 border crossings by road, rail, ferry, and walking and bicycle path.
On 14 December 2023, the European Council agreed to open accession negotiations with Ukraine. Accession negotiations began on 25 June 2024, at the same time as those withMoldova.[15]
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The European project has not been completed as yet. It has not been completed because there is no full-fledged participation of Ukraine. We envyPoland, but we believe that Ukraine will be in the European Union.
Ukraine's desire to join the European Union dates back to 1993 when the government declared that integration to the EU was the main foreign policy objective.[17] TheDelegation of the European Commission to Ukraine was opened in Kyiv in September 1993. In reality, little was done since Kyiv had to take into account that Russia was its major trade partner and natural gas andfossil energy supplier.[citation needed]
The political dialogue between the EU and Ukraine started in 1994 when thePartnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) was signed. That document was focused on economic and social issues and the necessity of conducting public administration reforms and guaranteeing free press and civil rights. The framework set for political discussions was a yearly meeting between EU Troika and Ukrainian leadership and some inter-ministerial consultations. The first EU–Ukraine summit took place in September 1997 inKyiv. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994 entered into force in 1998 and expired in 2008.[18] During the second summit in October 1998 inVienna, EU–Ukraine relations were defined as a strategic and unique partnershipand Ukraine first declared its desire to acquire associate membership in the EU.[18] None of the top-level meetings brought major changes to a reserved EU approach. Leaders focused chiefly onpost-communism economic transition and human rights records as well as on issues connected to theChernobyl nuclear power plant and its containment.
In 2002, EU Enlargement CommissionerGünter Verheugen said that membership within 10 to 20 years was a possibility. The same yearUkrainian PresidentLeonid Kuchma stated that Ukraine would meet all EU membership requirements by 2007–2011.[18]
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TheOrange Revolution of late 2004 improved Ukraine's European prospects; the opposition leaderViktor Yushchenko hinted that he would press the EU for deeper ties and described a four-point plan: acknowledgment of Ukraine as a market economy, entry in theWorld Trade Organization, associate membership in the European Union, and, finally, full membership.[19]Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko askedBrussels mid-December 2004 for a clearer indication of Ukraine's prospects for membership, saying that, "The approved Action Plan reflects only the level of Ukraine–EU relations that we could have reached before thepresidential elections in 2004."[20]
On 13 January 2005, theEuropean Parliament almost unanimously (467 votes to 19 in favour) passed amotion stating the wish of the European Parliament to establish closer ties with Ukraine in view of the possibility of EU membership.[21] TheEuropean Commission stated that future EU membership would not be ruled out. Several EU leaders stated strong support for closer economic ties with Ukraine.
On 21 March 2005, Polish Foreign MinisterAdam Daniel Rotfeld noted that Poland will, in every way, promote Ukraine's desire to be integrated with the EU, achieve the status of a market-economy country, and join theWorld Trade Organization. He also said, "At the present moment, we should talk concrete steps in cooperation instead of engaging in empty talk about European integration." Three days later, a poll of the six largest EU nations conducted by a French research company showed that the European public would be more likely to accept Ukraine as a future EU member than any other country that is not currently an official candidate.
In October 2005, Commission presidentJosé Manuel Barroso said that the future of Ukraine isin the EU. On 9 November 2005, however, the European Commission in a new strategy paper suggested that the current enlargement agenda (Croatia and in the future the other ex-Yugoslavian countries) could block the possibility of a future accession of Ukraine,Armenia,Belarus,Georgia, andMoldova. CommissionerOlli Rehn said that the EU should avoid overexpansion, adding that the current enlargement agenda is already quite full.[22]
According to the Ukrainian authorities, the ENP is not an adequate political instrument, since joining the EU was one of principal objectives of all governments since 1993.[17] After theOrange Revolution of 2004 that brought to powerViktor Yushchenko, the EU commission was very slow to react: little progress was made to put the largest European country on a path to eventual membership.[citation needed]
In March 2007, the EU and Ukraine started talks about a new "wider agreement", aiming at offering a legal framework for a closer economic cooperation and a better political dialogue. It was agreed that Ukraine and the EU would start a parallel negotiation concerning setting up a free trade area. Later in 2007, it was announced that this issue would be incorporated into the draft agreement as a separate chapter.
In our course, aimed at the full return of Ukraine into the united Europe, we do not need alternatives
Days before the summit, the Ministers of foreign affairs of Member States agreed during their meeting inAvignon (France) that association agreement to be signed with Ukraine will have nothing to do with theassociation agreements the EU signed with many Eastern European States (from Poland to Romania in the beginning of the 1990s, Western Balkans by the end of the 1990s). Media reported that the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg and Germany were strongly opposed to including "Ukraine is a European State" into EU legally binding documents. This was considered a failure of Kuchma-era politician Mr.Roman Shpek, then Ukrainian ambassador to Brussels. He was replaced by Mr.Andriy Veselovsky, a more experienced diplomat.
AJoint EU–Ukraine Action Plan was endorsed by the European Council on 21 February 2005. It was based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994 and provided, according to the European Commission, a comprehensive and ambitious framework for joint of work with Ukraine in all key areas of reform.[24]
Talks on afree trade agreement between Ukraine and the European Union started on 18 February 2008 between the Ukrainian government and theEU Trade Commissioner.[25]
Portugal publicly stated it supports Ukraine's EU accession in July 2008.[26]
On 22 July 2008, it was announced that a "Stabilisation and Association"-type agreement would be signed between Ukraine and the EU on 8 September 2008 inÉvian-les-Bains.[27]
On 2 October 2008, Ukraine President Yushchenko announced that the Association agreement between the country and the EU would be signed "within six-eight months". On that day, he met with the King of SwedenCharles XVI Gustav, who paid a state visit to Kyiv. According to Yushchenko, "the agreement is half-ready, and he hopes that there will be a possibility to finalise and sign it under Swedish presidency in the EU." He also welcomed the initiative ofEastern Partnership suggested earlier by Polish and Swedish Foreign Ministers.
On 20–24 October 2008, the EU and Ukraine held a negotiation round on the free trade area chapter of the Association agreement. According to some Ukrainian media,[who?] the "EU promised to liberalise trade relations". Ukraine's representative told that one must not "focus too much" on negotiation since there is much to be done by the Ukrainian government to meet certain criteria. He also said, that "soon, the Balkans will enter into the European trade space and therefore Ukraine might lose these markets". This was seen as a reason for Ukraine to move forward as least as soon as Balkans, the EU did not comment on that perception.
On 29 October 2008, the EU Commissioner Jacques Barrot and Ukrainian officials met inBrussels to launch negotiations on visa-free travel. Kyiv had been asking for a "road map" to visa lifting, including travel document security, irregular migration, public order and foreign relations. But the EU justice commissioner avoided to give any specific dates. Moreover, the Ukrainian side argued that the 2007 visa facilitation agreement is not fully implemented by the EU member states. The European Commission representative was quoted as saying that Brussels is ready to impose sanctions against those who do not respect the agreement. Spanish, Dutch, German and Belgian embassies were cited among the most active rule breakers. Making visa processing lengthy and expensive is one of the major agreement violations. On 28 October 2008,Belgian PMYves Leterme told that Ukrainians need to avoid middlemen in visa procedures if they want to reduce their cost. The problem is that some consulates, including Belgian, oblige visa seekers to deal with a middleman.
According to Ukrainian President Yushchenko, some embassies of EU countries often require Ukrainians to present documents, which had not been foreseen in the agreement on simplification of visa regulations. Around five per cent of Ukrainians willing to travel to the EU are denied visas, which, according to Yushchenko, "does not meet the standards of our agreements with the EU."[28]
On 4 June 2009, some media outlets reported that Germany'sFree Democratic Party openly stated in its programme that Ukraine has the right for the EU membership in the long term. This was the first major German political party to state this.[29]
On 16 June 2009, a new practical instrument was adopted—theEU-Ukraine Association Agenda.[30]
In September 2009, high-ranking Ukrainian diplomats proposed that Ukraine apply for EU membership after thepresidential election in January 2010, around March 2010, which would mean that the official response to the application would probably take place in early 2011 during the Polishpresidency of the European Union.[31][32] However, this has not happened.
On 5 October 2009, the Chairman of theCommittee of the Verkhovna Rada on issues of European integrationBorys Tarasiuk commented "the EU see the implementation of a free visa regime for Ukrainians travelling tomember states of the European Union only as a long-term prospect". Ukrainian politicians continue to insist that the implementation of that free visa regime take place by 2012, when theEuropean Football Championship will be held in Ukraine andPoland. According to Tarasiuk, the main obstacles to the implementation of a free visa regime between Ukraine and EU is the fact that Ukraine "hasn't finished its work on legislation concerning forming a demographic [database], which then could become a good basis for issuing biometric passports" and the fact that there is no general database on the issuing of foreign passports to Ukrainian citizens. According to Tarasiuk the EU fear that this grants the opportunity for mass falsification.[33]
On 16 December 2009, theEuropean Commission PresidentJose Manuel Barroso stated that "our Ukrainian friends need to do more if they want us to help them more". He also stated that "enlargement is not possible in the current situation".[34]
Ukraine is one of six post-Soviet nations to be invited to cooperate with the EU within the new multilateral framework that theEastern Partnership is expected to establish. However, Kyiv pointed out that it remains pessimistic about the "added value" of this initiative. Indeed, Ukraine and the EU have already started the negotiations on new, enhanced political and free-trade agreements (Association and Free-Trade Agreements). Also, there has been some progress in liberalising the visa regime despite persistent problems in the EU Member States' visa approach towards Ukrainians.
That is why Ukraine has a specific view of the Eastern Partnership project. According to the Ukrainian presidency, it should correspond, in case of his country, to the strategic foreign policy objective, i.e. the integration with the EU.[35] Yet, the Eastern Partnership documents (the European Council Declaration of May 2009)[36] do not confirm such priorities as political and economic integration or lifting visas.
Ukraine has expressed enthusiasm about the project. Ukraine deputy premierHryhorii Nemyria said that the project is the way to modernise the country and that they welcome the Eastern Partnership policy, because it uses 'de facto' the same instruments as forEU candidates.[37]
Under the Eastern Partnership, Poland and Ukraine have reached a new agreement replacing visas with simplified permits for Ukrainians residing within 30 km of the border. Up to 1.5 million people may benefit from this agreement, which took effect on 1 July 2009.[38]
 | This section needs to beupdated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(February 2022) |
In May 2010, PresidentViktor Yanukovych promised to adopt in June 2010 the legislation necessary for creating a free trade zone between Ukraine and the European Union (EU).[nb 1] Yanukovych expected visas between Ukraine andEU member states to be abolished and that afree trade zone will be created by March 2011.[40]
TheAzarov Government continued to pursue EU-integration. During May and June 2010, both Prime MinisterMykola Azarov andUkrainian Foreign MinisterKostiantyn Hryshchenko stated that integration into Europe has been and remains the priority of domestic and foreign policy of Ukraine.[41][42][43] The policies of the Azarov Government do not exclude EU integration, theEU Commissioner for EnlargementŠtefan Füle stated on 12 May 2010.[44]
"An action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of a visa-free regime for short-stay travel" between theEuropean Council and Ukraine was agreed on 22 November 2010.[45] This roadmap requests major improvements in Ukrainian border control, migration and asylum policies.[46]
Attempts to change the French constitution are currently[when?] being carried forward in order to remove the compulsory referendum on all EU accessions of countries with a population of more than 5% of the EU's total population; this clause would apply to Ukraine and Turkey.[47]
The EU Association Agreement (AA) was initialed on 30 March 2012 in Brussels;[48] but as of November 2012 the 27 EU governments and the European Parliament had yet to sign the accord.[49][50][51] The treatment and sentencing (considered by EU leaders as a politically motivated trial)[52] of formerPrime Minister of UkraineYulia Tymoshenko have strained the relations between the EU and Ukraine.[52][53] The European Union and several of its member states, notably Germany, have been pressuringUkrainian PresidentViktor Yanukovich and his Azarov Government to halt the detention of Tymoshenko in fear of her degrading health.[54] Several meetings with Yanukovich have been deserted by EU leaders, including the German presidentJoachim Gauck.[55][56]
At the request of opposition politicians in Ukraine, EU government officials boycotted theUEFA Euro 2012 soccer championship in Ukraine.[51][55][57] EU leaders have suggested that the AA, and theDeep and Comprehensive Free Trade Agreement, will not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a "stark deterioration of democracy and therule of law", including the imprisonment of Tymoshenko andYurii Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012.[58][59][60]
A 10 December 2012 statement by theEU Foreign Affairs Council "reaffirms its commitment to the signing of the already initialed Association Agreement, including a Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area, as soon as the Ukrainian authorities demonstrate determined action and tangible progress in the three areas mentioned above, possibly by the time of theEastern Partnership Summit in Vilnius in November 2013". These three areas are: "Electoral, judiciary and constitutional reforms (in line with international standards are integral parts of it and commonly agreed priorities)."[61]
Kostiantyn Yelisieiev, Ukraine's Ambassador to the EU, responded in February 2013 by rejecting any preconditions by the EU for signing the AA.[62] However, on 22 February 2013 a resolution was approved by 315 of the 349 registered members of theVerkhovna Rada stating that "within its powers" the parliament would ensure that 10 December 2012 EU Foreign Affairs Council "recommendations" are implemented.[63] At the 16th EU-Ukraine summit of 25 February 2013,[64]President of the European CouncilHerman Van Rompuy followed up on the December 2012 EU Foreign Affairs Council statement by reiterating the EU's "call for determined action and tangible progress in these areas – at the latest by May, this year".[65]
The same day President Yanukovych stated Ukraine will "do its best" to satisfy the EU's requirements.[65] At the time President Yanukovych was also in negotiations with Russia to "find the right model" for cooperation with theCustoms Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia.[65] But also on 25 February 2013,President of the European CommissionJosé Manuel Barroso made it clear that "one country cannot at the same time be a member of a customs union and be in a deep common free-trade area with the European Union".[65]
To coordinate preparation of Ukraine for European integration, the Government of Ukraine has adopted aPlan on Priority Measures for European Integration of Ukraine for 2013. Successful implementation of the plan is assumed as one of the conditions necessary for signing of the Association Agreement, planned for 29 November 2013 duringEastern Partnership Summit inVilnius.[5][66]
In March 2013,Stefan Fuele, the EU's Commissioner for Enlargement, informed the European Parliament that while Ukrainian authorities had given their "unequivocal commitment" to address the issues raised by the EU, several "disturbing" recent incidents, including the annulment of Tymoshenko's lawyerSerhii Vlasenko's mandate in theVerkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament), could delay the signing of the agreements. However, the next day the Ukrainian Ministry of Foreign Affairs expressed its optimism that they would still be signed in November.[67]
On 7 April 2013, a decree by President Yanukovych freed Lutsenko from prison and exempted him, and his fellow Minister in thesecond Tymoshenko GovernmentHeorhii Filipchuk, from further punishment.[68]
On 3 September 2013, (at the opening session of the Verkhovna Rada after the summer recess) President Yanukovych urged his parliament to adopt laws so that Ukraine will meet the EU criteria and it can sign the Association Agreement in November 2013.[69]
On 18 September, the Ukrainian cabinet unanimously approved the draft association agreement.[70]
On 25 September 2013,Chairman of the Verkhovna RadaVolodymyr Rybak stated that he was sure that his parliament would pass all the laws needed to fit the EU criteria for the Association Agreement since, except for theCommunist Party of Ukraine,[nb 2] "The Verkhovna Rada has united around these bills."[71]
On 20 November 2013, EU's Commissioner for Enlargement Fuele stated he expected that theVerkhovna Rada would consider and adopt the remaining bills necessary for the signing of the association agreement, planned for 29 November 2013, the next day.[5]
On 21 November 2013, theVerkhovna Rada failed to pass any of the six motions on allowing former Prime MinisterYulia Tymoshenko to receive medical treatment abroad, which was an EU demand for signing the association agreement.[73][74] The same week Tymoshenko had stated that she was ready to ask the EU to drop the demand for her freedom if it meant PresidentViktor Yanukovych would sign the association agreement.[75] The same day a Ukrainian government decree suspended preparations for signing of association agreement; instead it proposed the creation of a three-way trade commission between Ukraine, the European Union and Russia that would resolve trade issues between the sides.[73] Prime MinisterMykola Azarov issued the decree in order to "ensure the national security of Ukraine" and in consideration of the possible ramifications of trade with Russia (and otherCIS countries[76]) if the agreement was signed on a 28–29 November summit inVilnius.[73]
The suspension of the association agreement signature initiateda wave of protests that would ultimately overthrow Viktor Yanukovych and his government.[3]
On 2 December 2013,President of the European CommissionJosé Manuel Barroso agreed to meet with a delegation from Ukraine to discuss closer ties with the EU but stated there would be no re-opening of negotiations on the proposed Association Agreement.[77] The same dayFirst Vice Prime Minister of UkraineSerhii Arbuzov announced that Ukraine planned to sign a "roadmap" with the EU. "I'm not talking about the conditions of the association but about the conditions we planned to resolve before signing and after signing."[78] Ukraine and the EU started "conducting technical preparations for the upcoming dialogue between Ukraine and the EU on certain aspects of the implementation of an Association Agreement" on 5 December 2013.[79] However, on 15 December Fuele said that the Ukrainian government's negotiating position had "no grounds in reality" and that they were suspending further talks.[80] Barroso said, "We are embarked on a long journey, helping Ukraine to become, as others, what we call now, 'new member states'. But we have to set aside short-term political calculations."[81]
On 17 December, Ukraine signeda treaty with Russia under which Russia will buy $15 billion of UkrainianEurobonds and the cost ofRussian natural gas supplied to Ukraine will be reduced,[82][83] although Putin stated that "today we have not discussed the issue of Ukraine joining theCustoms Union [of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia] at all".[84][nb 3] Three days later, high ranking EU-officials stated that the EU is still ready to sign the Association Agreement "as soon as Ukraine is ready for it", that the agreement was also beneficial for Russia and that the EU "is totally not concerned about the fact that Ukraine is signing agreements with Russia".[86][87][88][89][90] On 23 December 2013, Russian presidential aide Yurii Ushakov stated "there is no contradiction" in Ukraine's association with the EU and their observer status in theCustoms Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Russia and theEurasian Economic Union.[91]
On 20 December 2013,Chairman of the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament)Volodymyr Rybak did not rule out the possibility of signing an Association Agreement between Ukraine and the EU without the creation of afree trade area (FTA).[92] On 24 December 2013,Minister of Foreign Affairs of UkraineLeonid Kozhara stated that "at the present time" his Ministry's "and other government agencies' efforts are focused on further negotiations with the EU to provide conditions for implementing the association agreement".[93] He added that "Ukraine will resume the negotiations on this agreement after theholidays" and that the text of the Association Agreement itself would not be changed, but that Ukraine intended to focus on the issues related to its implementation.[94]
On 15 January 2014,Ukrainian Prime MinisterMykola Azarov gave an interagency (ministries and other agencies) working group two months to draw up a plan "on conditions of the implementation of the Association Agreement" for negotiations with the EU.[95]
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Viktor Yanukovych and hisgovernment were removed from their post by parliament after theRevolution of Dignity in February 2014.[3][8] Following the ouster of Yanukovych,Russia invaded Crimea and thewar in Donbas started.[1][3] In March 2014, the EU condemned theAnnexation of Crimea byRussia and Russia's "clear violation of Ukrainian sovereignty and territorial integrity by acts of aggression by the Russian armed forces". The EU also froze (and tried to recover) "misappropriated Ukrainian state funds" and froze assets and blocked entry into the EU of Russians and Ukrainians deemed responsible for the unrest in Ukraine.[1][3] The political part of theAssociation Agreement was signed on 21 March 2014 by new Prime MinisterArsenii Yatseniuk, with the remaining parts of the agreement concerning free trade being deferred pendingMay elections.[96][1] Customs duties for Ukrainian exports to the EU were temporarily removed in April 2014.[1] Financial help was also promised to Ukraine.[1][3] Ukraine was granted amacro-financial aid bilateral loan of one billionEuro in May 2014.[9] Following the election, newPresident of UkrainePetro Poroshenko and theEuropean Union signed the economic part of the Association Agreement on 27 June 2014.[10]President of the European CouncilHerman Van Rompuy described the signing as a "great day for Europe".[10]Signatory (then new)President of UkrainePetro Poroshenko called it "Ukraine is underlining its sovereign choice in favour of membership of the EU",[10] and also described it as Ukraine's "first but most decisive step" towards EU membership.[97] Poroshenko also set 2020 as a target for an EU membership application.[98] As theVoice of America reported on 27 June, "Terms of the EU agreements require Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine not enter into similar free trade agreements with the Kremlin."[99] On 16 September 2014, the Verkhovna Rada approved the draft law on ratification of the Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union, which was signed the same day by President Petro Poroshenko.[100]
Same year, EU and Ukraine, upon Ukrainian Government's request, agreed to establishEuropean Union Advisory Mission Ukraine (EUAM Ukraine), which is a civilianCommon Security & Defence Policy mission of the EU for Ukraine's civilian security sector reform that formally began operating in Ukraine on 1 December 2014. EUAM Ukraine, employing over 300 personnel working in main headquarters in Kyiv, as well as in field offices in Lviv, Kharkiv and Odesa and a Mobile Unit today, provides strategic advice and practical support to Ukrainian counterparts. By working with a number of law-enforcement and rule of law agencies (Ministry of Internal Affairs, National Police, National Anti-Corruption Agency, State Border Guard Service, State Bureau of Investigations to name but a few), EUAM Ukraine aims to make civilian security sector more efficient, transparent and enjoying public trust.
The 17th EU-Ukraine summit took place on 27 April 2015 in Kyiv.[101] During an Eastern Partnership summit inRiga in May 2015, EU agreed on a €1.8 bln loan to Ukraine.[102] On 1 January 2016, theDeep and Comprehensive Free Trade Area between Ukraine and the EU entered into force. By April 2016, the Association Agreement had been ratified by Ukraine and all EU member states except the Netherlands, which held areferendum on approval of the treaty. Following the rejection of the agreement in the referendum, Prime Minister of the NetherlandsMark Rutte said that ratification would be put on hold during negotiations with the other parties to the treaty to find a compromise.[103][104] In December 2016, a decision of the heads of state or government of the EU member states was approved which made legally binding interpretations of the agreement to address the concerns raised in the referendum. In particular, it stated that it did not commit the EU to grant Ukraine EU membership candidate status, provide security guarantees, military of financial aid, or free movement within the EU.[105][106] The decision would enter into force if the Netherlands ratified the agreement, which needed to be approved by its parliament.[107] In late January 2017, the Dutch government introduced a bill to confirm approval of the agreement.[108] The Dutch House of Representatives approved the bill on 23 February 2017.[109] The Senate approved the bill on 30 May 2017.[110]
During the 23rd Ukraine-European Union Summit, on 12 October 2021, the Prime Minister of UkraineDenys Shmyhal, theVice President of the European Commission, the High Representative of the European Union for Foreign Affairs and Security PolicyJosep Borrell and the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Slovenia to UkraineTomaž Mentsin signed an agreement between Ukraine and the European Union and its member states on theCommon Aviation Area.[111]
On 27 April 2022, the EU Commission proposed to temporarily drop all its tariffs on imports from Ukraine to help Ukrainian industry weather Russian aggression.[112]
On 29 May 2022, in order to supportUkraine's path to the European future,[113] in particular to obtain the status of a candidate for membership in the European Union on 25–26 June 2022,[114][115] theGovernment of Ukraine launched a communication campaign «Embrace Ukraine. Strengthen the Union».
The political dialogue between the EU and Ukraine started in 1994 when thePartnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) was signed. That document was focused on economic and social issues as well as on the necessity of improving public government and guaranteeing free press and civil rights. The framework set for political discussions was modest: yearly meeting between EU Troika and Ukrainian leadership and some inter ministerial consultations. The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994 entered into force in 1998 and expired in 2008. None of the top level meetings brought any major changes to a reserved EU approach. Leaders focused chiefly oneconomic transition and human rights records as well as on issues connected to theChernobyl nuclear power plant and its containment.
| ENP partner | EU contract | FTA provisions | Country Report | Action Plan | Adoption by the EU | Adoption by the ENP partner | AP duration | CFSP invitation[nb 4] | EU aspiration[nb 5] | Sub-group |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukraine[nb 6] | PCA, March 1998 | No | May 2004 | End 2004 | 21 February 2005 | 21 February 2005 | 3 years | Yes[nb 7] | Yes | East |
sources:Wayback Machine,European Commission - Press release - European Neighbourhood Policy: A year of progress, ENP official pageEEAS - European External Action Service
AJoint EU–Ukraine Action Plan was endorsed by the European Council on 21 February 2005. It was based on the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994 and provided, according to the European Commission, a comprehensive and ambitious framework for joint work with Ukraine in all key areas of reform.
The Eastern Partnership is a forum aiming to improve the political and economic trade-relations of the sixPost-Soviet states of "strategic importance"—Ukraine,Belarus,Moldova,Azerbaijan,Armenia andGeorgia with theEuropean Union.[117] The EU draft of the EaP states that, "Shared values including democracy, therule of law, and respect for human rights will be at its core, as well as the principles ofmarket economy,sustainable development andgood governance." The Partnership is to provide the foundation for new Association Agreements between the EU and those partners who have made sufficient progress towards the principles and values mentioned.[118]
Ukraine is one of six post-Soviet nations to be invited to cooperate with the EU within the new multilateral framework that the Eastern partnership is expected to establish. However, Kyiv pointed out that it remains pessimistic about the "added value" of this initiative. Indeed, Ukraine and the EU have already started the negotiations on new, enhanced political and free-trade agreements (Association and Free-Trade Agreements). Also, there has been some progress in liberalising the visa regime despite persistent problems in the EU Member States' visa approach towards Ukrainians.
That is why Ukraine has a specific view of the Eastern Partnership Project. According to the Ukrainian presidency, it should correspond, in case of his country, to the strategic foreign policy objective, i.e. the integration with the EU.[35] Yet, the Eastern Partnership documents (the European Council Declaration of May 2009)[36] do not confirm such priorities as political and economic integration or lifting visas.
Ukraine has expressed enthusiasm about the project. Ukraine deputy premierHryhorii Nemyria said that the project is the way to modernise the country and that they welcome the Eastern Partnership policy, because it uses 'de facto' the same instruments as forEU candidates.[37]
Under the Eastern Partnership,Poland andUkraine have reached a new agreement replacing visas with simplified permits for Ukrainians residing within 30 km of the border. Up to 1.5 million people may benefit from this agreement which took effect on 1 July 2009.[38]
An Association agreement (AA) between Ukraine and the EU was negotiated from 2009 to 2011, and should replace the existing PCA. The AA aims for political association and economic integration, includes a "deep and comprehensivefree trade area", and runs parallel to the negotiations for avisa-free regime. It does not contain a membership perspective for Ukraine, although it recalls it as "a European country with European identity" and says that "the EU acknowledged the European aspirations of Ukraine".
On 16 June 2009, a new practical instrument was adopted—theEU-Ukraine Association Agenda.[30] 19 December 2011 EU-Ukraine summit, which was intended to lead to the signature of the Agreement, fell short due to the EU's concerns over the jailing of former premierYulia Tymoshenko. The end of negotiations were announced, but the text of the agreement was not signed with EU leaders deciding to wait until theOctober 2012 Parliamentary elections as a test of the vitality of democracy and rule of law in Ukraine.[119][120] The AA was initialed shortly thereafter, on 30 March 2012.[49][50] Before it enters into force it must be ratified by the Ukrainian Parliament, the European Parliament, and each EU member state.[50][51] However, EU leaders have suggested that the agreement will not be ratified unless Ukraine addresses concerns over a "stark deterioration of democracy and therule of law", including the imprisonment ofYulia Tymoshenko andYurii Lutsenko in 2011 and 2012.[58][59][60] In November 2012,EU Commissioner for Enlargement and European Neighbourhood PolicyStefan Fule stated that the AA, and DCFTA, could be signed in November 2013 if the EU's concerns were addressed.[121][122]
However, in February 2013 Fule warned Ukraine that the agreements could be abandoned if the required reforms are not made quickly. He also stated that Ukrainian membership in theCustoms Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia would be incompatible with the agreements with the EU.[123]
While work on signing a deep and comprehensivefree trade agreement between Ukraine and the EU first began in 1999,[18] formal negotiations between the Ukrainian government and theEU Trade Commissioner were not launched until 18 February 2008 .[124] As of May 2011 there remained three outstanding issues to be resolved in the free trade deal: quotas on Ukrainian grain exports, access to the EU's services market and geographical names of Ukrainian commodities. Aside from these issues, the deal was ready.[125] Despite those outstanding issues, Ukraine was ready to sign the agreement as it stood. Although it wanted stronger wording on enlargement prospects and access to the EU market for its truckers, Ukraine had more than many other candidates at the equivalent stage of the process. The finalised agreement was initialed on 19 July 2012.[49] Ratification of the DCFTA, like the AA, has been stalled by the EU concerns over therule of law in Ukraine.[58][59][60] This includes the application of selective justice, as well as amending electoral laws. As a result, the role ofUkrainian oligarchs in sanctioning the agreement was also questioned.[126]
If Ukraine would choose the agreement, theEurasian Economic Commission'sCustoms Union of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia would withdraw from free trade agreements with the country, according toRussian presidential advisorSergei Glazyev.[127] However, on 21 November 2013 a Ukrainian government decree suspended preparations for signing the agreement[nb 8] that was scheduled to be signed during a 28–29 November 2013 EU summit inVilnius, and it was not signed.[5][6][73][74][132][133][134][nb 9] The decision to put off signing the association agreement led to2013–2014 Ukrainian revolution.[7]
EU sanctions against Russia related toits military intervention in eastern Ukraine have been extended until July, 2016.[135] On 1 January 2016, the DCFTA entered into force.
On 22 November 2010, theEuropean Council and Ukraine announced "an action plan for Ukraine toward the establishment of avisa-free regime for short-stay travel".[45] This roadmap outlined major improvements in Ukrainian border control, migration and asylum policies.[46] According toThe Wall Street Journal, for the EU, "the visa-free regimes are a key tool for binding their neighbors closer and for advancing reforms in those countries."[136] Negotiations for an amendment to the 2007 Visa Facilitation agreement, which expanded the subset of individuals eligible for simplified visa procedures to include students, NGO representatives and holders of official passports, were finalised in December 2011,[120] and the Visa Facilitation Agreement was ratified by theVerkhovna Rada on 22 March 2013.[137] On 18 April 2013, theEuropean Parliament followed suit,[138][139] and theEuropean Council finalised the agreement on 13 May 2013.[138][140]
In December 2011,Ukrainian PresidentViktor Yanukovych expected negotiations for full visa-free travel to be completed by the end of 2014.[120] The European Commission stated in November 2013 that Ukraine must strengthen its anti-discrimination laws before the visa-free regime is established.[141] TheVerkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) adopted the remaining four bills needed for the transition to the second (implementation) phase of the Visa Liberalisation Action Plan in May 2014 (including bills on improving anti-discrimination laws).[142] When addressing MPs before the vote on these billsVerkhovna Rada Chairman and acting President[3]Oleksandr Turchynov predicted then that "the visa-free regime will be introduced by the end of this year".[142] However, Ukraine should have adopted bills that addresses for six conditions[nb 10] needed for the fulfilment of the Visa Liberalization Action Plan before 15 December 2015.[143] On that day the EU will decide whether the country will get the visa-free regime in 2016.[143] In December 2015, the Commission issued a progress report that found that Ukraine met all the conditions for its citizens be granted visa free travel to theSchengen Area.[144]
The European Commission formally proposed Ukraine be granted visa free travel in April 2016.[145] This was later delayed by the EU,[146][147] postponing the possible date of an agreement to September 2016.[136] TheCommittee of Permanent Representatives gave its approval in November 2016.[148][149] Visa-free scheme, that will allow Ukrainians with abiometric passport to visit the Schengen Area for a period of stay of 90 days in any 180-day period, would come into force once it is agreed and formally adopted by the European Parliament and the European Council.[148][150] In December, the EU agreed that European Commission or an EU state will be able to suspend the visa waiver for Ukrainians for up to nine months in case of emergencies,[151] such as if "[Ukraine fails] to cooperate in taking back illegal migrants, there's a spike in the number of asylum applications, or a security issue arises".[152] The visa-free regime deal was agreed by the EU Parliament and Council on 28 February 2017,[153] approved by the MEPs on 6 April[154] and by the European Council on 11 May.[155] It entered into force on 11 June 2017.[156]
Both Ukraine and all EU member states are signatories of theEnergy Charter Treaty (ECT), a legally-binding treaty negotiated following the 1991Energy Charter political declaration of principles for international energy including trade, transit and investment.[157] The ECT was signed in December 1994 and came into effect in April 1998. Ukraine and all EU member states are also signatories of the 1998 Trade Amendment reflecting the change from theGATT to theWTO.[157]
After its entry into force, Ukraine held an Observer status for the Treaty establishing theEnergy Community (also referred asEuropean Energy Community), a community established between theEuropean Union (EU) and a number of third countries in order to extend theEU internal energy market toSouth East Europe and beyond. The Treaty establishing the Energy Community was signed inAthens,Greece, on 25 October 2005, and entered into force on 1 July 2006. Ukraine soon expressed its interest in full membership. Mandated by the Energy Community Ministerial Council, theEuropean Commission had the first round of formal negotiations with Ukraine in late 2008. After three negotiation rounds, the technical negotiations with Ukraine were concluded in 2009. The Ministerial Council, however, made the membership conditional on legislative amendments. In concrete, it requested Ukraine to revise its gas law so that it complies with EU's Gas Directive 2003/55/EC.[158] Following the amendment of the gas law in July 2010, Ukraine signed the Energy Community Accession Protocol on 24 September 2010,[159] ratified the Treaty on 15 December 2010[160] and officially acceded the Energy Community on 1 February 2011.
During the 1990s, Germany, theNetherlands and Italy remained major trading partners of Ukraine. According toEurostat, between 2000 and 2007 EU trade in goods with Ukraine more than tripled in value: exports rose from 5.5 bnEuro to 22.4 bn, while imports increased from 4.8 bn Euro to 12.4 bn. Nevertheless, this increase did not make Ukraine one of the EU's major trading partners. In 2007, Ukraine accounted for only 2% of EU exports and a mere 1% of European Union imports which is toward the bottom of the EU's top 20 trading partners (16th).[161]
According to the European commission paper, trade with Ukraine is dominated by manufactured goods. Nearly half of the EU exports to Ukraine in 2007 were machinery and vehicles and a further quarter were other manufactured articles. A quite similar structure can be seen in imports: unspecified manufactured articles accounted for two-fifths followed by a crude metal for a further fifth. At the more detailed level, the main EU exports to Ukraine in 2007 were medicine, motor vehicles and mobile phones, while the main imports were iron and steel products, as well as sunflower seed oil, ferro-nickel, iron ores and oil.[161]
Among the EU27 Members States, Germany (5.9 bn Euro or 26% of EU exports) was the largest exporter, followed byPoland (4.1 bn or 18%). Italy (2.4 bn or 19%) was the largest importer followed byBulgaria (1.6 bn or 13%) and Germany (1.3 bn or 11%).[161]
The largest surpluses in trade with Ukraine in 2007 were observed in Germany (+ 4.6 bn Euro) andPoland (+2.8 bn Euro) whileBulgaria scored the highest deficit ( -1.4 bn Euro).[161]
For the 2000–2006 budgetary period, the financial assistance of the EU to Ukraine was framed in theTechnical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States (TACIS) programme. Established in 1991, TACIS is a programme of technical assistance that supports the process of transition tomarket economies for the 11CIS countries andGeorgia.
For the 2007–2013 budgetary period theEuropean Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument (ENPI) covers the ENP countries, and replacing the TACIS funds for Ukraine.[162]
By May 2014, the EU had disbursed 11 billion Euros in aid to Ukraine.[163]
Ukraine is eligible for horizontal instruments, that cover countries regardless of their region, such as:
In 2023, theEuropean Investment Bank (EIB) established the EU for Ukraine Fund to address Ukraine's urgent needs. The fund focuses on renovating municipal facilities, enhancing public services, and providing financial and advisory support to small or large businesses. EU Member States have pledged approximately €400 million to this initiative.[164][165]
This Fund is a €50 billion financial aid package from the European Union, and it is set to run from 2024 to 2027.[166]
As of 2024, more than 300 hospitals, social housing facilities, schools, and kindergartens have been renovated in 150 cities.[164][167]
Since 2009, with the accession ofUkraine to theWorld Trade Organization, economic relations between the EU and Ukraine have to respect the WTO normative acquis. The EU has always believed that WTO membership can play a key role in supporting Ukraine's economic reform, especially in the context of a transition economy. In joining the WTO, Ukraine benefits from secure access to the markets of all WTO members and commits to providing the kind of stable trade and investment environment that will attract further trade and investment.
TheDelegation of the European Union to Ukraine was opened inKyiv in September 1993, having the status of a diplomatic mission and officially represents the EU in the Republic of Ukraine.
Delegations such as the one in Ukraine exist all over the world. Altogether there are over 136.
The Delegation's mandate includes:
In a November 2014 poll byRating joining the EU was supported by all but twoOblasts of Ukraine (provinces); inLuhansk Oblast andDonetsk Oblast (an area known asDonbas[179]) people preferred Ukraine's accession to theEurasian Customs Union.[180]
TraditionallyWestern Ukraine is found to be generally more enthusiastic about EU membership thanEastern Ukraine.[181][182][183] In July 2012 and in May 2014 residents ofWest Ukraine (74% in July 2012 and 81% in May 2014),Central Ukraine (59% and 64%) andNorth Ukraine (56% and 71%) were the biggest supporters for EU membership.[182][183] A June 2013 poll, on behalf ofDeutsche Welle, found that 52% ofEastern Ukraine was in favor of joining the EU.[184] But in a poll byComRes (forCNN) in May 2014 only 19% of Eastern Ukraine considered Ukraine joining the European Union "Good".[183] The Deutsche Welle poll was limited to respondents no older than 65 years in cities with more than 50,000 people. The May 2014 ComRes poll found out that in the three most easternOblasts of Ukraine (provinces),Kharkiv Oblast,Donetsk Oblast andLuhansk Oblast, 37% favored an alliance withRussia, 14% backed an alliance with the European Union and 49% stated Ukraine would be better off if it did not ally with either.[183]
Citizens aged between 20 and 39 appeared to be the strongest supporters of joining the EU in May 2010 and December 2011 (in December 2011 the opinion of the age group 18–29 did not vary from one region to another).[185][186] In the May 2014 ComRes poll people aged between 36 and 55 where the strongest supporters of joining the EU.[183]
Ukraine's EU ambassador,Kostiantyn Yelisieiev, stated in July 2011 thatbusiness tycoons and politicians fromUkraine's Russian speaking east were as much pro-EU as theUkrainian speaking west of the country: "If any politician today in Ukraine declared himself to be against European integration, he would be politically dead."[187]
According to a poll conducted in February 2015 in all regions of Ukraine except Crimea, 66.4% would have voted in favor of joining the EU and 33.6% against with a turnout of 76.4%.[188]
91% of Ukrainians support joining the European Union during the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine,[189][190] according to a poll conducted by theRating Sociological Group on 30–31 March 2022.[191]
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On 12 January 2002, theEuropean Parliament noted that Ukraine may enter the EU in the future.[245] In 2002, EU Enlargement Commissioner Guenther Verheugen said that "the European perspective for Ukraine does not necessarily mean membership in the next 10-20 years, although it is possible". To join the European Union, the applicant state must meet the political and economic conditions commonly known as theCopenhagen Criteria (adopted at the Copenhagen Summit in 1993), namely a democratic government that recognizes the rule of law and relevant freedoms and institutions. According to the Maastricht Treaty, each current Member State, as well as the European Parliament, must agree on any enlargement.
In 2003,Finnish Institute of International Affairs (FIIA) published report under the title «Ukraine in Tomorrow's Europe» by Arkady Moshes.[246] In paper described possible ways to help Ukraine be integrated in EU and vice versa, and how to decrease Russia's influence in Ukraine.[247][246]
Obtaining the status of a full member of the EU as a strategic goal of Ukraine was first declared by President of Ukraine Viktor Yushchenko immediately after his election in early 2005.[248] On 13 January 2005, the European Parliament almost unanimously (467 in favor, 19 against) adopted a resolution on the European Parliament's intentions to converge with Ukraine on membership. The European Commission notes that, although a certain preparatory period has yet to pass, the admission of new members is not ruled out. To which President Yushchenko responded with his intention to apply for membership "in the near future".
Several influential EU leaders at the time expressed support for improving ties with Ukraine. In particular, Polish Foreign Minister Adam Rotfeld stated on 21 March 2005 that Poland would support Ukraine's European integration aspirations under any circumstances. In particular, he said: "At this stage, we should focus on concrete steps of cooperation instead of empty talks about pan-European cooperation." Three days later, a survey in the six largest EU countries showed the commitment of EU citizens to accept Ukraine as a full member in the future.
In October 2005, European Commission President Jose Manuel Barroso said that "Ukraine's future is in the EU". However, on 9 October 2005, the European Commission, in a new version of the Development Strategy Paper, stated that the implementation of enlargement plans (Croatia and the former Yugoslav Republics) could block the accession of Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova. Enlargement Commissioner Olli Rehn said the EU should avoid "too much enlargement", stressing that the current enlargement plan looks complete.[249]
Although Ukrainian officials and political scientists mentioned several specific dates for possible membership, only Ukraine's European Neighborhood Policy has been officially proposed to Ukraine by the EU so far. The presidential administration has been critical of the proposed status of neighborhood relations.
In March 2007, Ukraine was offered a Free Trade Agreement with the EU. Although this proposal provoked a much stronger reaction from the Ukrainian state, it did not contain specific plans for Ukraine's accession to the EU in the near future. Some Western European politicians have spoken of the temporary "fatigue of enlargement" of European institutions. Ukrainian observers identify the so-called "resistance group" of Ukraine's accession to the EU. In particular, when concluding the text of the Enhanced Agreement between Ukraine and the EU in March 2007, references to the prospect of membership were excluded from it. "Any mention of the prospect of Ukraine's accession to the European Union has been excluded from the draft enhanced Ukraine-EU agreement due to France's position", wrote the influential German newspaper Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. Italy's position depends on the domestic political situation of this country. Thus, during the election campaign in this country, the government of Silvio Berlusconi gave diplomatic signals that he was ready to support Ukraine's European integration aspirations. His political opponent Romano Prodi, on the other hand, said that "Ukraine's prospects for joining the EU are the same as in New Zealand".
According to the Eastern Partnership policy, Ukraine can become a member of the European Union.[250] On 27 February 2014 the European Parliament passed a resolution that recognized Ukraine's right to "apply to become a Member of the Union, provided that it adheres to the principles of democracy, respects fundamental freedoms and human and minority rights, and ensures the rule of law".[251][252] The European Parliament notes that in accordance with Article 49 of the Treaty with the EU, Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine, like any other European country, have a European perspective and can apply for EU membership in accordance with the principles of democracy, - said in a resolution of the European Parliament in Brussels, adopted at the last session before the elections to the European Parliament, which took place on 23–25 May 2014.[253] 27 June 2014 The President of the European Commission Jose Manuel Barroso stated that the Association Agreement is the beginning of Ukraine's accession to the EU.[254] On the same day, EU Enlargement Commissioner Stefan Fuele stated that he believed in Ukraine's future membership in the EU.[255]
In March 2016,President of the European CommissionJean-Claude Juncker stated that it would take at least 20–25 years for Ukraine to join the EU and NATO.[256] In June 2018, President of UkrainePetro Poroshenko said he expectsUkraine will join theEuropean Union and theNorth Atlantic Treaty Organisation by 2030.
At the X session of the Ukraine-Poland-Lithuania Interparliamentary Assembly, which ended on 8 June 2019 in Kyiv, the parties signed a final document containing an agreement on the strategy of 2025 and 2027 as a period for Ukraine's possible accession to the EU. In 2027, when Lithuania will hold the EU presidency for the second time, the issue of Ukraine will be the main issue on the agenda. If this opportunity is not used, the next "window" will open in 2039, when Poland will preside over the EU and Lithuania will preside only in 2041.[257]
On 23 July 2020, Poland, Lithuania and Ukraine created a tripartite platform for political, economic, cultural and social cooperation—theLublin Triangle, which aims to support Ukraine's integration into the EU and NATO.
In February 2021, the leader of the presidingChristian Democratic Union of Germany,Armin Laschet, who was considered a likely successor to Angela Merkel as Chancellor of Germany, supported the idea of EU enlargement and giving Ukraine a European perspective:[258]
The question of Ukraine's accession to the EU does not arise at the moment, but it will inevitably arise in the future. We must support Ukraine on its difficult path and at the same time open a European perspective.
Quite a few experts believe that in times of deteriorating relations between Russia and the EU,[259] Ukraine has a window of opportunity to join the European Union.Pavlo Klimkin noted that Ukraine still does not meet any criteria for joining the European Union, as it does not have an established democracy, rule of law and a full-fledged market economy. According to him, the first chance was lost in early 2005, when Yushchenko was persuaded not to apply, and in 2014 it was much more difficult to do so.[260]
On 11 February 2021, the European Parliament published a report on Ukraine's success in implementing the Association Agreement with the European Union. The document highlights both the main successes of Ukraine on this path, as well as failures or moments that hinder the reform process in the country. In general, the European Union is not yet ready to officially talk about the prospects of Ukraine's accession to the ranks of member states, but Ukraine's European perspective is recognized.[261] In 2021, Ukraine was preparing to formally apply for EU membership in 2024, in order to join the European Union in the 2030s.[262]
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Following the2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, there were additional calls to start a formal accession process. Ukraine reiterated its desire to become a member of the union,[263] and President of the European CommissionUrsula von der Leyen stated that Ukraine belongs in the European Union.[264] Slovak prime ministerEduard Heger expressed support for an accelerated accession process.[265]
On 28 February, Ukraine officially submitted a letter of application for membership. Due to the ongoing crisis, PresidentVolodymyr Zelenskyy requested immediate admission to the European Union under a special procedure.[266][267][14] Eight EU states signed a letter supporting an accelerated accession process for Ukraine.[268] On 1 March, Hungarian foreign ministerPéter Szijjártó stated his country would also support an accelerated process.[269]
On 1 March 2022, the European Parliament, following a debate in which the President of Ukraine addressed and received applause, recommended that Ukraine be made an official "candidate" for EU membership.[270] The European Parliament has voted to advance Ukraine's membership with 637 voted for, with 13 voted against, and 26 abstained.[271][272] On 2 March, however, Spanish foreign ministerJosé Manuel Albares stated that "belonging to the EU is not a capricious process or one that can be done by a mere political decision", reminding that the candidate country "must meet certain social, political and economic standards".[273]
On 7 March, the EU said it will formally assess Ukraine's application.[274] On 8 April, European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen and EU foreign policy chiefJosep Borrell visited Kyiv.[275] Von der Leyen presented president Zelenskyy with a questionnaire for membership.[275] Borrell announced that the EU delegation to Ukraine, headed byMatti Maasikas, will return to Kyiv after it was evacuated at the outbreak of war.[276] On 18 April, Ukraine completed the questionnaire.[277] On 24 May, the Council of the European Union adopted a regulation enabling for temporary trade liberalisation with Ukraine, interrupting all tariffs under Title IV of the association agreement, anti-dumping duties and the enforcement of common rules for imports.[278]
On 17 June 2022, the EU Commission officially announced its recommendation to grant Ukraine EU candidate status.[279] On 23 June 2022, theEuropean Parliament adopted a resolution calling for the immediate granting of candidate status for membership in the European Union to Ukraine.[280][281] On 23 June 2022, theEuropean Council granted Ukraine the status of a candidate for accession to the European Union.[2] In January 2023, the prime minister of Ukraine claimed that the country would join the EU "within the next two years", however, this is seen as overly optimistic within the bloc.[282]
On 8 May 2023, thePresident of Ukraine[283] established a decree to celebrateEurope Day on 9 May, coinciding withEU member states.[284][285][286][287] Representative of the European Commission Dana Spinant welcomed Ukraine's decision to start celebrating Europe Day on 9 May, noting that this decision is a reflection of the European identity of theUkrainian people.[288]
In October 2023, formerEuropean Commission PresidentJean Claude Juncker called Ukraine "massively corrupt" at all levels of society. Juncker, a most experienced expert of EU-Ukraine relations said in an article by theAugsburger Allgemeine that the admission of Ukraine to the EU "would be neither good for the EU nor for Ukraine". Juncker's statements stand in sharp contrast to the acting EU Commission PresidentUrsula von der Leyen's drive to allow the opening of accession negotiations for Ukraine to join the EU as soon as December 2023. Membership of Ukraine in the EU is seen as a major factor to win the war against Russia as the country relies on military and economic support from other European nations.[289]
On 8 November 2023, theEuropean Commission recommended starting accession talks with Ukraine and Moldova.[290] On 14 December 2023, the European Council agreed to open accession negotiations with Ukraine, as well as Moldova.[291] On 21 June 2024, the European Union agreed to start membership negotiations with Ukraine.[292][293] Accession negotiations began on 25 June 2024, at the same time as those withMoldova.[292][15]
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