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The nameUdmurt comes fromodo-mort ('meadow people'), where the first part represents thePermic rootod orodo ('meadow, glade, turf, greenery'). This is supported by a document dated 1557, in which theUdmurts[7] are referred to aslugovye lyudi ('meadow people'), alongside the traditional Russian nameotyaki.[8]
The second partmurt means 'person' (cf.Komimort,Marimari). It is probably an early borrowing from aScythian language:mertä ormartiya ('person, man'; Sanskrit: Manus or Manushya), which is thought to have been borrowed from theIndo-Aryan termmaryá- ('man, mortal, one who is bound to die'. cf.Old Indicmárya ('young warrior') andmarut ('chariot warrior'), both connected specifically with horses and chariots.[9] TheIndo-EuropeanistsT. Gamkrelidze andV. Ivanov associate this word with horse-riding Altaic tribes in theBronze Age.[10][11]
On the other hand, in the Russian tradition, the name 'meadow people' refers to the inhabitants of the left bank of river in particular.[clarification needed] Recently, the most relevant is the version ofV. V. Napolskikh and S. K. Belykh. They suppose that ethnonym was borrowed either fromIndo-Iranian*anta 'outside, close, last, edge, limit, boundary' or Turkic-Altaic*anda/*ant 'oath (in fidelity), comrade, friend'.[12]
On November 4, 1920, the Votyak Autonomous Oblast was formed.[1] On January 1, 1932, it was renamedUdmurt Autonomous Oblast,[13] which was then reorganized into theUdmurt ASSR on December 28, 1934.[1] DuringWorld War II, many industrial factories were evacuated from theUkrainian SSR and western borderlands to Udmurtia.
On October 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the Udmurt ASSR adopted a law according to which the Udmurt ASSR acquired a new name — the Udmurt Republic.[14]
Udmurtia is a republic in the Russian Federation, located in Central Russia between the branches of the riversKama and its right tributary theVyatka.
The city of Izhevsk is the administrative, industrial, and cultural center of Udmurtia. Geographically, it is located not far from Moscow, the capital and largest city of the Russian Federation. The city has a well-developed transport system (including air, land, and water).
Udmurtia borders Kirov Oblast to the west and north, Perm Oblast to the east, and the Bashkortostan and Tatarstan Republics to the south.
Although as of 2007 the population was declining, the decline was stabilizing and was more pronounced in urban areas. Out of the 19,667 births reported in 2007, 12,631 were in urban areas (11.86 per 1,000) and 7,036 were in rural areas (14.88 per 1,000). Birth rates for rural areas are 25% higher than that of urban areas. Of the total of 21,727 deaths, 14,366 were reported in urban areas (13.49 per 1,000) and 7,361 were in rural areas (15.56 per 1,000). Natural decline of the population was measured at −0.16% for urban areas and an insignificant −0.07% for rural areas (the average for Russia was −0.33% in 2007).[20]
According to the2021 Census,[23]Russians make up 67.7% of the republic's population, while the ethnicUdmurts make up only 24.1%. Other groups includeTatars (5.5%),Mari (0.5%),Ukrainians (0.3%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the republic's total population.
1210,052 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[29]
Over two-thirds of the world population of Udmurts live in the republic.[30]
The local Russian Orthodox Church is the Metropolitanate of Udmurtia, comprising the Eparchy of Izhevsk (founded 1927) under Bishop and Metropolitan Viktorin (Kostenkov) (2015), the Eparchy of Glazov (founded 1889) under Bishop Viktor (Sergeyev), and the Eparchy of Sarapul (founded 1868) under Bishop Anthony (Prostikhin) (2015).
Udmurt Jews are a special territorial group of theAshkenazi Jews, which started to be formed in the residential areas of mixed Turkic-speaking (Tatars,Kryashens,Bashkirs,Chuvash people), Finno-Ugric-speaking (Udmurts,Mari people) and Slavic-speaking (Russians) population. TheAshkenazi Jews on the territory of theUdmurt Republic first appeared in the 1830s.[33][34][35][36] The Udmurt Jewry had formed the localvariety on the base of the Yiddish of Udmurtia till the 1930s and features of Yiddish of migrants "joined" into it (in the 1930s and 1940s);[37] as a result up to the 1970s and 1980s the Udmurt variety of Yiddish (Udmurtish) was divided into two linguistic subgroups: the central subgroup (with centersIzhevsk,Sarapul, andVotkinsk) and the southern subgroup (with centersKambarka,Alnashi,Agryz, andNaberezhnye Chelny).[37] One of the characteristic features of the Udmurtish is a noticeable number ofUdmurt andTatar loan words.[38][39]
Udmurt folklore is understood both in a broad sense (kalyk oner,kalyk todon-valan,kalyk viz - folk knowledge, folk wisdom), and in a narrower one (kalyk kylos,kalyk kylburet - folk poetry, oral poetry). In everyday life, folklore is not divided into genres, it is perceived in unity with material culture, with religious, legal, and ethical aspects. Popular terms-definitions have incorporated the ritual action (syam,nerge,yilol,kiston,kuyaskon,syuan,madiskon), symbolically figurative and magically forming words (madkyl,vyzhykyl,tunkyl,kylbur), musical and choreographic behavior (krez,gur,shudon-serekyan,thatchan,ecton).[40]
^Christopher I. Beckwith. Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 2009. Page 397.
^R. Matasović (2009): Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic, p. 257.
^T. Gamkrelidze & V. Ivanov (1995): Indo-European and the Indo-Europeans, p. 472-473.
№663-XII 7 декабря 1994 г. «Конституция Удмуртской Республики», в ред. Закона №62-РЗ от 22 ноября 2007 г. (#663-XII December 7, 1994Constitution of the Udmurt Republic, as amended by the Law #62-RZ of November 22, 2007. ).
"СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987." (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.
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