It is written using theCyrillic alphabet with the addition of five characters not used in theRussian alphabet:Ӝ/ӝ,Ӟ/ӟ,Ӥ/ӥ,Ӧ/ӧ, andӴ/ӵ. Together with theKomi andPermyak languages, it constitutes the Permic grouping of the Uralicfamily. The Udmurt language shares similaragglutinative structures with its closest relative, the Komi language.[4] Among outsiders, it has traditionally been referred to by its Russianexonym,Votyak. Udmurt has borrowed vocabulary from neighboring languages, mainly fromTatar andRussian.
In 2010, per the Russian census, there were around 324,000 speakers of the language in the country, out of the ethnic population of roughly 554,000.[5]Ethnologue estimated that there were 550,000 native speakers (77%) out of an ethnic population of 750,000 in the formerRussian SFSR (1989 census),[6] a decline of roughly 41% in 21 years.
A continuum of intermediate dialects between Northern and Southern Udmurt is found, and literary Udmurt includes features from both areas. Besermyan is more sharply distinguished.[citation needed]
The differences between the dialects are not major and mainly involve differences in vocabulary, largely attributable to the stronger influence of Tatar in the southern end of the Udmurt-speaking area. A few differences in morphology and phonology still exist as well; for example:
Southern Udmurt has an accusative ending-ыз/-ɨz/, contrasting with northern-ты/-tɨ/.
Southwestern Udmurt distinguishes an eighth vowel phoneme/ʉ/.
Besermyan has/e/ in place of standard Udmurt/ə/ (thus distinguishing only six vowel phonemes), and/ɵ/ in place of standard Udmurt/ɨ/.
The consonants/fxt͡s/ are restricted to loanwords, and are traditionally replaced by/pkt͡ɕ/ respectively. As inHungarian, Udmurt exhibits regressive voicing and devoicing assimilations (the last element determines the assimilation), but with some exceptions (mostly to distinguish minimal pairs by voicing).[7]
Distinguishes palatalized consonants (/dʲ//tʲ//zʲ//sʲ//lʲ//n/) from unpalatalized consonants followed by /j/ if followed by vowel; for example,/zʲo/ and/zjo/ are written зё (źo) and зъё (zjo), respectively.
Udmurt has fifteencases: eight grammatical cases and seven locative cases.
There is no congruency betweenadjectives andnouns in neutral Udmurtnoun phrases; in other words, there is no adjective declension as in the inessive noun phraseбадӟым гуртын ("in a big village"; cf.Finnish inessive phraseisossa kylässä, in whichiso "large" is inflected according to the head noun).
Udmurtpronouns are inflected much in the same way that their referent nouns are. However, personal pronouns are only inflected in the grammatical cases and cannot be inflected in the locative cases.
Udmurtpersonal pronouns are used to refer to human beings only. However, the third person singular can be referred to asit. The nominative case of personal pronouns are listed in the following table:
The 1st person plural has two forms according toclusivity: асьмеос is "inclusive we" and "ми" is "exclusive we". The younger speakers seem to favor always using "ми" (probably under the influence of Russian 'my' for "we"), so that for older generation the verse from a popular song "Ойдо, нылаш ми тонэн пумиськом!" sounds strange: its intended meaning is "Hey girl, let us meet!", while in the traditional thinking it reads "Hey girl, let we all meet with you!" The expected proper phrase would be: "Ойдо, нылаш асьмеос пумиськом!" and 'ми тонэн' is acalque from the Russian phrase 'my s toboi' meaning "me and you", but the word-by-word translation is "we with you".[8]
Udmurtinterrogative pronouns inflect in all cases. However, the inanimate interrogative pronouns 'what' in the locative cases have the base formкыт-. The nominative case of interrogative pronouns are listed in the following table:
There are threeverbal moods in Udmurt:indicative,conditional andimperative. There is also anoptative mood used in certaindialects. The indicative mood has four tenses: present, future, and two past tenses. In addition there are four past tense structures which includeauxiliary verbs. Verbs are negated by use of an auxiliarynegative verb that conjugates with personal endings.
The basic verbal personal markers in Udmurt are (with some exceptions):
Personal endings of verbs
Person
Ending
Singular
1st
-Ø
2nd
-д
3rd
-з
Plural
1st
-мы
2nd
-ды
3rd
-зы
Example conjugation:тодыны (conjugation I)
Person
Udmurt
Transliteration
English
Singular
1st
тодӥсько*
todiśko*
I know
2nd
тодӥськод*
todiśkod*
you know
3rd
тодэ
tode
he/she knows
Plural
1st
тодӥськомы
todiśkomy
we know
2nd
тодӥськоды
todiśkody
you know
3rd
тодо
todo
they know
*The present tense in Udmurt in all but the third person, is marked with-(ӥ)сько-/-(и)сько-.
Depending on the style, about 10 to 30 percent of the Udmurt lexicon consists ofloanwords. Many loanwords are from theTatar language, which has also strongly influenced Udmurt phonology and syntax.
Abilingual sign inIzhevsk proclaiming "welcome" in Russian ("добро пожаловать") and Udmurt ("гажаса ӧтиськом")
The Udmurt language, along with the Tatar language, influenced the language of theUdmurt Jews, in the dialects of which the words of Finno-Ugric and Turkic origin there were recorded.[9][10][11][12]
Csúcs, Sándor (1998). "Udmurt". In Abondolo, Daniel (ed.).The Uralic Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 276–304.
Kel'makov, Valentin; Sara Hännikäinen (2008).Udmurtin kielioppia ja harjoituksia (in Finnish) (2nd ed.). Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.ISBN978-952-5150-34-6.
^Altyntsev A.V., "The Concept of Love in Ashkenazim of Udmurtia and Tatarstan", Nauka Udmurtii. 2013. № 4 (66), pp. 131–132. (Алтынцев А.В.,"Чувство любви в понимании евреев-ашкенази Удмуртии и Татарстана". Наука Удмуртии. 2013. №4. С. 131–132: Комментарии.)(in Russian)
^Goldberg-Altyntsev A.V., "Some characteristics of the Jews in Alnashsky District of Udmurt Republic." The youth. The creativity. The science. Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014, p. 28. (גאלדבערג-אלטינצעוו א.ו.,". איניגע באזונדערהייטן פון די יידן אין אלנאשסקער רייאן פון ודמורטישע רעפובליק" The youth. The creativity. The science. = Die Jugend. Die Kreativität. Die Wissenschaft. = נוער. יצירתיות. מדע Edited by V. Cox, A. Katz and A. Greenberg. Trenton, 2014. P. 28.)(in Yiddish)
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