UV curing (ultraviolet curing) is the process by whichultraviolet light initiates aphotochemical reaction that generates a crosslinked network ofpolymers throughradical polymerization orcationic polymerization.[1] UV curing is adaptable toprinting,coating, decorating,stereolithography, and in the assembly of a variety of products and materials. UV curing is a low-temperature, high speed, and solventless process as curing occurs viapolymerization.[2] Originally introduced in the 1960s, this technology has streamlined and increased automation in many industries in the manufacturing sector.[3]
UV curing is used for converting or curinginks,adhesives, andcoatings.[4] UV-curedadhesive has become a high speed replacement for two-part adhesives, eliminating the need for solvent removal, ratio mixing, and potential life concern.[5] It is used inflexographic,offset,pad, andscreen printing processes; where UV curing systems are used to polymerize images on screen-printed products, ranging from T-shirts to 3D and cylindrical parts. It is used in fine instrument finishing (guitars, violins, ukuleles, etc.), pool cue manufacturing and other wood craft industries.[6] Printing with UV curable inks provides the ability to print on a very wide variety of substrates such as plastics,[6] paper, canvas, glass, metal,[7] foam boards, tile, films, and many other materials.[8]
Industries that use UV curing include medicine, automobiles, cosmetics (for exampleartificial fingernails andgel nail polish), food, science, education, and art.[9] UV curable inks have successfully met the demands of the publication sector in terms of print quality, durability, and compatibility with different substrates, making them a suitable choice for printing applications in this industry.[10]
A primary advantage of curing with ultraviolet light is the speed at which a material can be processed. Speeding up the curing, or drying step,[11] in a process can reduce flaws and errors by decreasing time that an ink or coating spends as wet. This can increase the quality of a finished item, and potentially allow for greater consistency. Another benefit to decreasing manufacturing time is that less space needs to be devoted to storing items which can not be used until the drying step is finished.
Because UV energy has unique interactions with many different materials, UV curing allows for the creation of products with characteristics not achievable via other means. This has led to UV curing becoming fundamental in many fields of manufacturing and technology, where changes in strength, hardness, durability, chemical resistance, and many other properties are required.
The main components of a UV curing solution includes resins, monomers, and photoinitiators.Resin is anoligomer that imparts specific properties to the finalpolymer. A monomer is used as a cross-linking agent and regulates the viscosity of the mixture to suit the application. The photoinitiator is responsible for absorbing the light and kickstarting the reaction, which helps control the cure rate and depth of cure. Each of these elements has a role to play in the crosslinking process and is linked to the composition of the finalpolymer.[12]
Medium-pressuremercury-vapor lamps have historically been the industry standard for curing products with ultraviolet light.[13] The bulbs work by sending an electric discharge to excite a mixture of mercury andnoble gases, generating a plasma. Once the mercury reaches a plasma state, it irradiates a high spectral output in the UV region of theelectromagnetic spectrum. Major peaks in light intensity occur in the 240-270 nm and 350-380 nm regions. These intense peaks, when matched with the absorption profile of aphotoinitiator, cause the rapid curing of materials. By modifying the bulb mixture with different gases andmetal halides, the distribution of wavelength peaks can be altered, and material interactions are changed.
Medium-pressure lamps can either be standardgas-discharge lamps orelectrodeless lamps, and typically use an elongated bulb to emit energy. By incorporating optical designs such an elliptical or evenaconic reflector, light can either be focused or projected over a far distance. These lamps can often operate at over 900 degrees Celsius and produce UV energy levels over 10 W/cm2.
Low-pressure mercury-vapor lamps generate primarily 254 nm 'UVC' energy, and are most commonly used indisinfection applications. Operated at lower temperatures and with less voltage than medium-pressure lamps, they, likeall UV sources, require shielding when operated to prevent excess exposure of skin and eyes.
Since development of thealuminium gallium nitride LED in the early 2000s, UV LED technology has seen sustained growth in the UV curing marketplace. Generating energy most efficiently in the 365-405 nm 'UVA' wavelengths, continued technological advances,[14] have allowed for improved electrical efficiency of UV LEDs as well as significant increases in output. Benefiting from lower-temperature operation and the lack of hazardous mercury,[15] UV LEDs have replaced medium-pressure lamps in many applications. Major limitations include difficulties in designing optics for curing on complex three-dimensional objects, and poor efficiency at generating lower-wavelength energy, though development work continues.
Radical Polymerization is used in the curing of acrylic resins in the presence of UV in the industry.[16] Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming radicals. The radical then react with the polymers, forming polymers with radical groups that then react with additional monomers. The monomer chain extends until it reaches another polymer and reacts with the polymer. Polymers will form with monomer bridges between them, thus leading to a cross-linked network.
Cationic polymerization is used in the curing of epoxy resins in the presence of UV in the industry.[16] Light energy from UV breaks apart photoinitiaters, forming an acidic solution which then donates a proton to the polymer. The monomers then attach themselves to the polymer, forming longer and longer chains leading to a cross-linked network.
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