USATLogan
History
United Kingdom
Name	Manitoba (1892-1898)
Operator	Atlantic Transport Line
Builder	Harland & Wolff, Belfast
Launched	28 January 1892
Homeport	London, England
Identification	Official number 99055
Fate	Sold for $660,000
United States
Name	Manitoba (1898-1899) Logan (1899-1922)
Operator	Army Transport Service
Homeport	Fort Mason, California
Identification	Radio call sign: ATL (1907) WXF (1913)
Fate	Sold for $180,000
United States
Name	Logan (1922-1924)
Owner	Candler Floating School, Inc.
Homeport	Savannah, Georgia
Identification	Signal letters: MDVP Official number: 222673
Fate	Broken up 1924
General characteristics
Tonnage	5,672 Gross registered tons 3,653 Net registered tons
Displacement	7,519 tons
Length	445.5 ft (135.8 m)
Beam	49 ft 3 in (15.01 m)
Draft	24 ft (7.3 m)
Depth of hold	30 ft (9.1 m)
Decks	5
Installed power	1,200 horsepower
Propulsion	2 x triple-expansion steam engines
Speed	13.5 knots

The steamshipManitoba was steel-hulled freighter built for theAtlantic Transport Line in 1892. She carried live cattle and frozen beef from the United States to England until the advent of theSpanish-American War. In 1898 she was purchased by the United States Army for use as an ocean-goingtroopship. During the Spanish-American War she carried troops and supplies between the U.S. mainland,Cuba, andPuerto Rico.

After the war, she was renamedUSATLogan and was fitted for service in thePacific, supporting U.S. bases inHawaii,Guam, and thePhilippines. In addition to her regular supply missions, she transported American troops to virtually every conflict in the Pacific for two decades, including theBoxer Rebellion, thePhilippine Insurrection, the1911 Revolution inChina, and theSiberian Intervention ofWorld War I. Her last sailing in government service was in November 1922.

Logan was sold to private interests which intended to convert her into a seagoing school. The cost of refurbishing the thirty-year-old ship proved prohibitive, however, and she was scrapped in 1924.

The Atlantic Transport Line commissioned four sisterships to be built by theHarland and Wolff Shipyard inBelfast, Northern Ireland. They were, in order of launch,Massachusetts,Manitoba,Mohawk, andMobile.^[1][2]

Manitoba's hull was built of steel plates. She was 445.5 feet (135.8 m) long, with abeam of 49.2 feet (15.0 m) and adepth of hold of 30 feet (9.1 m). Hergross register tonnage was 5,672, and hernet register tonnage was 3,653.^[3] Her fully loaded draft was just under 24 feet (7.3 m).^[4] Shedisplaced 7,519 tons.^[5]

She was driven by twopropellers. These were turned by twotriple-expansion steam engines which were also built by Harland and Wolff. They had high, medium, and low-pressure cylinders with diameters of 22.5 inches, 36.5 inches, and 60 inches, respectively, with a stroke of 48 inches. Each of the engines was rated at 600horsepower.^[3] Steam was provided by two coal-fired boilers. At full speed, the ship would burn 60 tons of coal a day.Manitoba's coal bunkers could hold 900 tons.^[6][7]

Manitoba's cargo capacity was built primarily to support the shipment of American beef to England, both in the form of live cattle and refrigerated dressed beef. She was fitted out to transport 1,000 live cattle,^[8] and could carry 1,000 tons of fresh meat in her refrigerated holds.^[9][10] She was also fitted with a salon and first-class cabins for 80 passengers. There was no accommodation for steerage passengers.^[11][12]

Manitoba was launched from the Harland and Wolff shipyard onQueen's Island on 28 January 1892.^[13]

While the Atlantic Transport Line was controlled by American shipping magnateBernard N. Baker, its operations were run from Britain.Manitoba's home port wasLondon and she was registered as a British ship.^[3] During her six-year career with Atlantic Transport Line she was assigned to theNew York to London route.^[14]

Manitoba proved exceptionally capable at moving cattle across the Atlantic. In the first half of 1892, on her first few crossings, she brought 770 cattle to England and only two died en route.^[7] Since horses could be shipped using the same facilities as cattle,Manitoba occasionally shipped racehorses across the Atlantic, notably forAugust Belmont^[15] andPierre Lorillard.^[16]

Manitoba was a fast cargo ship for her time. She left London on 23 May 1892 and arrived at her dock on theHudson River in New York on 4 June, making the crossing in 10 days, 23 hours, and 30 minutes, the fastest recorded by a cargo ship at the time.^[17] She beat her own record in April 1893 crossing from New York to London in 10 days, 9 hours.^[18] In June 1896,Manitoba once again beat her own record for freight-carrying steamers reaching New York from London in 9 Days, 23 hours, and 20 minutes. Over the 3,240 nautical miles of her route, she averaged 13.54 knots.^[19]

On 25 April 1898,Congress declared war onSpain, beginning the Spanish-American War.^[20] An immediate objective was to defeat Spain in theCaribbean, taking Cuba and Puerto Rico. At the time, the United States had few overseas possessions, and thus its military had limited ocean-capable sealift to support such an offensive. American political leaders preferred to acquire American ships to support the war effort, rather than enrich foreigners and rely on foreign crews. There were also legal constraints on using neutral-flagged vessels in American military operations. Through some quirks in the Congressional funding of the war, theUS Navy was able to charter transport ships prior to the declaration of war and tied-up the best of the American merchant fleet for its use. When the Army was able to begin acquiring ships after the declaration of war, fewer domestic options remained. While the Atlantic Transport Line was British-flagged, it was American owned, making it a more attractive option.^[7]

ArmyColonel Frank J. Hecker approached the Atlantic Transport Line to charter its fleet, and was refused. He then offered to buy the vessels he sought and a deal was struck, subject to the approval of theSecretary of WarRussel Alger. In addition toManitoba, the Atlantic Transport Line soldMassachusetts,Mohawk,Mobile,Michigan,Mississippi, andMinnewaska.^[10] These ships were placed under theQuartermaster's Department of theUnited States Army. The Army reckonedManitoba's capacity to be 80 officers, 1,000 men, and 1,000 horses.Manitoba was purchased on 20 July 1898. The price of the ship was $660,000.^[8]

The ship underwent little conversion for military use and began embarking troops just two weeks after her purchase. By that time the fighting was all but over. Hostilities ceased on 12 August 1898.^[21] Even though the war was over, the Army faced substantial logistical challenges. It had to garrison the new possessions, and return the men temporarily mobilized for the offensive.Manitoba moved thousands of troops and animals to and from Cuba and Puerto Rico in the immediate post-war period.

Having taken Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines, the Army had a permanent need for transport to overseas bases. The annexation ofHawaii in 1898 also required new ocean transport. The Army Transport Service chose the best vessels acquired during the war to become a permanent sealift capability.Manitoba and her three sister ships were retained for this purpose. To mark their transition to permanent military service, they were renamed in March 1899.Manitoba became United States Army TransportLogan, named forCivil War GeneralJohn A. Logan.^[5]

Once the Army completed the bulk of the troop movements in the Caribbean at the end of the war, it refitLogan for service in the Pacific. In July 1899 a contract was given to theMorse Iron Works of New York to repair and refit the ship. The contract price for the work was $230,000.^[43] When she emerged from the shipyard she had a new steam-powered steering system. As equipped for her Pacific service, she could accommodate 1,650 soldiers sleeping in three-tier canvas berths suspended from steel posts. Her coal bunkers were enlarged to hold 1,780 tons. She had fourteen fresh water tanks with 1,270 tons capacity. Her refrigerated space of 20,580 cubic feet was kept at 18 degrees Fahrenheit. The ship was also equipped with a vault for gold and silver in order to fund overseas operations.^[44] During her December 1900 sailing, for example, she carried $1.3 million to pay the troops in the Philippines.^[45] A sea trial for the improvedLogan took place on 13 November 1899.^[46]

As configured for her Pacific serviceLogan's authorized complement was 13 officers and 172 crew.^[47] As she sailed, her crew was typically between 175 and 200 officers and men.^[48][49][50]

On 20 November 1899Logan sailed from New York, bound forManila, via theSuez Canal.^[4] She had a full load, including 1,312 officers and men of the 41st Volunteer Infantry regiment.^[51] She stopped atGibralter for water in December 1899.^[52] She reachedSingapore on 2 January 1900,^[53] and Manila on 5 January.^[54] After disembarking her troops in Manila, she sailed to San Francisco, viaNagasaki, with 19 passengers aboard. She arrived at her new home port on 10 February 1900.^[55]

After a brief shipyard visit,^[56] she sailed again for Manila on 16 May 1900.^[57] By the time she reached the Philippines, the Boxer Rebellion had come to a critical point. The War Department instructedGeneral Arthur MacArthur Jr., Military Governor of the Philippines, to holdLogan for possibleintervention inChina.^[58] The U.S.9th Infantry Regiment was embarked onLogan at Manila. The ship carried 32 officers and 1,230 men. The regiment's baggage, horses, wagons sailed onPort Albert. After a stop for coal and water at Nagasaki,Logan landed the troops atTaku, China on 8 July 1900.^[59][60] On her return trip,Logan evacuated sick and wounded soldiers, Christian missionaries, and other refugees. She arrived back in San Francisco from Manila, via Nagasaki andYokohama, on 6 August 1900.^[61]

Logan began a regular shuttle service between San Francisco, Honolulu, Guam, and Manila. TheArmy Transport Service maintained a roughly monthly schedule of sailings from San Francisco usingLogan,USATSheridan,USATSherman, andUSATThomas. The ships carried supplies, cash,^[62] and fresh troops to the Philippines to fight insurgents, and relieved, discharged, wounded, and dead troops back to the United States.^[63] Many officers brought their wives and children aboard as cabin passengers.^[64] Details ofLogan's trans-Pacific trips during this period are shown in the table below.

In mid-1901Logan went to theMare Island Naval Shipyard to replace her boilers and furnaces.^[76] Her first sailing after this extensive overhaul was on 1 May 1902.^[77][78] She resumed her roughly once a month Pacific crossings. In 1905 the ship hosted Secretary of WarWilliam Howard Taft and a congressional delegation on a tour of the Philippines, with a side trip toHong Kong.^[79]

Logan continued her regular Pacific crossings until December 1907 when she went to theRisdon Iron Works in San Francisco for an overhaul.^[80] Budget issues caused the Army to issue two contracts for this work. The first was for $85,000. Just as these repairs were completed, the Army issued another bid request for additional work. This contract, too, was awarded to Risdon. The cost of this second phase was $275,271.^[81][82] During this repair cycle an electrical system was installed on the ship.^[83] This work included the installation of a 3 kilowatt radio transmitter. She is recorded to have the wireless call sign "ATL",^[84] which was changed to "WXF" by 1913.^[85]Logan returned to her San Francisco-Manila route in March 1909.^[86]

In May 1911,Logan was pulled out of service briefly for electrical upgrades and other maintenance.^[87] She was rushed back into commission in order to return troops from the Mexican border which had been sent there in response to possible instability arising from theMexican Revolution. She transported the 8th Infantry Regiment fromSan Diego to its regular posts atMonterey and thePresidio in June 1911.^[88] She then returned to her regular Manila route.Logan was the first Army transport to land at the newly constructed pier atFort Mason in November 1911.^[89]

On 12 January 1912,Logan embarked a battalion of the15th Infantry regiment at Manila. She landed the troops, and their attached horses, mules, armaments and supplies atQinhuangdao, China in order to protect the railway between Beijing and the coast. This line of retreat for American and other foreign nationals was threatened by warring factions in the 1911 Revolution in China.^[90]

The ship then resumed her regular San Francisco-Manila route, interrupted only by brief shipyard visits.^[91][92][93]Logan had a minor modification of her route in January 1916. She sailed from San Francisco to thePanama Canal where she embarked the27th Infantry Regiment, which she took to Manila.^[94]

Logan's arrivals from foreign ports were always accompanied by inspections and sometimes quarantine by local health authorities concerned with the spread of communicable diseases.^[48][49][50] On at least one occasion, these precautions failed disastrously.Logan carried theinfluenza pandemic to Guam in October 1918. Approximately 5% of the population died as a result of her visit.^[95][96]

The revolutionaryBolshevik government ofRussia made aseparate peace with theCentral Powers in March 1918, ending Russian participation in World War I. In July 1918,President Wilson sent U.S. troops toSiberia as part of an Allied Expeditionary Force to safeguard American interests threatened by this change. On 2 September 1918,^[97]Logan sailed forVladivostok, Russia from San Francisco with 1,745 troops aboard.^[98] She and sister-ship USATSheridan reached Vladivostok on 29 September 1918. They disembarked 3,682 troops, which brought the previously landed27th and31st Infantry Regiments to full strength.^[99] On 4 December 1918Logan sailed from San Francisco for Russia again, with a stop in Honolulu, where she arrived on 13 December. She unloaded 100 tons of frozen food for the troops in Hawaii.^[100] She then sailed on to Vladivostok. A serious fire broke out en route which took seven hours to bring under control, butLogan continued her voyage to Russia.^[101] She returned to San Francisco on 17 February 1919 with eleven wounded soldiers from the Siberian expedition.^[102]

Logan sailed again for Vladivostok on 25 February 1919.^[103] She returned to San Francisco on 6 May 1919 with more than 850 passengers aboard.^[104] She returned 1,278 soldiers from the 27th and 31st Infantry Regiments and 167 bodies of soldiers who had been killed in Siberia on 19 October 1919.^[105] During this period,Logan sailed a triangular route between San Francisco, Vladivostok, and Manila, with her usual intermediate stops in Hawaii, and Guam.^[106][107]

She left San Francisco for her last sailing in the Siberian Intervention on 2 June 1920.^[108] She evacuated 1,789^[109] troops of theCzechoslovak Legion from Vladivostok toTrieste, Italy where she arrived on 28 September 1920.^[110] The trip to Vladivostok went via Honolulu and Manila. From Vladivostok she traveled viaColombo,^[111] Singapore, and the Suez Canal to reach Trieste.Logan returned to her San Francisco home port on 14 February 1921 via Gibraltar, New York,^[112] Puerto Rico, and the Panama Canal.^[113] En route she embarked elements of the42nd Infantry Regiment in Puerto Rico and transported them to their station in theCanal Zone.^[114]

Upon her return to San Francisco,Logan resumed her regular supply runs to Honolulu, Manila, and Guam. On 12 October 1922 she sailed from Manila for the last time.^[115] She carried units of the 9th Cavalry Regiment which were returning to the United States.^[116] After her final stop in Honolulu, she returned to San Francisco on 11 November 1922 where her government service ended.^[117]

In December 1920, the War Department announced its intention to sell eight Army transports, includingLogan and two of her sister-ships purchased from the Atlantic Transport Line in 1898.^[118] Given the glut of more modern troopships built during World War I, it made little sense for the Army to maintain the thirty-year-oldLogan. She was sold on 9 November 1922.^[5]

Candler Floating School, Inc., led byAsa G. Candler, jr., purchasedLogan for $180,000.^[119] Its intent was to use the ship as a floating school for 400 boys. She would sail around the world during a single school year, mixing classroom teaching with the experience of seeing the world. The ship was to be fitted with classrooms, lounges, laboratories, a library, gymnasium, and swimming pool. There was to be a school band, orchestra, and newspaper.^[120]

Candler wanted the ship closer to hisAtlanta headquarters to oversee its renovation. In order to offset the cost of repositioningLogan to the east coast, she was chartered to thePacific Mail Steamship Company to move a cargo of California produce to New York. She made port in Los Angeles in December 1922,^[121] and discharged her cargo in New York in January 1923. Candler had her moved toBaltimore, where she arrived on 22 January 1923.^[122]

Logan was sent toBaltimore Dry Dock and Shipbuilding yard to have her hull andtail shaft inspected.^[123]Naval architect Edes Johnson completed plans for the conversion, and Candler sought bids to execute the work. The cost proved prohibitive, however, andLogan was sold to the Boston Iron and Metal Company in April 1923.^[124] The ship was scrapped at the H. C. Crook Shipbuilding Company in Baltimore in 1924.^[125]

• Ships of the United States Army
• 1892 ships
• Ships built by Harland and Wolff
• Ships built in Belfast
• Boxer Rebellion naval ships of the United States
• Spanish–American War auxiliary ships of the United States

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• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata