Dania (Latin forDenmark) is atranscription system commonly used in Denmark to describe theDanish language. It was invented by DanishlinguistOtto Jespersen and published in 1890 in the magazineDania, after which it was named.

Jespersen led an international conference in 1925 to establish an alternative to theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) that approached the IPA but retained several elements of Dania transcription.

 ¹ These letter shapes are approximations. In Jespersen's 1890 paper the loop goes the other way or (for what is shown in the table immediately above as⟨ᶄ⟩) crosses back over the leg of the letter: ⟨⟩.

For mixedvoicing, one normally writes (e.g. for voiced[m])⟨mh⟩ for final voicelessness and⟨hm⟩ for initial voicelessness, with roman-type⟨m⟩ for fully voiceless[m̥]. But there are two ligatures:⟨hw⟩ >⟨ƕ⟩ and⟨hj⟩ >⟨ꜧ⟩. Roman-type⟨b⟩,⟨d⟩ etc. are fully voiced sounds which occur in dialects such asBornholmsk. Note that roman typeface indicates amodally voiced sound withplosives, a voiceless sound withsonorants andlaterals, and a partially voiceless sound withfricatives/approximants.

A mid dot may be added for length. The comma forstød combines with this to form the 'comma-punkt'.

¹⟨ü⟩ and⟨u̇⟩ are theSwedish andNorwegian orthographic⟨u⟩, respectively.

² Mid⟨ė⟩,⟨ø̇⟩,⟨0⟩ are forweakallophones of what are written⟨e⟩,⟨ø⟩,⟨o⟩.

³ This is an italic ⟨æ⟩ (an italicaeligature). It may look the same as italic ⟨œ⟩ (an italicoe ligature) in some fonts.

⁴ This is an italic ⟨a⟩ (intended as an italic oroblique form of "double-decker" lowercase⟨A⟩). It may look the same as italic ⟨ɑ⟩ (an italic form of "single-decker" lowercase⟨A⟩) in some fonts.

A conference held in Copenhagen in 1925 under the auspices of theUnion Académique Internationale (UAI) produced recommendations for an international phonetic alphabet that was a compromise between Dania transcription, theInternational Phonetic Alphabet (then still in flux), and other systems then in use. Members of the convention objected, for example, to the use of unrelated letters for palatal consonants in the IPA, opting instead for a characteristic curl to derive them, and they excluded the IPA letter⟨c⟩ altogether. The system is as follows:^[3]

Phonetic transcription is demarcated by square brackets,[...], and transliteration or original orthography by parentheses overstruck with small circles,⹢...⹣ (as inPalaeotype).

Long vowels are marked by a high dot, ⟨aꞏ⟩, and half-long vowels by a low dot, ⟨a.⟩. Extra-long vowels are ⟨aꞏꞏ⟩.

Stress is ⟨ˈa⟩, ⟨ˌa⟩, ⟨ˈˈa⟩ or bold ⟨ˈa⟩ (before the syllable, not just the vowel) as in the IPA. It may belexical orprosodic.

Tone is indicated by staveless marks before the syllable, e.g. ⟨ˉa⟩ level, ⟨´a⟩ rising, ⟨ˋa⟩ falling, ⟨ˆa⟩ rising-falling, ⟨ˇa⟩ falling-rising, ⟨˜a⟩ "waving". Additionally, ⟨´a⟩ and ⟨ˋa⟩ are used for the "simple" and "compound" tones of Norwegian and Swedish.

Syllabic is ⟨n̥⟩ and non-syllabic ⟨i̯⟩; ⟨n̬⟩ for 'voiceless' (the opposite meaning of thisdiacritic in IPA) and ⟨h̩⟩ for 'voiced'. A diacritic (not supported byUnicode) that resembles⟨()⟩ joined at their tips is an alternative for 'voiced'.)

Nasal vowels are e.g. ⟨ą⟩.

Labialization is ⟨n̫⟩. The same diacritic turned 180°, ⟨u᫦⟩, is used for 'unrounded'.

Dental consonants are e.g. ⟨t̪⟩,retroflex either ⟨ʈ⟩ or ⟨ṭ⟩.

Palatal consonants are marked, as in Dania transcription, with the looped tail of a cursive ⟨j⟩. This is found on both alveolar ⟨t⟩ ⟨d⟩ ⟨ʦ⟩ ⟨s⟩ ⟨z⟩ ⟨n⟩ ⟨l⟩ and velar ⟨k⟩ ⟨g⟩ ⟨x⟩ (the last equivalent to IPA ⟨ç⟩). ⟨g⟩-loop loses its original tail, so that it looks like ⟨c⟩ with a looped ⟨j⟩ tail.

Palatalized consonants are either ⟨n̑⟩ or ⟨n ̑⟩. Finer shades may be indicated by ⟨tⁱ⟩, ⟨tᵉ⟩ etc.

⟨ʃ⟩ ⟨ʒ⟩ are retained for generic hushing fricatives, covering both ⟨ʂ⟩ ⟨ʐ]⟩ and palatal⟨s⟩-loop,⟨z⟩-loop.

For fricatives,Greek⟨ϕ⟩⟨β⟩ (bilabial),⟨ϑ⟩⟨δ⟩ (dental) and⟨χ⟩⟨γ⟩ (velar) are used.Cyrillic⟨ф⟩ may be used for Greek⟨ϕ⟩ to avoid confusion with the IPA vowel ⟨ø⟩. Greek⟨δ⟩ should have a flat top, as it often does in handwriting. Roman⟨x⟩ may be used for Greek⟨χ⟩.

⟨ƕ⟩ is provided as an alternative to voiceless⟨w̬⟩.

Dotless⟨ȷ⟩ is used instead of IPA⟨j⟩ to avoid confusion with the many conventional uses of roman⟨j⟩ (for[j] in German,[t͡ɕ] inPinyin),[d͡ʒ] in English, etc.).

For the velar nasal, a variant with the tail is raised to⟨ꬻ⟩ (as inTeuthonista) was chosen to avoid clashing with diacritics placed under the letter.

Uvulars aresmall-cap roman⟨ᴋ⟩ (or⟨q⟩),⟨ɢ⟩,⟨ɴ⟩,⟨ʟ⟩ (predating any IPA letter for this sound),⟨ʀ⟩ and full-cap Greek⟨Χ⟩⟨Γ⟩ for the fricatives.

Pharyngeals are⟨ħ⟩ and⟨ᵋ⟩ (the latter a Unicode approximation).

⟨ʼ⟩ isglottal stop,⟨tʽ⟩ weakaspiration,⟨th⟩ strong aspiration.

⟨r⟩ is a trill;⟨ř⟩ is the sound written the same way inCzech.⟨ꭋ⟩ is adorsal (but not uvular)rhotic.

For clarity, ligatures may be used foraffricates, as in the IPA of the time.

Unreleased plosives are marked with a raised square, e.g.⟨t⸋⟩.

Clicks are indicated with a raised triangle over or after a letter (not supported by Unicode, but approximately⟨t̄̂⟩ or⟨tᐞ⟩).

Cyrillic⟨ы⟩ was chosen for the high central unrounded vowel.

⟨ä⟩⟨ȧ⟩⟨a⟩ may be used in place of⟨a⟩⟨ɑ⟩ to avoid the confusion of the latter in italic typeface.

A closer vowel is⟨ẹ⟩ (as in Lepsius) or⟨e͔⟩; a more open vowel is⟨e̠⟩ or⟨e͕⟩.

• Finno-Ugric transcription (or Uralic Phonetic Alphabet)
• General Alphabet of Cameroon Languages
• Landsmålsalfabetet, for Swedish
• Norvegia, for Norwegian
• Palaeotype alphabet, for English
• Teuthonista, for German

• Danish language
• Otto Jespersen
• Phonetic guides
• Phonetic alphabets
• Symbols introduced in 1890
• Writing systems introduced in the 1890s
• 1890 establishments in Denmark

• Pages with plain IPA
• Articles with short description
• Short description matches Wikidata
• Articles containing Danish-language text
• Articles containing French-language text