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|
 Parma at peak intensity on October 1 | |
| Meteorological history | |
|---|---|
| Formed | September 27, 2009 |
| Dissipated | October 14, 2009 |
| Very strong typhoon | |
| 10-minute sustained (JMA) | |
| Highest winds | 185 km/h (115 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 930hPa (mbar); 27.46 inHg |
| Category 4-equivalent super typhoon | |
| 1-minute sustained (SSHWS/JTWC) | |
| Highest winds | 250 km/h (155 mph) |
| Lowest pressure | 922hPa (mbar); 27.23 inHg |
| Overall effects | |
| Fatalities | 500 total |
| Damage | $617 million (2009USD) |
| Areas affected |
|
IBTrACS | |
Part of the2009 Pacific typhoon season | |
Typhoon Parma, known in thePhilippines asSuper Typhoon Pepeng, was the second-wettesttyphoon to affect the Philippines, and the second typhoon to affect the country within the span of a week during September 2009.
Typhoon Parma was named byPAGASA as Pepeng when it entered the Philippine Area of Responsibility days afterTyphoon Ketsana wreaked havoc on the country; Parma spared the capital and instead lashed the northern part ofLuzon island. Parma added to the damage brought about by the earlier Typhoon Ketsana, affecting thousands of families on the north, especially in the province ofPangasinan where theSan Roque Dam inadvertently released water to prevent its breach. However, in the first week of October, Parma interacted with the incomingTyphoon Melor on thePacific (via aFujiwhara interaction), rendering it stationary as it made landfall on SouthernTaiwan. Days later, the greatly weakened Parma retreated back to Luzon, making further landfalls onIlocos Norte andCagayan. The now Severe Tropical Storm Parma then began to wane its strength, as it crossed Luzon island for the second time. It then emerged on theSouth China Sea as atropical depression, before restrengthening into a tropical storm and strikingHainan andVietnam before finally dissipating in October 14.
Parma's bizarre, long-lived, and erratic track over northern Luzon led to near-record levels ofrainfall,[1] causing devastatingflooding that led to Parma becoming one of the deadliest typhoons to hit the Philippines in a decade. Due to the high death toll and damages, both theJMA and PAGASA retiredParma andPepeng from their respective naming lists.
Extratropical cyclone, remnant low, tropical disturbance, or monsoon depressionDuring September 26, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) started to monitor an area of convection that was located about 445 km (275 mi), to the southeast of Guam.[2] The system had an elongated low-level circulation center with convection developing around the center.[2] Upper level analysis showed that the system was located in an area of low vertical wind shear and had a good poleward outflow into a tropical upper tropospheric trough.[2] During the next day, convection started to consolidate before both the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) and the JTWC initiated advisories on the system, with the JTWC designating it as Tropical Depression 19W. After being classified, the depression remained weak and poorly organized, as it lay close to Tropical Storm 18W. During September 28, as the depression moved away from 18W, the JTWC reported that the depression had intensified into a tropical storm despite it remaining poorly organized, and acquired the nameParma.
Parma started to intensify to a typhoon as it moved closer to the Philippines. On October 1, Parma reached its peak intensity with winds of 250 km/h (155 mph). Afterwards, Parma started a weakening trend as it moved closer to the Philippines, and on October 3 made landfall northern luzon, Philippines.[3][4] During its landfall in thePhilippines, Parma began to travel northwest towards China. It slowed down and weakened (due to interactions withTyphoon Melor), then turned back south towards the Philippines. Parma made a second landfall on October 6 with sustained winds of 105 kilometres per hour (65 mph).[3] It weakened to a tropical depression before emerging off the east coast ofLuzon on October 7, remaining stationary for a day. On October 8 it made a third landfall the eastern coast ofCagayan, then moved slowly across Luzon, eventually emerging in the South China Sea.[3] After regaining some strength, it travelled westward and hit the island ofHainan,China, with winds of 39 miles per hour (63 km/h).[5] It then made a final landfall in Vietnam on October 13, and dissipated over the country on October 14.[5]
| Hurricane warning levels |
|---|
| Hurricane warning |
| Hurricane conditions expected within 36 hours. |
| Hurricane watch |
| Hurricane conditions possible within 48 hours. |
| Tropical storm warning |
| Tropical storm conditions expected within 36 hours. |
| Tropical storm watch |
| Tropical storm conditions possible within 48 hours. |
| Storm surge warning |
| Life-threatening storm surge possible within 36 hours. |
| Storm surge watch |
| Life-threatening storm surge possible within 48 hours. |
| Extreme wind warning |
| Winds reaching Category 3 status or higher likely (issued two hours or less before onset of extreme winds). |
Early on September 28, theNational Weather Service Weather Forecast Office inGuam using data from the Joint Typhoon Warning Center placedUlithi, Faraulep and Fais under tropical storm warnings and declared Tropical storm watches forYap and Ngulu whilst the depression was moving towards the state of Yap.[6] Tropical storm warnings were then declared for Yap and Ngulu later that morning as the depression was moving to the northwest of Faraulep.[7] These warnings stayed in effect until early the next day when they canceled the warnings for Faraulep, Fais and Ulithi after the depression had intensified into a named storm, and had passed by the islands.[8][9][10] NWS Guam then placedKoror and Kayangel under a tropical storm watch later that day before cancelling all warnings early on September 30.[11][12]
| Rank | Storm | Season | Damage | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PHP | USD | ||||
| 1 | Yolanda (Haiyan) | 2013 | ₱95.5 billion | $2.2 billion | [13] |
| 2 | Odette (Rai) | 2021 | ₱47.6 billion | $951 million | [14] |
| 3 | Pablo (Bopha) | 2012 | ₱43.2 billion | $1.06 billion | [15] |
| 4 | Glenda (Rammasun) | 2014 | ₱38.6 billion | $771 million | [16] |
| 5 | Ompong (Mangkhut) | 2018 | ₱33.9 billion | $627 million | [17] |
| 6 | Pepeng (Parma) | 2009 | ₱27.3 billion | $581 million | [18] |
| 7 | Ulysses (Vamco) | 2020 | ₱20.2 billion | $417 million | [19] |
| 8 | Kristine (Trami) | 2024 | ₱18.4 billion | $373 million | [20] |
| 9 | Rolly (Goni) | 2020 | ₱17.9 billion | $369 million | [21] |
| 10 | Pedring (Nesat) | 2011 | ₱15.6 billion | $356 million | [15] |
TheNational Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) advised all local government officials across Luzon to evacuate people if needed to ensure their safety. In addition to the NDCC, they gave out relief goods and other necessities. PresidentGloria Macapagal Arroyo also requested PAGASA to monitor the super typhoon every two hours and update its website.[22] Also, thePhilippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) advised all areas with public storm signals to be alerted against storm surges, landslides, and flash floods. TheCoast Guard placed the entire country under red alert, meaning that the agency would monitor the whole country, especially Northern and Central Luzon. All ferry stations with routes fromLuzon toVisayas and vice versa suspended operations, andfishermen were advised not to go to sea to avoid turbulent waves.[23]
As preparations continued, different dams were opened and large amounts of water freed to avoid the overflowing of dams. InIsabela, theMagat Dam released a large amount of water. Its water was projected to pass throughCagayan River, forcing locals along the river to evacuate. TheAngat Dam inBulacan also released large amounts of water, flooding the towns ofCalumpit andHagonoy. Local officials took evacuated people living in the area. Five barangays inNueva Ecija were already flooded due to water fromPantabangan Dam, which released 250 cubic meters per second from 1 pm on October 1, 05:00 (UTC) to 1 am on October 2, 17:00 (UTC). Local officials also took charge to evacuate people. InLaguna, theCaliraya Dam released water as a precaution against Parma's heavy rains, even though Laguna would not be directly affected by the super typhoon.[24] On the morning of October 2, President Gloria Macapagal — Arroyo declared the whole country under a state of calamity.
InMetro Manila, billboards were rolled down due to strong winds that were anticipated. Air travel, cargo ships, and other water transport throughout the Islands were suspended.[25] The Commission on Higher Education (CHED) suspended classes for regions 1, 2, 3, 4a, 4b, 5 and CAR.[26] InLaguna, the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) evacuated a massive 100,000 residents that live near the Laguna lake.[27]
Following the devastating impacts ofTyphoon Morakot in August, residents in southern Taiwan were weary upon hearing of a new typhoon approaching the region. By October 3, residents of six villages in the hard hit county of Kaohsiung began evacuating.[28] The following day, theCentral Weather Bureau issued a land warning for theHengchun Peninsula as Parma moved over the northern Philippines. Residents in the region were advised to prepare for heavy rains and high winds in relation to the storm.[29] At least 55 international flights from Taiwanese airports were cancelled or delayed due to Typhoon Parma as it stalled in the Bashih Channel.[30] On October 5, mandatory evacuations were put in place for portions of southern Taiwan, leading to roughly 6,000 residents leaving the area for shelter. Emergency officials deployed 200 elite soldiers to the region to assist in the evacuation and placed 35,000 more on standby for relief operations.[31]
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While it was a Tropical Storm, Parma passed to the south of the westernmost state ofYap, battering the east coast of the main island with torrential rain and winds of up to 95 km/h (60 mph). As a result, Continental Micronesia cancelled its scheduled passenger flight to Guam, while the governor of Yap ordered that government employees stay at home and that residents take all precautions that were possible while placing Yap under the highest state of storm alerts.[34][35][36]
| Precipitation | Storm | Location | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Rank | mm | in | |||
| 1 | 2210.0 | 87.01 | July 1911 cyclone | Baguio | [37] |
| 2 | 1854.3 | 73.00 | Pepeng (Parma) (2009) | Baguio | [38] |
| 3 | 1216.0 | 47.86 | Trining (Carla) (1967) | Baguio | [37] |
| 4 | 1116.0 | 43.94 | Iliang (Zeb) (1998) | La Trinidad, Benguet | [39] |
| 5 | 1085.8 | 42.74 | Feria (Utor) (2001) | Baguio | [40] |
| 6 | 1077.8 | 42.43 | Lando (Koppu) (2015) | Baguio | [38] |
| 7 | 1012.7 | 39.87 | Igme (Mindulle) (2004) | [41] | |
| 8 | 902.0 | 35.51 | Dante (Kujira) (2009) | [42] | |
| 9 | 879.9 | 34.64 | September 1929 typhoon | Virac, Catanduanes | [43] |
| 10 | 869.6 | 34.24 | Openg (Dinah) (1977) | Western Luzon | [44] |
Even though Parma was still too far to make its landfall in northern Philippines, various transportation was suspended before the super typhoon draw near. InCatanduanes, where the first signal warning no.3 was raised, the province's power and communications were cut. Fallen trees were already in the main roads. About 30,000 families were evacuated. In addition to theBicol region, more than 2,000 passengers were stranded in ferry stations.[45] 39 provinces including Metro Manila were put to signal warnings, with each place experienced massive rainfall with strong winds. Parma made its landfall at Northeastern Cagayan at 3:00pm PST/07:00 (UTC). InCagayan, at least 6,036 people in 39 barangays (villages) were affected, while P20.33 million worth of agricultural produce were destroyed. Also, in the Chico River was swelled due to the typhoon, making the Maguilling Overflow Bridge along the Cagayan–Apayao Road impassable. TheMaharlika Highway in Ilagan, Isabela to Cagayan became hardly passable due to the trees and electric posts that fell when Pepeng battered the area. Total power interruption also crippled the provinces of Kalinga, Apayao, and the northern towns of Isabela. In Kalinga, landslides were reported on roads linking the provincial capital,Tabuk, to upland towns. In Zambales, at least 2,100 families were evacuated as Pepeng brought heavy rains causing the Bucao River to swell. The Carael section of the Zambales highway became impassable due to rising floodwaters.[46] Due to heavy downpour, theSan Roque Dam in EasternPangasinan and Pantabangan Dam inNueva Ecija was forced to release huge amount of water. It caused major flooding inTarlac which is their neighbouring province and also caused flooding Eastern and Central Pangasinan as well as Nueva Ecija. InMetro Manila the area is still experienced torrential rains and strong winds. Floodwaters continue to rise in some areas in Metro Manila andCalabarzon. InPateros,Muntinlupa, andTaguig, inTaytay town in Rizal province, and in the towns ofBiñan andSan Pedro inLaguna province, the flood is not subsiding.Laguna de Bay is breaking a 90-year record in meters of water, which threatens to submerge more areas in Metro Manila.[47] InBenguet, a landslide killed at least 200 as Tropical Depression Parma continues to bring rain across northernLuzon.[48] Due to severe flooding,Leptospirosis became a problem that affected many. In Pasig City General Hospital alone, 30 people have been taken in for diagnosis. TheDepartment of Health announced that there is aLeptospirosis outbreak inMarikina.
Torrential rainfall fell across southern Taiwan as Typhoon Parma stalled south of the island. In some areas, more than 500 mm (20 in) of rain fell, resulting in floods up to .5 m (1.6 ft) deep. These floods prompted emergency evacuations in hundreds of villages throughout Taiwan. After 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain fell in Yilan County, emergency officials enacted the first mandatory evacuation in northern Taiwan, relocating hundreds of residents. Several landslides were reported in mountainous regions, mainly in southern parts of the island. Military convoys loaded with sandbags traveled to rising rivers to help reinforce them and prevent them from overflowing their banks. As a result of the continuous rainfall and cloud cover, temperatures across Taiwan fell below average.[49]
Off the coast of Taiwan, a ship carrying 14 people sank after being battered by rough seas produced by Typhoon Parma. One person was confirmed dead, three were rescued and ten others were listed as missing.[50]
Off the cost of Hainan Island, a ship carrying nine people capsized. Three people were confirmed to have drowned, five were rescued and one other remains missing.[51]
Typhoon Parma made its final landfall near Hai Phong on October 15 after causing damage toBach Long Vi island where 62 fishing boats were sunk. No deaths were reported.[52]
Due to the large number of fatalities and damage caused by the storm, the namesParma andPepeng were later retired. The committee selected the nameIn-fa to replace "Parma" on the Western Pacific basin name lists beginning in 2011. For the PAGASA, on 2012, the name chosen to replace "Pepeng" wasPaolo for the2013 season.
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Tropical cyclones of the2009 Pacific typhoon season | ||
|---|---|---|
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