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Twin cities are a special case of two neighboringcities or urban centres that grow into a singleconurbation – or narrowly separated urban areas – over time. There are no formal criteria, but twin cities are generally comparable in status and size, though not necessarily equal; a city and a substantially smaller suburb would not typically qualify, even if they were once separate.Tri-cities andquad cities are similar groups of three or four municipalities.

A common – but not universal – scenario is two cities that developed concurrently on opposite sides of a river. For example,Minneapolis andSaint Paul inMinnesota – one of the most widely known pairs of "Twin Cities" – were founded several miles apart on opposite sides of theMississippi River, and competed for prominence as they grew.

In some cases, twin cities are separated by a state border, such asAlbury (New South Wales) andWodonga (Victoria) in Australia, on opposite sides of theMurray River. InPakistan,Islamabad andRawalpindi are twin cities located in northwesternPunjab region: Islamabad is administratively being part of theIslamabad Capital Territory, and Rawalpindi is in theprovince of Punjab. Cities on opposite sides of international borders sometimes share enough cultural and historical identity to be seen as twins, such asHaparanda (Sweden) andTornio (Finland),Leticia (Colombia) andTabatinga (Brazil), orValga (Estonia) andValka (Latvia).

In some cases twin cities eventually merge into a single legal municipality, such asBuda andPest merging in 1873 intoBudapest, Hungary;Brooklyn being annexed byNew York City in 1898; and the three ancient cities ofHankou,Hanyang, andWuchang joining in 1927 intoWuhan.

As a single urban area, twin cities may share an airport whoseairport codes include both cities' initials, e.g.DFW (Dallas–Fort Worth),LBA (Leeds–Bradford),MSP (Minneapolis–Saint Paul),RDU (Raleigh andDurham), andCAK (Akron–Canton).

This articlemay containexcessive orirrelevant examples. Please helpimprove the article by adding descriptive text and removingless pertinent examples.(November 2009)

Border towns	Countries
Kinshasa andBrazzaville	Democratic Republic of the Congo / Republic of the Congo
Victoria Falls andLivingstone	Zimbabwe / Zambia

Border towns	Countries
Astara andAstara	Azerbaijan / Iran
Dandong andSinuiju	China / North Korea
Manzhouli andZabaykalsk	China / Russia
Heihe andBlagoveshchensk
Dongxing andMong Cai	China / Vietnam
Hekou andLao Cai
Johor Bahru andSingapore[1]	Malaysia / Singapore
Vientiane andNong Khai	Thailand / Laos
Dansavan andLao Bao	Laos / Vietnam
Al Ain andAl Buraimi	United Arab Emirates / Oman
Agartala andAkhaura	India / Bangladesh
Eilat andAqaba	Israel / Jordan
Jincheng andXiamen	Taiwan / China

Border towns	Countries
Vienna andBratislava[Europe 1]	Austria / Slovakia
Bad Radkersburg andGornja Radgona	Austria / Slovenia
Comines andComines	France / Belgium
Mouscron andTourcoing
Wervik andWervicq-Sud
Slavonski Brod andBosanski Brod	Croatia / Bosnia and Herzegovina
Český Těšín andCieszyn	Czech Republic / Poland
Copenhagen andMalmö	Denmark / Sweden
Valga andValka	Estonia / Latvia
Narva andIvangorod	Estonia / Russia
Imatra andSvetogorsk	Finland / Russia
Tornio andHaparanda	Finland / Sweden
Strasbourg andKehl	France / Germany
Hendaye andIrun	Spain / France
Frankfurt (Oder) andSłubice	Poland / Germany
Görlitz andZgorzelec
Guben andGubin
Heringsdorf andŚwinoujście
Konstanz andKreuzlingen	Switzerland / Germany
Laufenburg (Baden) andLaufenburg, Aargau[Europe 2]
Esztergom andŠtúrovo	Hungary / Slovakia
Komárno andKomárom
Strabane andLifford	Ireland / United Kingdom
Gorizia andNova Gorica	Italy / Slovenia
Rome andVatican City[Europe 3]	Italy / Vatican
Kerkrade andHerzogenrath	Netherlands / Germany
La Línea de la Concepción andGibraltar	Spain / United Kingdom
Basel,Weil am Rhein andSaint Louis	Switzerland / Germany / France
Tui andValença	Spain /Portugal

Notes

Border towns	Bordering countries
Niagara Falls, Ontario andNiagara Falls, New York	United States / Canada
Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario andSault Ste. Marie, Michigan
North Portal, Saskatchewan andPortal, North Dakota
Tecate, Baja California andTecate, California	United States / Mexico
Boquillas del Carmen, Coahuila andBoquillas, Texas
Naco, Sonora andNaco, Arizona
Nogales, Sonora andNogales, Arizona
San Luis Río Colorado, Sonora andSan Luis, Arizona
Nuevo Laredo, Tamaulipas andLaredo, Texas
Nuevo Progreso, Río Bravo, Tamaulipas andProgreso, Texas
Calexico, California andMexicali, Baja California (Calexico–Mexicali)
Ciudad Hidalgo, Chiapas andAyutla, San Marcos	Mexico / Guatemala
Detroit, Michigan andWindsor, Ontario (Detroit–Windsor)	United States / Canada
International Falls, Minnesota andFort Frances, Ontario
Douglas, Arizona andAgua Prieta, Sonora	United States / Mexico
Yuma, Arizona andSan Luis Río Colorado, Sonora
San Diego, California andTijuana, Baja California seeSan Diego–Tijuana
Brownsville, Texas andMatamoros, Tamaulipas seeBrownsville–Matamoros
Del Rio, Texas andCiudad Acuña, Coahuila
Eagle Pass, Texas andPiedras Negras, Coahuila
El Paso, Texas andCiudad Juárez, Chihuahua seeEl Paso–Juárez
Presidio, Texas andManuel Ojinaga, Chihuahua

Border town	Countries
Sant'Ana do Livramento,Rio Grande do Sul andRivera	Brazil  / Uruguay

Twin towns	Country
Cairo andGiza.[2] Triple cities if countingShubra El Kheima.	Egypt
Port Said andPort Fuad
Sekondi-Takoradi	Ghana
Johannesburg andPretoria,Gauteng Province	South Africa

Twin towns	Country
Dhaka andNarayanganj	Bangladesh
Guangzhou andFoshan	China
Xi'an andXianyang
Beijing andLangfang
Wuxi andSuzhou
Chaozhou andShantou
Haifeng andLufeng
Hong Kong andShenzhen[3]
Ahmedabad andGandhinagar, Gujarat[4]	India
Allahabad andNaini, Uttar Pradesh[4]
Bangalore, Karnataka andHosur, Tamil Nadu
Bishangarh andJalore, Rajasthan
Chümoukedima andDimapur, Nagaland
Cuttack andBhubaneswar, Odisha[5]
Durg andBhilai, Chhattisgarh[5]
Hubli andDharwad, Karnataka[5]
Mysore andSrirangapatna, Karnataka
Kankroli andRajsamand, Rajasthan[5]
Kochi andErnakulam, Kerala[5][6]
Coimbatore andTiruppur, Tamil Nadu
Kolkata andHowrah, West Bengal[5]
Mumbai andNavi Mumbai, Maharashtra[5]
Kalyan andDombivli, Maharashtra[4]
Mira andBhayandar, Maharashtra[5]
Vasai andVirar, Maharashtra[5]
Ambarnath andBadlapur, Maharashtra[5]
Pimpri andChinchwad, Maharashtra[5]
Sangli andMiraj, Maharashtra
Munger andJamalpur, Bihar[5]
Noida andGreater Noida, Uttar Pradesh[5]
Pondicherry andCuddalore
Ranchi andHatia, Jharkhand[5]
Surat andNavsari, Gujarat
Sumerpur andSheoganj, Rajasthan
Thrissur andGuruvayur, Kerala[5]
Vijayawada andGuntur, Andhra Pradesh[5]
Bangarpet andKolar Gold Fields, Karnataka
Harihar andDavangere, Karnataka
Shivamoga andBhadravati, Karnataka
Attur andNarasingapuram, Tamil Nadu
Bhavani andKomarapalayam, Tamil Nadu
Dharmapuri andNallampalli, Tamil Nadu
Erode andPallipalayam, Tamil Nadu
Namakkal andKarur, Tamil Nadu
Tiruchirappalli andSrirangam, Tamil Nadu
Tirunelveli andPalayamkottai, Tamil Nadu[5]
Hyderabad andSecunderabad, Telangana
Asansol andDurgapur, West Bengal
Barrackpore andBarasat, West Bengal
Coochbehar andAlipurduar, West Bengal
Jalpaiguri andMainaguri, West Bengal
Siliguri andJalpaiguri, West Bengal
Berhampore andMurshidabad, West Bengal
Erbil andMosul	Iraq
Seleucia andCtesiphon[n 1]
Ramla andLod	Israel
Tel Aviv andJaffa
Aomori andHakodate	Japan
Kamisu andKashima[n 2]
Kitakyushu andShimonoseki
Kyoto andOtsu
Maebashi andTakasaki
Nasushiobara andOtawara[n 3]
Okayama andKurashiki[n 4]
Osaka andSakai[n 5]
Sanjo andTsubame
Toyohashi andToyokawa
Tsukuba andTsuchiura[n 6]
Yokkaichi andSuzuka
Karagandy andTemirtau	Kazakhstan
Beirut andJounieh, Lebanon	Lebanon
Kuala Lumpur andPutrajaya,	Malaysia
Bharatpur andGaindakot	Nepal
Butwal andTilottama
Nepalgunj andKohalpur
Rason andChongjin	North Korea
Jhelum andSarai Alamgir	Pakistan
Peshawar andMardan
Rawalpindi andIslamabad
Ramallah andal-Bireh	Palestine
Baguio andLa Trinidad	Philippines
Bantay andVigan
Bayombong andSolano
Dagupan andLingayen
Daraga andLegazpi
Dipolog andDapitan
Laoag andSan Nicolas
Lemery andTaal
Palo andTacloban
Santo Tomas andBatangas
Dammam andKhobar	Saudi Arabia
Seoul andIncheon, South Korea	South Korea
Busan andUlsan, South Korea
Sejong City andDaejeon, South Korea
Yangyang andSokcho, South Korea
Taipei andNew Taipei, Taiwan	Taiwan
Kaohsiung andTainan, Taiwan
Zhubei andHsinchu, Taiwan
Bangkok andNonthaburi, Thailand	Thailand
Chiang Mai andLamphun, Thailand
Songkhla andHatyai, Thailand
Ho Chi Minh City andBinh Duong	Vietnam
Phan Rang-Tháp Chàm

Twin towns	Country
Victoria andKowloon,colonial Hong Kong—although, in both colonial Hong Kong and theHong Kong Special Administrative Region, Victoria is the only city recognised by law; they were widely considered to be separate cities until at least the mid-1970s.[7]	British Hong Kong
Wuhan (merger ofWuchang,Hankou,Hanyang)	China
Chirala-Perala	India
Bangalore Cantonment andBengaluru Pete along with their suburbs merged to form modernBangalore
Fukuoka (merger of east side of Naka river, Hakata, and the west side, Fukuoka)	Japan
Ise (merger ofUji,Yamada)
Joetsu (merger ofTakada,Naoetsu)
Naha andShuri, Okinawa, once separate cities. Shuri became integrated as a district of Naha.
Zhongli andTaoyuan, merged intoTaoyuan City.	Taiwan
Saigon andCholon, merged into Saigon-Cholon, nowHo Chi Minh City.	South Vietnam

Twin towns	Country
Nørresundby andAalborg	Denmark
Kotka andHamina	Finland
Frejus andSaint-Raphaël	France
Lyon andVilleurbanne
Frankfurt andOffenbach	Germany
Ludwigshafen andMannheim
Mainz andWiesbaden
Mönchengladbach andRheydt
Nuremberg andFuerth
Sindelfingen andBöblingen
Ulm andNeu-Ulm
Villingen-Schwenningen
Ballybofey andStranorlar, inCounty Donegal, Ireland are often called the Twin Towns and form thebuilt up area ofBallybofey and Stranorlar	Ireland
Fredrikstad andSarpsborg	Norway
Porsgrunn andSkien. Together with Tollnes, Gulset and Åfoss they form theGrenland urban area.
Sandnes andStavanger
Bydgoszcz andToruń	Poland
Kalisz andOstrów Wielkopolski
Porto andVila Nova de Gaia	Portugal
Póvoa de Varzim andVila do Conde
Novi Sad andPetrovaradin,	Serbia
Temerin andBački Jarak
Zemun andNew Belgrade
Alcobendas andSan Sebastián de los Reyes	Spain
Aldaia andAlaquàs
Coslada andSan Fernando de Henares
Elda andPetrer
Llombai andCatadau
Santa Cruz de Tenerife andSan Cristóbal de la Laguna
Jönköping andHuskvarna,	Sweden
Donetsk andMakiivka	Ukraine
Kramatorsk andSloviansk
Sievierodonetsk andLysychansk
Pokrovsk andMyrnohrad
Brighton and Hove	United Kingdom
Chatham andRochester[8]
Leeds andBradford
Manchester andSalford
Newcastle upon Tyne andGateshead
Liverpool andBirkenhead
Warwick andLeamington Spa

Twin towns	Country
Knokke andHeist-aan-Zee. United intoKnokke-Heist	Belgium
Gradec andKaptol. United intoZagreb	Croatia
Frýdek and Místek. United intoFrýdek-Místek	Czech Republic
Barmen andElberfeld. United intoWuppertal.	Germany
Kouvola andKuusankoski. United into Kouvola.	Finland
Äänekoski andSuolahti. United into Äänekoski.
West Berlin,West Germany andEast Berlin. United intoBerlin.	East Germany
Buda andPest. United intoBudapest.	Hungary
Bielsko and Biała. United intoBielsko-Biała.	Poland
Skanör andFalsterbo. United intoSkanör med Falsterbo.	Sweden
City of London andCity of Westminster. Absorbed intoLondon.	United Kingdom
Berwick-upon-Tweed andTweedmouth, until the former was taken by England from Scotland.

Twin towns	Country
Halifax andDartmouth,Nova Scotia[n 7]	Canada
Kitchener andWaterloo,Ontario
Battleford andNorth Battleford, Saskatchewan"The Battlefords"[n 8]
Toronto andMississauga, Ontario
Phenix City, Alabama andColumbus, Georgia	United States
Kansas City, Kansas andKansas City, Missouri
Lookout Mountain, Georgia andLookout Mountain, Tennessee
Texarkana, Arkansas andTexarkana, Texas[n 9]
San Bernardino andRiverside,California
Fort Collins andLoveland,Colorado
Hartford andNew Britain, Connecticut
Fort Myers andCape Coral,Florida
Fort Lauderdale andMiami,Florida
St. Petersburg andTampa,Florida[n 10]
Augusta, Georgia andNorth Augusta, South Carolina
Boulder andLongmont, Colorado
Champaign andUrbana, Illinois[n 11]
Bloomington andNormal, Illinois
Lafayette andWest Lafayette, Indiana
South Bend andMishawaka, Indiana
Waterloo andCedar Falls, Iowa
Bangor andBrewer, Maine
Lewiston andAuburn, Maine[n 12]
Benton Harbor andSt. Joseph, Michigan
Montague andWhitehall, Michigan
Houghton andHancock, Michigan
Duluth, Minnesota, andSuperior, Wisconsin[n 13]
Minneapolis andSaint Paul, Minnesota[n 14]
Natchez, Mississippi andVidalia, Louisiana[n 15]
Crystal City andFestus, Missouri
New York, New York andJersey City, New Jersey
Raleigh andDurham,North Carolina
Winston-Salem andGreensboro,North Carolina
Piscataway andNew Brunswick, New Jersey
Fargo, North Dakota, andMoorhead, Minnesota[n 16]
Grand Forks, North Dakota andEast Grand Forks, Minnesota
Cincinnati, Ohio andCovington, Kentucky
Portland, Oregon andVancouver, Washington
Delmar, Maryland andDelmar, Delaware
Scranton andWilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania[n 17]
Allentown andBethlehem, Pennsylvania
Greenville andSpartanburg, South Carolina[n 18]
Bristol, Tennessee andBristol, Virginia
Memphis, Tennessee andWest Memphis, Arkansas
Dallas andFort Worth, Texas[n 19]
Midland andOdessa, Texas[n 20]
Bluefield, Virginia andBluefield, West Virginia
Neenah andMenasha, Wisconsin
Marinette, Wisconsin, andMenominee, Michigan
Seattle andTacoma,Washington
Wahpeton, North Dakota andBreckenridge, Minnesota

Twin city	Country
Lloydminster,Alberta/Saskatchewan	Canada
Thunder Bay,Ontario[n 21]
Saginaw andEast Saginaw, Michigan[n 22]	United States
Stanwood andEast Stanwood,Washington[n 23]	United States
Brooklyn andNew York City, New York[n 24]	United States

Twin cities	Country
Carmen de Patagones andViedma	Argentina
Paraná, Entre Ríos andSanta Fe
Americana, São Paulo andSanta Bárbara d'Oeste	Brazil
Juazeiro andPetrolina
Olinda andRecife
Vila Velha andVitória
Ponta Porã andMato Grosso do Sul
Concepción andTalcahuano	Chile
Coquimbo andLa Serena
Valparaiso andViña del Mar
Pedro Juan Caballero andAmambay	Paraguay
Callao andLima	Peru
Acarigua andAraure	Venezuela
Guarenas andGuatire

Twin city	Country
Albury andWodonga	Australia
Canberra andQueanbeyan
Darwin andPalmerston
Forster andTuncurry
Gold Coast andTweed Heads
Harden andMurrumburrah
Kalgoorlie andBoulder
Perth andFremantle
Townsville andThuringowa
Napier andHastings	New Zealand

Border towns	Bordering countries
Brisbane;Gold Coast; andSunshine Coast,Queensland— seeSouth East Queensland	Australia
Sydney;Wollongong; andNewcastle, in the geological region known as theSydney Basin
The Tri-cities of British Columbia consist of Coquitlam, Port Coquitlam, and Port Moody	Canada
The Tri-citites ofKitchener;Waterloo; andCambridge, Ontario, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often called the K-W Tri-City Area
Tri-Town, Ontario-Cobalt,Haileybury andNew Liskeard
Xiamen,Quanzhou,Zhangzhou, Fujian	China
Wuppertal,Remscheid,Solingen, Rhineland, originally a quad-city until 1929, whenElberfeld andBarmen merged to form Wuppertal	Germany
Chandigarh;Mohali; andPanchkula[9]	India
Vijayawada;Amaravati; andGuntur
Chennai,Avadi andTambaram
Ranipet,Walajapet andArcot
Warangal;Hanamkonda;Kazipet — seeWarangal Tri-City
Kyoto;Osaka;Kobe - seeKeihanshin	Japan
Parit Buntar,Perak;Nibong Tebal,Penang; andBandar Baharu,Kedah	Malaysia
Guadalajara;Tlaquepaque;Zapopan, Jalisco	Mexico
Bhaktapur;Kathmandu; andPatan	Nepal
Tricity, consisting of the cities ofBaglung,Beni andKushma
Bacolod;Silay;Talisay	Philippines
Cebu City;Mandaue; andLapu-Lapu City
Angeles City;Mabalacat; andSan Fernando
Gdańsk;Gdynia; andSopot — seeTricity	Poland
Wejherowo;Rumia; andReda — seeKashubian Tricity
TheDammam metropolitan area, consisting ofDammam;Dhahran; andKhobar	Saudi Arabia
The metropolitan municipalities ofJohannesburg,Tshwane (Pretoria) andEkurhuleni (East Rand),Gauteng Province	South Africa
Gqeberha (Port Elizabeth),Kariega (Uitenhage) andDespatch inNelson Mandela Bay Metropolitan Municipality,Eastern Cape Province
East London,Bhisho andQonce (King William's Town) inBuffalo City Metropolitan Municipality, Eastern Cape Province
Khartoum;North Khartoum; andOmdurman	Sudan
Stockholm;Solna; andSundbyberg	Sweden
Trollhättan;Uddevalla; andVänersborg
TheDubai-Sharjah-Ajman metropolitan area, consisting ofDubai;Sharjah; andAjman, United Arab Emirates	United Arab Emirates
Burbank;Glendale; andPasadena, inLos Angeles County, California	United States
Fremont;Newark; andUnion City, inAlameda County, California
Oceanside;Vista; andCarlsbad, inSan Diego County, California
Riverside;San Bernardino; andOntario, California, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often called theInland Empire
San Jose;San Francisco; andOakland, California[n 25]
College Park;East Point; andHapeville, Georgia, all of which are nearHartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport
Bay City;Saginaw; andMidland, Michigan, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often calledthe Greater Tri Cities, the Great Lakes Bay Region or the MBS region
Ferrysburg;Grand Haven; andSpring Lake, Michigan
Iron River,Caspian, andGaastra, Michigan
Ironwood;Bessemer; andWakefield, Michigan
Grand Island;Kearney; andHastings, in south-central Nebraska, also known asTri-Cities, Nebraska
Rochester;Dover; andSomersworth, New Hampshire
Farmington;Bloomfield; andAztec, New Mexico
Albany,Troy, andSchenectady, New York, in the region known as theCapital District
Binghamton;Endicott; andJohnson City, New York, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often called theTriple Cities
New York, New York;Newark; andJersey City, New Jersey
Greensboro;Winston-Salem; andHigh Point, North Carolina, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often called thePiedmont Triad
Raleigh;Durham; andChapel Hill, North Carolina, the cities' collective metropolitan area is often called theResearch Triangle
Tuttle;Newcastle; andBlanchard, Oklahoma, also known as the Tri-City Area
Johnson City;Kingsport; andBristol, Tennessee/Bristol, Virginia, also known asTri-Cities, Tennessee
Beaumont;Port Arthur; andOrange, Texas, also known as theGolden Triangle (Texas)
Dallas;Fort Worth; andArlington, Texas
Petersburg;Colonial Heights; andHopewell, Virginia, also known asTri-Cities, Virginia
Pasco;Richland; andKennewick, Washington, also known asTri-Cities, Washington
Washington, D.C.,Alexandria, Virginia, andArlington County, Virginia

Border towns	Bordering countries
Xinhui,Taishan,Kaiping, andEnping together formedSiyi area inJiangmen,Guangdong	China
Helsinki,Espoo,Kauniainen andVantaa inUusimaa; together form the largest metropolis in the country and its actual capital area.	Finland
Pattaya-Chonburi Metropolitan Area consists of theCity of Pattaya,Town of Chonburi,Portal town of Laem Chabang andTown of Sattahip on the west coast ofChonburi Province, Thailand	Thailand
TheWest Yorkshire Built-up Area consists of the cities ofLeeds,Bradford andWakefield, and the large town ofHuddersfield, United Kingdom.	United Kingdom
TheFlorence-Muscle Shoals Metropolitan Area in Alabama, is locally referred to as "the Quad Cities", withFlorence,Muscle Shoals,Sheffield, andTuscumbia, Alabama. Formerly, when Muscle Shoals was a mere village, this region was known as "Tri-Cities", Alabama. In fact, all except Florence are incorporated as towns.	United States
Quad Cities ofDavenport andBettendorf, Iowa, andRock Island andMoline, Illinois. It also includes a fifth member,East Moline, Illinois.
Allentown/Bethlehem, Pennsylvania andEaston, Pennsylvania/Phillipsburg, New Jersey; the collective area is often called theLehigh Valley
TheQuad Cities of Minnesota, consist ofVirginia,Eveleth,Gilbert, andMountain Iron.
The cities ofPullman, Washington,Moscow, Idaho,Lewiston, Idaho andClarkston, Washington, have marketed themselves as "Quad Cities."[10]

Border towns	Country
TheTriangle Region, consisting ofBillund,Fredericia,Haderslev,Kolding,Middelfart,Vejen andVejle.	Denmark
TheRuhr district consisting ofDortmund,Essen,Duisburg,Bochum,Oberhausen,Mülheim,Bottrop,Gelsenkirchen andHerne in its core.	Germany
The cities ofNew Delhi,Noida,Greater Noida,Ghaziabad,Gurgaon andFaridabad have formed a huge metropolitan area known asNational Capital Region (India).	India
The cities ofMumbai,Thane,Navi Mumbai,Kalyan-Dombivli,Mira-Bhayandar,Vasai-Virar,Panvel,Bhiwandi,Ulhasnagar,Ambarnath andBadlapur have formed a hugeMumbai Metropolitan Region.
The cities ofKuala Lumpur,Petaling Jaya,Subang Jaya,Puchong,Shah Alam,Klang,Port Klang,Putrajaya,Cyberjaya andKajang have formed a huge metropolitan area (around the size of Singapore) known asGreater Kuala Lumpur.	Malaysia
The cities ofKaraganda,Temirtau,Shakhtinsk,Abai,Saran,Topar,Dolinka,Shahan,Kokpekti, andNovodolinsky form an industrial-mining area known since Soviet times as Karbass (Karaganda coal basin).	Kazakhstan
Illinois andIowa: The cities ofDavenport andBettendorf in Iowa;Rock Island,Moline andEast Moline in Illinois form a metropolitan area known as theQuad Cities.	United States
Michigan andWisconsin include the 6 cities ofIron Mountain,Kingsford,Quinnesec (in Michigan),Aurora, andNiagara (in Wisconsin). The area is collectively known as theIron Mountain Area.
Virginia:Norfolk,Chesapeake,Hampton,Newport News,Portsmouth,Suffolk, andVirginia Beach; the cities' collective metropolitan area is often calledHampton Roads

China

• Wuhan in China consists of the towns ofWuchang,Hankou, andHanyang inHubei Province.

India

• Delhi: What used to beOld Delhi,New Delhi, and a collection of smaller villages has now grown into the currentmegalopolis that is seen today, also known as theNational Capital Region (NCR)
• InTelangana, the cities ofHyderabad andSecunderabad are merged to formGreater Hyderabad.

Japan

• Fukuoka in Japan, a city of 1.4 million people, formerly the twin cities of Hakata and Fukuoka until the late 19th century.
• Kitakyushu in Japan, a city of 900,000 people, created in 1963 by the merger of Yahata, Kokura, Moji, Wakamatsu, and Tobata. Yahata and Kokura had formerly been major cities in their own right.
• Saitama in Japan, a city of 1.2 million people, created in 2001 by the merger of the cities of Urawa, Omiya, Yono, and later Iwatsuki. Urawa and Omiya could formerly have been considered twin cities.

Pakistan

• Islamabad, the capital city ofPakistan, has been expanded to include smaller towns includingRawat in its territory.
• Lahore, the second largest city ofPakistan, has, as of 2013, grown out so much that small towns by this giant city, such asShahdara, have been absorbed in its city limits.

Taiwan

• The former cities ofTaoyuan andZhongli,Taiwan, which merged along with the entire county in 2014 to form a single municipality city of Taoyuan, the two cities sit directly next to each other and shares almost the same population.

Thailand

• Bangkok, the capital and largest city of Thailand, was created in 1971, when the previous Bangkok province (Phra Nakhon) was merged withThonburi province.

Vietnam

• The cities ofSaigon andCholon merged in 1931 to form a single city named Saigon-Cholon; in 1956, the name Cholon was dropped and the city became known as Saigon (now Ho Chi Minh City).
• The city ofHà Đông, capital ofHà Tây Province was merged intoHà Nội upon the latter's amalgamation into Hà Nội in August 2008. Since then, Hà Đông became an urban district (quận) of Hà Nội.

Germany

• Berlin (Berlin andCölln), in Germany
• Duisburg (Duisburg andHamborn, 1929–1935 calledDuisburg-Hamborn), in North Rhine-Westphalia
• Krefeld (Krefeld andUerdingen, 1929–1940 calledKrefeld-Uerdingen), in North Rhine-Westphalia
• Wuppertal (Barmen andElberfeld), in North Rhine-Westphalia

Greece

• Athens incorporated dozens of villages and towns and absorbed whole of Athens basin and parts outside of it, notablyPiraeus.

Hungary

• Budapest, Hungary is the amalgamation ofBuda,Pest andÓbuda.

The Netherlands

• Eindhoven, the Netherlands, merged with five neighbouring municipalities (Woensel,Tongelre,Stratum,Gestel en Blaarthem andStrijp) into the new Groot-Eindhoven ("Greater Eindhoven") in 1920. The prefix "Groot-" was later dropped.

Spain

• Madrid, evolved by absorption of other towns (likeTetuán de las Victorias,Vallecas,Chamartín de la Rosa orAravaca)^[11]

United Kingdom

• Edinburgh, Scotland, absorbed a number of surrounding villages, but most notably the separate burgh ofLeith.
• London, grew from its cores in theCity of London and theCity of Westminster to encompass many other towns and villages within neighbouring counties and absorbed almost the whole ofMiddlesex county.
• Manchester and thecity of Salford in theMetropolitan County ofGreater Manchester (formerly in Lancashire).
• Stoke-on-Trent was created in 1910 from the towns ofBurslem,Hanley,Tunstall,Longton,Fenton andStoke, taking its name from the latter. NeighbouringNewcastle-under-Lyme remains a separate town.

Canada

• Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada, was formed in 1967 when Alberni and Port Alberni, merged to become one city.
• Winnipeg,Manitoba, Canada, amalgamated with12 surrounding municipalities and itsmetropolitan corporation in 1971 under what was referred to asunicity reforms in local government restructuring.
• Halifax andDartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada, were merged in 1996 along withBedford andHalifax County to create theHalifax Regional Municipality.
• Greater Sudbury, Ontario, Canada, was formed in 2001 by the amalgamation of the formerRegional Municipality of Sudbury, comprising the municipalities ofSudbury,Nickel Centre,Valley East,Capreol,Rayside-Balfour,Onaping Falls andWalden, plus a number of previously unamalgamated townships. The amalgamation made it the most populous city in theNorthern Ontario region.
• Kingston, Ontario, Canada, was amalgamated in 1998 with the neighboring Kingston and Pittsburgh Townships.
• Ottawa,Ontario, Canada, was given its large area by the amalgamation in 2001 of the oldCity of Ottawa, thesuburbs ofNepean,Kanata,Gloucester,Rockcliffe Park,Vanier andCumberland,Orleans, and the rural townships ofWest Carleton,Osgoode,Rideau, andGoulbourn
• Toronto, Ontario, Canada, formed by anamalgamation of theOld Toronto withEast York,Etobicoke,North York,Scarborough andYork, which were themselves products of earlier amalgamations.
• Thunder Bay,Ontario, Canada (Fort William andPort Arthur).
• Gatineau,Quebec, Canada, formed by the amalgamation of the oldCity of Gatineau,City of Hull,City of Aylmer,City of Buckingham and theMunicipality of Masson-Angers all facing theCity of Ottawa,Ontario from the north shore of theOttawa River.
• Montreal, Quebec, Canada, was merged with the other 27 communities on the Island of Montreal by an act in the Quebec Parliament in 2002. Following a change in the provincial government, several communities later voted via referendum to de-merge and there are now a total of 15, leaving Montreal merged with the other 12.
• Saguenay, Quebec, Canada (Chicoutimi,Jonquière, et al.)
• Lloydminster, Canada, on theSaskatchewan-Alberta border, was formed as a single entity in 1903, when both future provinces were part of theNorthwest Territories, but was divided into two separate entities in 1905 because the border between the newly created provinces bisected the community. In 1930, the two towns were reunited as a single town under the shared jurisdiction of both provinces, and Lloydminster was reincorporated as a single city in 1958.

United States

• Helena–West Helena, Arkansas was formed in 2006 by the merger of the previous cities ofHelena andWest Helena.
• Fremont, California was formed in 1956 by the combination of the five towns of Centerville, Irvington, Niles, Mission San Jose, and Warm Springs,California. The town ofNewark has always refused to merge into Fremont, and Newark is completely surrounded by Fremont.
• Boston, Massachusetts is made up of the former towns of Boston, Dorchester, Brighton, Roxbury, Charlestown, and Hyde Park.
• Iron River, Michigan absorbed the nearby city ofStambaugh and village ofMineral Hills in July 2000.
• Minneapolis, Minnesota. St. Anthony (not to be confused withSt. Anthony Village, a modern city which is asuburb) was a twin city to Minneapolis in the two cities' youth. Minneapolis annexed St. Anthony in the late 1800s.
• Park Hills, Missouri was formed in 1994 by a four-way municipal merger involving the cities of Flat River, Elvins, and Esther, plus the village of Rivermines.
• Jersey City, New Jersey, was incorporated in 1820, and slowly grew by annexing surrounding municipalities: Van Vorst Twp. (1851), Bergen City (1869), Hudson City (1869), Bergen Twp. (1869) and finally Greenville Twp. (1873).
• New York City, New York (five boroughs, historically especially between Manhattan and Brooklyn)
• What is now the city ofWinston-Salem, North Carolina was once two separate towns called Winston and Salem that were combined into one.^{[n 26]}
• Cleveland (Cleveland andOhio City) inOhio
• Lincoln City, Oregon was formed in 1965 by merging the extant seaside towns of Oceanlake, Delake, and Taft, with the adjoining unincorporated areas of Nelscott and Cutler City.
• Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, which absorbed the cities of South Bethlehem, and West Bethlehem. The former Bethlehem and South Bethlehem are situated inNorthampton County, and West Bethlehem is inLehigh County. As a result, present-day Bethlehem straddles the county line.
• Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, annexedAllegheny City, which is now thequarter of the city that lies north of the Allegheny and Ohio rivers. Also annexed was Birmingham, now referred to as the "South Side".
• Richmond (Richmond andManchester) in central Virginia
• Bellingham, Washington was formed from four cities,Fairhaven, Sehome, Bellingham and Whatcom.

• Ankh-Morpork, fromTerry Pratchett'sDiscworld novels, is referred to as "the twin cities of proud Ankh and pestilent Morpork"^[12]
• Besźel and Ul Qoma inChina Miéville's novelThe City & the City are intertwined twin city-states in Eastern Europe whose inhabitants have trained themselves to only see the city they live in and unsee the city they don't.
• Central City andKeystone City, from the currentFlash comics, are shown as twin cities. Before the 1985-86 miniseriesCrisis on Infinite Earths, Central and Keystone are presented as located in the same space but on differentparallel Earths.^[13]
• Duckburg and St. Canard were depicted in the cartoonDarkwing Duck as sister cities connected by a bridge, very similar toOakland andSan Francisco.^[14][15]
• Gotham City (the home ofBatman) andMetropolis (the home ofSuperman) have sometimes been presented as twin cities, mainly in 1970s and 1980s stories byDC Comics. In stories presenting them as twin cities, Gotham City and Metropolis are located on opposite sides of a largebay (identified asDelaware Bay in 1990'sThe Atlas of the DC Universe), with both cities linked by the Metro-Narrows Bridge,^[16] asuspension bridge resembling New York City'sVerrazano-Narrows Bridge.^[17][18]
• Helium, from theBarsoom series of novels byEdgar Rice Burroughs, consists of the twin cities Greater Helium and Lesser Helium.^[19]

• List of divided cities
• Cross-border town naming
• Megacity
• List of metropolitan areas that overlap multiple countries
• Ecumenopolis
• Metropolis
• Megalopolis
• Sister city

• Twin cities

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