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Twill is a type oftextileweave with a pattern of parallel, diagonal ribs. It is one of three fundamental types of weave, along withplain weave andsatin. It is made by passing theweft thread over one or morewarp threads then under two or more warp threads and so on, with a "step", or offset, between rows to create the characteristic diagonal pattern.[1] Due to this structure, twill generally drapes well.
Twill weaves can be classified from four points of view:
In a twill weave, each weft or filling yarn floats across the warp yarns in a progression of interlacings to the right or left, forming a pattern of distinct diagonal lines. This diagonal pattern is also known as awale. Afloat is the portion of a warp yarn that crosses over two or more weft yarns.
A twill weave requires three or more harnesses, depending on its complexity and is the second most basic weave that can be made on a fairly simpleloom.
Twill weave is often designated as a fraction, such as2⁄1, in which the numerator indicates the number of harnesses that are raised (and thus threads crossed: in this example, two), and the denominator indicates the number of harnesses that are lowered when a filling yarn is inserted (in this example, one). The fraction2⁄1 is read as "two up, one down" (the fraction forplain weave is1⁄1.). The minimum number of harnesses needed to produce a twill can be determined by totaling the numbers in the fraction; for the example described, the number of harnesses is three. Twill weave can be identified by its diagonal lines.
Twill fabrics technically have a front and a back, unlike plain weave, the two sides of which are the same. The front side of the twill is called the "technical face" and the back the "technical back". The technical face side of a twill weave fabric is the side with the most pronounced wale; it is usually more durable and more attractive, is most often used as the fashion side of the fabric and is the side visible during weaving. If there are warp floats on the technical face (i.e. if the warp crosses over two or more wefts), there will be filling floats (the weft will cross over two or more warps) on the technical back. If the twill wale goes up to the right on one side, it will go up to the left on the other side. Twill fabrics have no "up" and "down" as they are woven.
Sheer fabrics are rarely made with a twill weave. Since a twill surface already has interesting texture and design, printed twills (where a design is printed on the cloth) are much less common than printed plain weaves. When twills are printed, this is typically done on lightweight fabrics.
Soiling and stains are less noticeable on the uneven surface of twills than on a smooth surface, such as plain weaves, and as a result twills are often used for sturdy work clothing and for durableupholstery—denim, for example, is a twill. In addition, twill's durability, wrinkle-resistance and low maintenance make it ideal for a range of other items, such as jackets, trousers, backpacks and even draperies.
The fewer interlacings in twills as compared with other weaves allow theyarns to move more freely, and therefore they are softer and more pliable and drape better than plain-weave textiles. Twills also recover from creasing better than plain-weave fabrics do. When there are fewer interlacings, the yarns can be packed closer together to produce high-count fabrics. With higher counts, including high-count twills, the fabric is more durable and is air- and water-resistant.
Twills can be divided intoeven-sided,warp-faced, andweft-faced. Even-sided twills have the same amount of warp and weft threads visible on both sides of the fabric. Warp-faced twills have more warp threads visible on the face side, and weft-faced twills have more weft threads visible on the face side.[2] Even-sided twills includefoulard or surah,herringbone,houndstooth,serge,sharkskin, and twillflannel. Warp-faced twills include cavalry twill,chino, covert,denim,drill, fancy twill,gabardine, and lining twill.
