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Tuyuhun language

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Extinct 5th-century language of northern China
Tuyuhun
‘Azha
Native toTuyuhun
RegionNorthern China
EthnicityTuyuhun
Era5th century
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
GlottologNone

Tuyuhun (Chinese:吐谷渾), also known as‘Azha fromTibetan script,[1] is anextinct language once spoken by theTuyuhun ofnorthern China about 500 AD. The existence of the Tuyuhun, and consequently their language, is first attested in theBook of Song, compiled around 488 AD.[2]

Classification

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Alexander Vovin (2015) identifies the extinct Tuyuhun language as aPara-Mongolic language, meaning that Tuyuhun is related to theMongolic languages as asister clade but is not directly descended from theProto-Mongolic language.[3] TheKhitan language is also aPara-Mongolic language. Tuyuhun had previously been identified byPaul Pelliot (1921) as a Mongolic language.[4]

Morphology

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Tuyuhun suffixes:[5]

  • *-čin/*-čiñ [ཅིན་] (Old Tibetan *ʧin) ‘having X (possessive)’
  • *-yin/*-yiñ [寅] (northernEarly Middle Chinese **yir̃) ‘genitive-attributive suffix’

Vocabulary

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Shimunek (2017) reconstructs some Tuyuhun words as:[5]

  • ‘second person singular pronoun (爾)’:*čʰɪ [處] (northernEarly Middle Chinese **tśʰɨ); Vovin (2015) reconstructs*čʰo, a 2nd person singular pronoun, equivalent to Mongolicči. The correspondence between /o/ and /i/ is attested between Mongolic and Khitan, cf. WesternMiddle Mongolictaqiya vs. Khitant[i].qo.a.[6]
  • ‘river (川)’:*qɔl [ཁོལ་] (Old Tibetan *kʰol) ~ [ཀོལ་] (Old Tibetan *kol)
  • ‘militant (武)’:*bu [戊] (Late Middle Chinese *mbu)
  • ‘elder brother (兄)’:*aqañ [阿干] (northernEarly Middle Chinese **ɦakar̃)
  • ‘father (父)’ or ‘great’:*maʁa/*amaʁa [莫賀] (northernEarly Middle Chinese *magɣa)
  • ‘great’:*maʁa [མ་ག] (Old Tibetan *maga < Indic)
  • ‘emperor, king’:*qʰaʁan [ཁ་གན་] (Old Tibetan *kʰagan) /**kʰaʁɣar̃ [可寒] ~ [可汗] (northernEarly Middle Chinese **kʰaʁɣar̃)
  • ‘wife (妻) of the khaghan (可汗)’:*qʰaʁʦʊn [恪尊] (northernEarly Middle Chinese **kʰagʦor̃)

Vovin (2015) also reconstructs several words usingEarly Middle Chinese readings of transcribed Tuyuhun lexical items.

References

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  1. ^Shimunek, Andrew E (2017).Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: A Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology.doi:10.2307/j.ctvckq4f7.
  2. ^Vovin, Alexander (December 2015)."Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot".Journal of Sino-Western Communications.7 (2).
  3. ^Vovin, Alexander. 2015.Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot. InJournal of Sino-Western Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015).
  4. ^Pelliot, Paul. 1921. "Note sur les Tou-yu-houen et les Sou-p'i." T'oung Pao, Second Series, Vol. 20, No. 5 (Dec. 1920 - Dec. 1921), pp.323-331.
  5. ^abShimunek, Andrew (2017).Languages of Ancient Southern Mongolia and North China: a Historical-Comparative Study of the Serbi or Xianbei Branch of the Serbi-Mongolic Language Family, with an Analysis of Northeastern Frontier Chinese and Old Tibetan Phonology. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.ISBN 978-3-447-10855-3.OCLC 993110372.
  6. ^Vovin, Alexander. 2015.Some notes on the Tuyuhun (吐谷渾) language: in the footsteps of Paul Pelliot. InJournal of Sino-Western Communications, Volume 7, Issue 2 (December 2015).
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