The four dialects listed in Dixon (2002)[4] are sometimes seen as separateDurubalic languages, especiallyJandai andNunukul; Yagara, Yugarabul, and Turrbul proper are more likely to be considered dialects.[1][5][6] Turrbal (E86) has been variously classified as a language, group of languages or as a dialect of another language.[1] F. J. Watson classifies Turrbal (E86) as a sub group of YugarabulE66, which is most likely the language YagaraE23.[7] Norman Tindale uses the term Turrbal (E86) to refers to speakers of the language of YagaraE23.[8] John Steele classifies Turrbal (E86) as a language within the Yagara language group.[9] R. M. W. Dixon classifies Turrbal as a dialect of the language of Yagera, in the technical linguistic sense where mutually intelligible dialects are deemed to belong to a single language.[10] Bowern considers Turrbal to be one of five languages of the "Turubulic" language group, the others being Nunukul, Yaraga, Janday and Guwar.[11]
Some words from the Turrbal / Yagara language include:[15][16][17][18]
Bigi: sun
Binung: ear
Bugwal: wallaby
Buneen: echidna
Bangil /bungil: grass
Buhn: knee
Buyu: shin
Deear : teeth
Dhagun: land
Dhambur : mouth
Dharang: leg
Dhiggeri: belly / stomach
Dinna: foot
Dyrrbin: bone
Gahm: head
Giga: shoulder
Gurumba bigi: good day
Gujah /guttah: snake
Gagarr /guyurr: fish
Juhrram: rain
Juwahduwan /juwahnduwan /juwanbinl: bird(s)
Killen: finger
Kundul: canoe
Marra: hand
Dumbirrbi /marrambi: koala
Mil: eye / eyes
Guruman /murri: kangaroo
Muru: nose
Nammul: children
Nggurrun: neck
Ngumbi: home / camp
Tahbil: water (fresh)
Towan: fish
Tullei: tree
Waiyebba: arm
Wunya: welcome / greetings
Yilam: forehead
The literary journalMeanjin takes its name from the Turrbal name for the land centred atGardens Point on which Brisbane was founded.[19] This name is sometimes used for the greater Brisbane area.[20][21]
TheAustralian English wordyakka, an informal term referring to any work, especially of strenuous kind, comes from a Yagara wordyaga, the verb for 'work'.[22][23]
^The Turrbal Association (an incorporated Turrbal association that offers cultural services) uses the spelling "Turrbal" in preference to other spellings.
^Tindale, Norman (1974).Aboriginal tribes of Australia : their terrain, environmental controls, distribution, limits, and proper names. University of California Press.ISBN0520020057.
^Steele, John (1984).Aboriginal pathways : in southeast Queensland and the Richmond River. University of Queensland Press.ISBN0702219436.
^Dixon, R. M. W. (2002).Australian languages their nature and development. Cambridge University Press. pp. xxiv, xxxiv.ISBN0521473780.
^Bowern, Claire, ed. (2013).The Oxford Guide to Australian Languages. Oxford. pp. lxxxiv.ISBN9780198824978.
^Charlton, Kerry (2019).An introduction to the languages of Moreton Bay : Yagarabul and Its Djandewal dialect, and Moreton Islands Gowar.
^Jefferies, Tony (2011).Guwar, the language of Moreton Island, and its relationship to the Bandjalang and Yagara subgroups: a case for phylogenetic migratory expansion?. University of Queensland.
^Sullivan, Karen; Harward-Nalder, Glenda (2024).Yagara dictionary and salvage grammar. Canberra: ANU Press.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: publisher location (link)
^"The Old Brisbane Blacks".The Brisbane Courier. Vol. LVIII, no. 13, 623. Queensland, Australia. 10 September 1901. p. 7.Archived from the original on 24 March 2023. Retrieved17 February 2023 – via National Library of Australia.
This Wikipedia article incorporates text fromTurrubul published by theState Library of Queensland underCC BYlicence, accessed on 14 June 2022.