Turkmen is a member of theOghuz branch of the Turkic languages. It is closely related toAzerbaijani,Gagauz,Qashqai, andTurkish, sharing varying degrees ofmutual intelligibility with each of those languages.[13] However, the closest relative of Turkmen is consideredKhorasani Turkic, spoken in northeastern regions of Iran and with which it shares the eastern subbranch of Oghuz languages, as well as Khorazm, the Oghuz dialect ofUzbek spoken mainly inKhorezm along the Turkmenistan border.[14] Elsewhere in Iran, the Turkmen language comes second after the Azerbaijani language in terms of the number of speakers of Turkic languages of Iran.[15]
Turkmen is a member of the Oghuz branch of theTurkic family of languages, together with Turkish and Azerbaijani, with which it shares a relatively high degree ofmutual intelligibility. However, an arguably closer language to Turkmen isKhorasani Turkic, with which it shares the eastern subbranch of the Oghuz languages, and also Khorazm, spoken mainly in northwestern Uzbekistan.[14]
Written Turkmen today is based on theTeke (Tekke) dialect. The other dialects are Nohurly,Ýomud,Änewli, Hasarly, Nerezim,Gökleň,Salyr, Saryk,Ärsary andÇowdur. The Teke dialect is sometimes (especially inAfghanistan) referred to as "Chagatai", but like all Turkmen dialects it reflects only a limited influence from classicalChagatai.
Turkmen has dental fricatives/θ/ and/ð/ unlike other Oghuz Turkic languages, where these sounds are pronounced as/s/ and/z/. The only other Turkic language with a similar feature isBashkir. However, in Bashkir/θ/ and/ð/ are two independent phonemes, distinct from/s/ and/z/, whereas in Turkmen[θ] and[ð] are the two mainrealizations of the common Turkic/s/ and/z/. In other words, there are no/s/ and/z/ phonemes in Turkmen, unlike Bashkir, which has/s/,/z/,/θ/ and/ð/.
The 1st person personal pronoun is "men" in Turkmen, just as"mən" inAzerbaijani, whereas it is "ben" in Turkish. The same is true for demonstrative pronouns "bu", where sound "b" is replaced with sound "m". For example:"bunun>munun//mının, muna//mına, munu//munı, munda//mında, mundan//mından".[18] In Turkmen, "bu" undergoes some changes just as in:"munuñ, munı, muña, munda, mundan".[19]
Here are some words with a different pronunciation in Turkmen and Azerbaijani that mean the same in both languages:[20]
Turkey was first to recognize Turkmenistan's independence on 27 October 1991, following theDissolution of the Soviet Union and to open its embassy inAshgabat on 29 February 1992. Sharing a common history, religion, language and culture, the two states have balanced special relations based on mutual respect and the principle of "One Nation, Two States".[21]
Turkmen language is very close to Turkish with regard to linguistic properties. However, there are a couple of differences due to regional and historical reasons. Most morphophonetic rules are common in Turkmen and Turkish languages. For instance, both languages show vowel harmony and consonant mutation rules, and have similar suffixes with very closesemantics.[22]
Here are some words fromthe Swadesh list in Turkmen and Turkish that mean the same in both languages:
Turkmen written language was formed in the 13–14th centuries,[24] with its literary tradition dating back to the 14th century.[25] During this period, theArabic alphabet was used extensively for writing. By in the 18th century, there had been arich literary tradition in the Turkmen language. At the same time, theliteracy of the population in their native language remained at low levels; book publishing was extremely limited, and the first primer in the Turkmen language appeared only in 1913, while the first newspaper ("Transcaspian native newspaper") was printed in 1914.[26]
The Arabic script was not adapted to the phonetic features of the Turkic languages. Thus, it did not have necessary signs to designate specific sounds of the Turkmen language, and at the same time there were many letters to designateArabic sounds that were not in the Turkmen language.
During the first years after theestablishment of the Soviet power, the Arabic alphabet of Turkmen under theUSSR was reformed twice, in 1922 and 1925. In the course of the reforms, letters withdiacritics were introduced to denote Turkic phonemes; and letters were abolished for sounds that are absent in the Turkmen language.[27]
The Turkmens of Afghanistan and Iran continue to use Arabic script.[24]
In January 1925, on the pages of the republican newspaperTürkmenistan, the question of switching to a new,Latin alphabet was raised. After the first All-Union Turkological Congress inBaku (February–March 1926), the State Academic Council under the People's Commissariat of Education of theTurkmen SSR developed a draft of a new alphabet. On 3 January 1928, the revised new Latin alphabet was approved by the Central Executive Committee of the Turkmen SSR.
At the end of the 1930s, the process of theCyrillization of writing began throughout the USSR. In January 1939, the newspaperSowet Türkmenistany published a letter from teachers inAshgabat and theAshgabat region with an initiative to replace the Turkmen (Latin) script with Cyrillic. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Turkmen SSR instructed the Research Institute of Language and Literature to draw up a draft of a new alphabet. The teachers of the Ashgabat Pedagogical Institute and print workers also took part in the development of the new writing system. In April 1940, the draft alphabet was published.
In May 1940, the Council of People's Commissars of the Turkmen SSR adopted a resolution on the transition to a new alphabet of all state and public institutions from 1 July 1940, and on the beginning of teaching the new alphabet in schools from 1 September of the same year.[27]
After thedissolution of the Soviet Union, in January 1993, a meeting was held at theAcademy of Sciences of Turkmenistan on the issue of replacing the Cyrillic with the Latin alphabet, at which a commission was formed to develop the alphabet. In February, a new version of the alphabet was published in the press. On 12 April 1993, theMejlis of Turkmenistan approved a presidential decree on the new alphabet.[28]
Turkmen is a highly agglutinative language, in that much of the grammar is expressed by means of suffixes added to nouns and verbs. It is very regular compared with many other languages of non-Turkic group. For example,obalardan "from the villages" can be analysed asoba "village", -lar (plural suffix), -dan (ablative case, meaning "from");alýaryn "I am taking" asal "take",-ýar (present continuous tense),-yn (1st person singular).
Another characteristic of Turkmen is vowel harmony. Most suffixes have two or four different forms, the choice between which depends on the vowel of the word's root or the preceding suffix: For example, the ablative case ofobalar isobalardan "from the villages" but, the ablative case ofitler "dogs" isitlerden "from the dogs".
The earliest development of the Turkmen literature is closely associated with the literature of the Oghuz Turks.[29]Turkmens have joint claims to a great number of literary works written in Old Oghuz andPersian (bySeljuks in 11–12th centuries) languages with other people of the Oghuz Turkic origin, mainly ofAzerbaijan andTurkey. These works include, but are not limited to theBook of Dede Korkut, Zöhre Tahyr,Gorogly,Layla and Majnun,Yusuf Zulaikha and others.[30]
There is general consensus, however, that distinctively modern Turkmen literature originated in the 18th century with thepoetry ofMagtymguly Pyragy, who is considered the father of the Turkmen literature.[31][32] Other prominent Turkmen poets of that era areDöwletmämmet Azady (Magtymguly's father), Mollanepes, Nurmuhammet Andalyp, Mämmetweli Kemine,Abdylla Şabende,Şeýdaýy,Mahmyt Gaýyby and Gurbanally Magrupy.[33]
The following isMagtymguly'sTürkmeniň (of the Turkmen) poem with the text transliterated into Turkmen (Latin) letters, whereas the original language is preserved. Second column is the poem'sTurkish translation, third one is the Azerbaijani translation, while the last one is the English translation.
Jeýhun bilen bahry-Hazar arasy, Çöl üstünden öwser ýeli türkmeniň; Gül-gunçasy – gara gözüm garasy, Gara dagdan iner sili türkmeniň.
Ceyhun ile Bahr-ı Hazar arası, Çöl üstünden eser yeli Türkmen'in. Gül goncası kara gözüm karası, Kara dağdan iner seli Türkmen'in.
Ceyhun ilə Bəhri-Xəzər arası, Çöl üstündən əsər yeli türkmənin. Gül qönçəsi qara gözüm qarası, Qara dağdan enər seli türkmənin.
Between the Jeyhun and the Khazar sea, Over the desert blows the breeze of the Turkmen. Its rose-bud is the pupil of my black eye From the dark mountain descends the river of the Turkmen.
Hak sylamyş bardyr onuň saýasy, Çyrpynşar çölünde neri, maýasy, Reňbe-reň gül açar ýaşyl ýaýlasy, Gark bolmuş reýhana çöli türkmeniň.
Hak sıylamış vardır onun sayesi, Çırpınışır çölünde eri, dişisi. Rengarenk gül açar yeşil yaylası, Gark olmuş reyhana çölü Türkmen'in.
Haqq saya salmış vardır onun sayəsi, Çırpınışar çölündə əri, dişisi. Rəngbərəng gül açar yaşıl yaylası, Qərq olmuş reyhana çölü türkmənin.
The Lord has exalted him and placed him under His protection. His camels, his flocks range over the desert, Flowers of many hues open on his green summer pastures, Drenched in the scent of basil the desert of the Turkmen.
Al-ýaşyl bürenip çykar perisi, Kükeýip bark urar anbaryň ysy, Beg, töre, aksakal ýurduň eýesi, Küren tutar gözel ili türkmeniň.
Al yeşil bürünüp çıkar perisi Kükeyip bark vurup amberin isi, Bey, töre, aksakal yurdun iyesi, Küren tutar güzel ili Türkmen'in.
Al-yaşıl bürünüb çıxar pərisi Qoxub bərq vurar ənbərin iy(is)i, Bəy, turə, ağsaqqal yurdun yiyəsi, Kürən tutar gözəl eli türkmənin.
His fairy-maids go forth clad in red and green, From them wafts the scent of ambergris, Bek, prince and the elder are the lords of the country, Together they uphold the beautiful land of the Turkmen.
Ol merdiň ogludyr, mertdir pederi, Görogly gardaşy, serhoşdyr seri, Dagda, düzde kowsa, saýýatlar, diri Ala bilmez, ýolbars ogly türkmeniň.
O merdin oğludur, merttir pederi, Köroğlu kardeşi, sarhoştur seri, Dağda, düzde kovsa avcılar diri Alamaz arslan oğlu Türkmen'in.
O mərdin oğludur, mərddir pedəri, Koroğlu qardaşı, sərxoşdur səri, Dağda, düzdə qovsa səyyadlar (ovçular) diri Ala bilməz arslan oğlu türkmənin.
He is the son of a hero – a hero his father, Göroghli his brother, drunken his head, Should they pursue him on mountain or plain, The hunters cannot take him alive, this panther's son is the Turkmen
Köňüller, ýürekler bir bolup başlar, Tartsa ýygyn, erär topraklar-daşlar, Bir suprada taýýar kylynsa aşlar, Göteriler ol ykbaly türkmeniň.
Gönüller, yürekler bir olup başlar, Tartsa yığın erir topraklar, taşlar, Bir sofrada hazır kılınsa aşlar, Götürülür o ikbali Türkmen'in.
Könüllər, ürəklər bir olub başlar, Dartsa yığın əriyər topraqlar, daşlar, Bir süfrədə hazır qılınsa aşlar, Götürülər o iqbalı türkmənin.
Hearts, breasts and heads are at one, When he holds a gathering earth and mountains crumble. When food is prepared at one table, Exalted is the destiny of the Turkmen
Köňül howalanar ata çykanda, Daglar lagla döner gyýa bakanda, Bal getirer, joşup derýa akanda, Bent tutdurmaz, gelse sili türkmeniň.
Gönül havalanır ata çıkanda, Dağlar la'le döner dönüp bakanda, Bal getirir coşup derya akanda, Bent vurdurmaz, gelse, seli Türkmen'in.
Könül havalanar ata çıxanda, Dağlar lələ dönər qıyıb baxanda, Bal gətirər coşub dərya axanda, Bənd tutdurmaz, gəlsə seli türkmənin.
His heart rejoices as he mounts his horse, At his glance the mountains turn to rubies, The sea overflows, bringing him honey It will not be contained when it comes, the river of the Turkmen.
Gapyl galmaz, döwüş güni har olmaz, Gargyşa, nazara giriftar olmaz, Bilbilden aýrylyp, solup, saralmaz, Daýym anbar saçar güli türkmeniň.
Gafil kalmaz dövüş günü har olmaz, Kargışa, nazara giriftar olmaz, Bülbülden ayrılıp, solup sararmaz, Daim amber saçar, gülü Türkmen'in.
Qafil qalmaz, döyüş günü xar olmaz, Qarğışa, nəzərə giriftar olmaz, Bülbüldən ayrılıb, solub saralmaz, Daim ənbər saçar, gülü türkmənin.
On the day of battle he is not caught unaware, He is captured neither by curse nor evil eye, It is not deprived of its nightingale, does not wilt or wither, Always smelling of musk is the rose of the Turkmen.
Tireler gardaşdyr, urug ýarydyr, Ykballar ters gelmez hakyň nurudyr, Mertler ata çyksa, söweş sarydyr, Ýow üstüne ýörär ýoly türkmeniň.
Tireler kardeştir, uruk yaridir, Ikballer ters gelmez, Hakk'ın nurudur, Mertler ata çıksa savaş yarıdır, Yağı üstüne yürür yolu Türkmen'in.
Tirələr qardaşdır, uruq yarıdır, İqballar tərs gəlməz, Haqqın nurudur, Mərdlər ata çıxsa savaşdan sarıdır, Yağı üstünə yeriyər yolu türkmənin.
The tribes are brothers, clans are good friends, Fate does not oppose him, he is the God's light When heroes mount their horses, facing the battle, Toward the foe goes the road of the Turkmen
Serhoş bolup çykar, jiger daglanmaz, Daşlary syndyrar, ýoly baglanmaz, Gözüm gaýra düşmez köňül eglenmez, Magtymguly – sözlär tili türkmeniň.
Sarhoş olup çıkar ciğer dağlanmaz, Taşları parçalar, yolu bağlanmaz, Gözüm gayre düşmez, gönül eğlenmez, Mahtumkulu söyler dili Türkmen'in.
Sərxoş olub çıxar, ciyər dağlanmaz, Daşları sındırar, yolu bağlanmaz, Gözüm qeyrə düşməz, könül əylənməz, Məxdumqulu söylər dilin türkmənin.
He sets out in high spirits, sorrow feels not, He smashes through rocks, his way is not blocked My eyes alight on none else, nor will my heart rejoice elsewhere, Magtymguly speaks in the tongue of the Turkmen.
Approximate boundaries ofTurkmen Sahra (in red), the rest of Iran (in green)
Irani Turkmens speak a dialect of Turkmen in the province ofGolestan.[36] It is mutually intelligible with the Turkmen dialects in Afghanistan, and is written in theNastaliq script.[37]
^Akatov, Bayram (2010).Ancient Turkmen Literature, the Middle Ages (X-XVII centuries) (in Turkmen). Turkmenabat: Turkmen State Pedagogical Institute, Ministry of Education of Turkmenistan. pp. 29, 39, 198, 231.
1These are traditional areas of settlement; the Turkic group has been living in the listed country/region for centuries and should not be confused with modern diasporas. 2State with limited international recognition.
