The Chinese government asserts that the TIP is synonymous with theEast Turkestan Islamic Movement (ETIM). ETIM has been described by scholars as demanding the total independence of Xinjiang and supporting or being indifferent to more radical methods driven by religious and ethnic motives.[23][24]
Influenced by the success of theAfghan mujahideen against theSoviet Union in theSoviet–Afghan War, Mahsum established the ETIP (which changed its name to the TIP in 2001) in September 1997. After theSeptember 11 attacks, the Chinese government strove to include the removal of Uyghur Islamic extremist networks in the international effort against terrorism.[25] The TIP's slogans contain anti-communist rhetoric and calls for the unity ofTurkic peoples, indicating a movement akin topan-Turkism historically congruent withSouthern Xinjiang rather than pure, radicalSalafi jihadism or religious extremism. The Chinese government views the group as a jihadist movement akin to the mujahideen in Afghanistan across the border, which inspired groups like ETIM.[25]
Abdul Hameed (Abduhamit), Abdul Azeez Makhdoom (Abliz Mehsum) and Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom (Ablikim Mehsum) launched theHizbul Islam Li-Turkestan (Islamic Party of Turkistan or Turkistan Islamic Movement) in 1940. During the 1940s through 1952, the three led the movement in a series of uprisings against local warlords and later against the Chinese Communists.[27] They were killed, imprisoned or driven underground by the China by the late 1950s.[28] In 1956, after the death of Abdul Hameed, the group reformed asHizbul Islam Li-Turkistan Ash-Sharqiyah (Islamic Party of East Turkistan or East Turkistan Islamic Party) under the new leadership of Mullah Baquee and Mullah Muhammad. The organization led a failed uprising, leading to a decline of the organization and its activity until the late 1970s or early 1980s.[29] After being set free from prison in 1979, Abdul Hakeem Makhdoom instructedMuhammad Amin Jan and other Uyghurs in his version of Islam.[30] With the deathHizbul Islam Li-Turkistan Ash-Sharqiyah founder Abdul Hakeem in 1993, the movement was briefly reborn under the leadership of Hotan natives Abdurahman and Memet Tohti.[31][32]
The East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP) was organised in Pakistan byHasan Mahsum and Abudukadir Yapuquan in September 1997.[33][34][35] In 1998, Mahsum moved the ETIP (which China claims is ETIM)'s headquarters toKabul, taking shelter underTaliban-controlledAfghanistan.[36] The leader, Hasan Mahsum, was killed by a Pakistani raid on a suspected Al-Qaeda camp inSouth Waziristan in 2003, leading to the group's collapse.[37][35]
However, ETIP resurged after theIraq War inflamed mujaheddin sentiment.[38] The group was mentioned again in 2007, when China announced it raided its militants inAkto County.[39] ETIM received material support from theTaliban and had links to thePakistani Taliban (Tehreek i Taliban Pakistan),[36] prompting China to urge Pakistan to take action against the militants in 2009.[40]
The new organization called itself the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) to reflect its new domain and abandoned usage of the name ETIP,[when?] although China still calls it by the name ETIM.[39][41] The Turkistan Islamic Party was originally subordinated to theIslamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) but then[when?] split off and declared its name as TIP and started making itself known by promoting itself with itsIslamic Turkistan magazine and Voice of Islam media in Chinese, Arabic, Russian, and Turkish in order to reach out to global jihadists.[42] Control over the Uyghur and Uzbek militants was transferred to the Pakistani Taliban from the Afghan Taliban after 2001, so violence against the militant's countries of origins can no longer restrained by the Afghan Taliban since the Pakistani Taliban does not have a stake in doing so.[43][44]
In 2013, the group announced it was moving fighters to Syria, its profile in China and even Afghanistan and Pakistan has decisively waned since then, while in Syria it has risen.[45]
In March 2025, the group announced it was returning to its former name of the East Turkistan Islamic Party (ETIP).[46]
University of Virginia associate professor Philip B. K. Potter wrote in 2013 that, even though "throughout the 1990s, Chinese authorities went to great lengths to publicly link organizations active in Xinjiang—particularly the ETIM—to al-Qaeda [...] the best information indicates that before 2001, the relationship included some training and funding but relatively little operational cooperation."[50][49] Meanwhile, specific incidents were downplayed by Chinese authorities as isolated criminal acts.[51][52] However, in 1998 the group's headquarters were moved toKabul, inTaliban-controlledAfghanistan, while "China's ongoing security crackdown in Xinjiang has forced the most militant Uyghur separatists into volatile neighboring countries, such as Pakistan," Potter writes, "where they are forging strategic alliances with, and even leading, jihadist factions affiliated with al-Qaeda and the Taliban."[51]
However, according to the US Treasury, TIP memberAbdul Haq al-Turkistani joined al-Qaeda'sMajlis-ash-Shura (executive leadership council) in 2005[53] and TIP memberAbdul Shakoor Turkistani was appointed military commander of its forces in theFederally Administered Tribal Areas of Pakistan.[54] Abdul Haq was considered sufficiently influential by the al-Qaeda leadership that he served as a mediator between rival Taliban factions and played a role in military planning.[55]
In the mid-2010s, TIP's relationship to al-Qaeda was still contested but they became more closely aligned and TIP leader head Abdul Haq confirmed loyalty to al-Qaeda in May 2016.[56] In 2014, according to theSITE Intelligence Group, the al-Qaeda aligned al-Fajr Media Center began to distribute TIP promotional material, placing it in the "jihadist mainstream".[57] The East Turkestan independence movement was endorsed in the serialIslamic Spring's 9th release by Ayman Al-Zawahiri in 2016. Zawahiri confirmed that the Afghanistan war after 9/11 included the participation of Uighurs and that the jihadists like Zarwaqi, Bin Ladin and the Uighur Hasan Mahsum were provided with refuge together in Afghanistan under Taliban rule.[58][vague][59] This was before the Bishkek Chinese Embassy Bombing.[60] The Turkistan Islamic Party slammed and attacked Assad, Russia, NATO, the United States and other western countries in its propaganda outlets such as theIslamic Turkestan magazine and itsTelegram channel.[61]
In February 2018, airstrikes were conducted by American forces in Afghanistan'sBadakhshan province against training camps belonging to the Taliban and the Turkistan Islamic Party.[62][63][64][65][66] Speaking with Pentagon reporters,US Air ForceMaj. Gen.James B. Hecker, commander ofNATO Air Command Afghanistan was quoted "The destruction of these training facilities prevents terrorists from planning any acts near the border with China and Tajikistan. The strikes also destroyed stolen Afghan National Army vehicles in the process of being converted to vehicle-borne improvised explosive devices. ETIM enjoys support from the Taliban in the mountains of Badakhshan, so hitting these Taliban training facilities and squeezing the Taliban's support networks degrades ETIM capabilities."[65]
The group is staunchlyUyghur nationalist.[14] TheNEFA Foundation, an American terrorist analyst foundation, translated and released a jihad article from ETIM, whose membership it said consisted primarily of "Uyghur Muslims fromWestern China." The TIP's primary goal is theindependence of East Turkestan.[73] ETIM continues this theme of contrasting "Muslims" and "Chinese", in a six-minute video in 2008, where "Commander Seyfullah" warns Muslims not to bring their children to the2008 Summer Olympics, and also saying "do not stay on the same bus, on the same train, on the same plane, in the same buildings, or any place the Chinese are".[74]
TIP is led by Abdul Haq al-Turkistani, who's the group's Emir and leader of the Shura Council.[75] The council also includes a Deputy Emir, and the heads of at least three groups: Religious Education Division, Military Affairs Division and Information Center.[75] There have also been reports of an Intelligence Division and a Logistics Division.[75]
In 2008, TIP'sṢawt al-Islām (Voice of Islam) media arm was created and began releasing video messages.[45] The full name of their media center is "Turkistan Islamic Party Voice of Islam Media Center" (Uyghur:تۈركىستان ئىسلام پارتىيىسى ئىسلام ئاۋازى تەشۋىقات مەركىزى,romanized: Türkistan Islam Partiyisi Islam Awazi Teshwiqat Merkizi).[76][77][78]
In October 2008, theChinese Ministry of Public Security released a list of eight terrorists linked to ETIM, including some of the leadership, with detailed charges.[79] They are:
Threatening to usebiological andchemical weapons against servicepeople and Western politicians for the 2008 Olympics, disseminating manuals on explosives and poisons
The United States captured 22Uyghur militants from combat zones inAfghanistan in 2006 on information that they were linked toAl-Qaeda.[84] They were imprisoned without trial for five to seven years, where they testified that they were trained by ETIM leader Abdul Haq, at an ETIM training camp. After being foundNo Longer Enemy Combatant,[85] i.e. never having been enemy combatants, a panel of judges ordered them released into the United States. Despite the alarm of politicians that the release of embittered former Guantanamo detainees into the United States was unsafe and illegal, the United States did not want to release them back to China as they were wanted on charges that included arson and illegal manufacture of explosives,[86] thoughABC News wrote that "It is believed that if the United States returned the men to China, they could be tortured."[87]
Between 1990 and 2001, Chinese government has attributed many different Uyghur groups including ETIP, after 1997, to over 200 acts ofterrorism, which claimed 800 lives and over 440 injured.[88] However, in many Chinese official statements "east Turkestan terrorist forces" are referred to rather than any specific group.[89]
Between 1992 and 1998, four imams of mosques in Xinjiang were assassinated by different East Turkistan groups.[90][91]
In 2007, ETIP militants in cars shotChinese nationals inPakistani Balochistan, which Pakistani authorities believed to be in retaliation for an execution of an ETIM official earlier that July.[92]
On 29 June 2010, a court inDubai convicted two members of an ETIM cell for plotting to bomb a government-owned shopping mall that sold Chinese goods. This was the first ETIM plot outside of China or Central Asia. The key plotter was recruited duringHajj and was flown to Waziristan for training.[94]
In July 2010, officials inNorway interrupted a terrorist bomb plot; one perpetrator was Uyghur, leading to speculation about TIP involvement.New York Times correspondentEdward Wong says that ETIM "give[s] them araison d'être at a time when the Chinese government has... defused any chance of a widespread insurgency... in Xinjiang."[93]
Several attacks in 2011 in Xinjiang were claimed by the Turkistan Islamic Party.[95]
In October 2013, a suicideattack inTiananmen Square caused 5 deaths and 38 injuries. Chinese police described it as the first terrorist attack in Beijing's recent history. Turkistan Islamic Party later claimed responsibility for the attack.[96]
Between July and December 2014, a series of riots, bombings, arson and knife attacks in Xinjiang which led to the deaths over 183 people (including civilians, attackers and security forces) and left dozens injured. Chinese authorities attributed attacks to "gangs" and "terrorists".[100][101][102][103]
Assassination of Juma Tayir, a government-appointed Imam in Id Kah mosque was attributed to by the Chinese government to TIP-inspired militants.[104]
On 30 August 2016, the Chinese Embassy inKyrgyzstan was targeted in a suicide bombing which left Kyrgyz staffers injured; the attack was later attributed by Kyrgyzstan's state security service to TIP.[106][107]
On 14 February 2017, attackers killed 5 people in Pishan county before killed by police. Chinese authorities stated that the attackers were affiliated with TIP.[108][109]
On 14 July 2021, an attack killed 13 people, including 9 Chinese engineers who were working on theDasu Dam inKohistan, Pakistan. Asia Times reported that a "joint China-Pakistan investigation" showed ETIM andTTP colluded in the attack,[110] but Reuters and Al Jazeera reported that Pakistan blamed the TTP, with support from Afghan and Indian intelligence services, without mentioning ETIM. The claims were denied by both the Indian government and TTP.[111][112]
United States(until 2020): The ETIM was formerly classified as a terrorist organization underTitle 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States from 2002 to 2020.[134][135] TheUnited States Department of the Treasury confiscated the organization's property and prohibited transactions with it according toExecutive Order 13224,[136] while the State Department blocked its members from entering the country.[137] The US revoked that classification for the ETIM in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[138][139] The U.S. State Department however continues to view the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) as a terrorist organization. A State Department Spokesperson toldNewsweek that "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)," and that is "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM."[140] China accused the US of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list,[141][142][143] while the US contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims in Xinjiang.[144][145][146]
In 2009,Dru C. Gladney, an authority on research on ethnic and cultural nationalism in Asia, said that there was "a credibility gap" about the group since the majority of information on ETIM "was traced back to Chinese sources", and that some believe ETIM to be part of a US-China quid pro quo, whereChina supported the US-ledwar on terror, and "support of the US for the condemnation of ETIM was connected to that support."[147] TheUyghur American Association has publicly doubted the ETIM's existence.[148]
Andrew McGregor, writing for theJamestown Foundation in 2010, noted that "though there is no question a small group of Uyghur militants fought alongside their Taliban hosts against theNorthern Alliance [...] the scores of terrorists Beijing claimed that Bin Laden was sending to China in 2002 never materialized" and that "the TIP's 'strategy' of making loud and alarming threats (attacks on the Olympics, use of biological and chemical weapons, etc.) without any operational follow-up has been enormously effective in promoting China's efforts to characterize Uyghur separatists as terrorists."[149]
On 16 June 2009, US RepresentativeBill Delahunt convened hearings to examine how organizations were added to the US blacklist in general, and how the ETIM was added in particular.[150] Uyghur expert Sean Roberts testified that the ETIM was new to him, that it wasn't until it was blacklisted that he heard of the group, and claimed that "it is perfectly reasonable to assume that the organization no longer exists at all."[150][dead link] TheCongressional Research Service reported that the first published mention of the group was in the year 2000, but thatChina attributed attacks to it that had occurred up to a decade earlier.[150][dead link]
Stratfor has noted repeated unexplained attacks on Chinese buses in 2008 have followed a history of ETIM targeting Chinese infrastructure, and noted the group's splintering and subsequent reorganization following the death of Mahsum.[151]
In 2010, intelligence analysts J. Todd Reed and Diana Raschke acknowledge that reporting in China presents obstacles not found in countries where information is not so tightly controlled. However, they found that ETIM's existence and activities could be confirmed independently of Chinese government sources, using information gleaned from ETIM's now-defunct website, reports fromhuman rights groups and academics, and testimony from theUyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Reed & Raschke also question the information put out by Uyghur expatriates that deny ETIM's existence or impact, as the Uyghurs who leave Xinjiang are those who object most to government policy, are unable to provide first-hand analysis, and have an incentive to exaggerate repression and downplay militancy. They say that ETIM was "obscure but not unknown" before theSeptember 11 attacks, citing "Western, Russian, and Chinese media sources" that have "documented the ETIM's existence for nearly 20 years".[152]
In 2010, Raffaello Pantucci of Jamestown Foundation wrote about the convictions of two men linked to an ETIM cell in Dubai with a plot to attack a shopping mall.[153]
Nick Holdstock, in a 2015New York Times interview, said that no organization is taking responsibility for attacks in Xinjiang, and that there is not enough proof to blame any organization for the attacks, that most "terrorism" there is "unsubstantiated", and that posting internet videos online is the only thing done by the "vague and shadowy" ETIM.[154]
In 2016, David Volodzko wrote that the Al-Qaeda allied Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members were fighting in Syria, and refuted and disproved the claims that Uyghurs were not in Syria made by "The Sydney Morning Herald", the Daily Mail, and Bernstein's article in the New York Review of Books.[155]
Muhanad Hage Ali wrote on Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party jihadists in Syria forAl Arabiya.[156]
In 2019,Uran Botobekov fromModernDiplomat has written about the Turkistan Islamic Party along with other Central-Asian jihadist groups in a report titledThink like Jihadist: Anatomy of Central Asian Salafi groups.[157][158]
^The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Party, Organization for Freeing Eastern Turkistan and the Islamic Party of Turkistan were outlawed by Kyrgyzstan's Lenin District Court and its Supreme Court in November 2003[120][121]
^Özkan, Güner (2023), "The Uyghur Movement in Exile", in Shei, Chris; Chen, Jie (eds.),Routledge Resources Online – Chinese Studies,Routledge,doi:10.4324/9780367565152-RECHS60-1
^Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010). "The Contemporary and Historical Contexts of Uyghur Separatism".The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat.Bloomsbury Publishing.ISBN9780313365416.
^Clarke, Colin P.; Kan, Paul Rexton (1 November 2017)."An Underexamined Jihadist Challenge".Uighur Foreign Fighters: An Underexamined Jihadist Challenge.JSTOR. Retrieved8 November 2020.
^Guang, Pan (May 2006). "East Turkestan Terrorism and the Terrorist Arc: china's Post-9/11 Anti-Terror Strategy".China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly.4 (2).ISSN1653-4212.
^Bashir, Shaykh (1 July 2008)."Why Are We Fighting China?"(PDF).NEFA Foundation. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 9 June 2012. Retrieved7 August 2010....We are fighting China... China is an enemy who has invaded Muslim countries and occupies Muslim East Turkestan. There is no greater obligation, aside from belief in Allah, than expelling the enemies of Muslims from our countries.... We are fighting China to make them testify that 'there is no God but Allah, Mohammed is the Messenger of Allah' and make them convert to Islam....
^"Xinjiang fighter 'killed by drone'".Al Jazeera. 2 March 2010.Archived from the original on 5 March 2010. Retrieved26 August 2012.The leader of a Chinese separatist movement, believed to have links with al-Qaeda, has been killed in a US missile strike, Pakistani and Taliban officials have said.
^Walsh, Declan; Schmitt, Eric (24 August 2012)."Militant Leader Believed Dead in Pakistan Drone Strike".The New York Times.Archived from the original on 27 August 2012. Retrieved26 August 2012.Among the 18 people reported to have been killed was Emeti Yakuf, a senior leader of the East Turkestan Islamic Movement, a group from western China whose members are Chinese Uighur Muslim militants.
^新華社：昆明案涉新疆分離勢力 [Xinhua News Agency: Xinjiang separatists involved in the Kunming attack] (in Chinese (Taiwan)). Archived fromthe original on 17 March 2014. Retrieved26 September 2019.
^عملية أظهرت عجز سلطات الصين [Operation showed the inability of the Chinese authorities](PDF).تركستان الإسلامية (Islamic Turkistan) (in Arabic). No. العدد 19. April 2016. p. 25. Archived fromthe original(PDF) on 25 September 2016.
Reed, J. Todd; Raschke, Diana (2010).The ETIM: China's Islamic Militants and the Global Terrorist Threat. Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.ISBN978-0-313-36540-9.
Taliban(until 2014)[4][5]
Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria(2011–2025)[6]
United Nations[113]
European Union[114]
Argentina[115]
China
Japan[116]
Kazakhstan[117][118][119]
Kyrgyzstan[note 2][92][122]
Malaysia[123][124]
New Zealand[125]
Pakistan[126]
Russia[127]
Turkey[128][129]
United Arab Emirates[130][131]
United Kingdom[132][133]
United States(until 2020): The ETIM was formerly classified as a terrorist organization underTitle 8 of the United States Code Section 1189 by the United States from 2002 to 2020.[134][135] TheUnited States Department of the Treasury confiscated the organization's property and prohibited transactions with it according toExecutive Order 13224,[136] while the State Department blocked its members from entering the country.[137] The US revoked that classification for the ETIM in October 2020 on the basis that "there has been no credible evidence that ETIM continues to exist."[138][139] The U.S. State Department however continues to view the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP) as a terrorist organization. A State Department Spokesperson toldNewsweek that "Uyghur terrorists fighting in Syria and Afghanistan are members of the Turkistan Islamic Party (TIP)," and that is "a separate organization that China and others have incorrectly identified as ETIM."[140] China accused the US of double standards as it dropped ETIM from its terrorism list,[141][142][143] while the US contends that the label has been broadly misused to oppress Muslims in Xinjiang.[144][145][146]
